1

FIRE SAFETY

Rona RiantiniPPNS - ITS

INTRODUCTION

Rona Riantini – Maritime Safety

FIRE SAFETY ON BOARD

Fire safety is an important part of the SMS (ISM Code), due to:

Great fire risk on board Great losses: Lives

Material Financial

Rona Riantini – Maritime Safety

20%

14%

16%18%

22%

10%

Total losses due to fire

Machinery

Weather

Other Fire & explosion

Collision & contact

Grounding

Rona Riantini – Maritime Safety

About 50% of all lives lost onboard ships are caused by:

Cargo Tank (24%)

Deck (6 %)

Engine Room (ship in service) ( 4 %)

Engine Room (ship under repair) ( 6 %)

Pump Room (1 %)

Structural Defect followed by (3 %)

Other (inc accommodation) (3 %)

Loss of Lives

Rona Riantini – Maritime Safety

Different types of ships have different risk profile

☺

Rona Riantini – Maritime Safety

Where do the risks come from?

1 Oil storage2 Engine room / Power station3 Garage / Warehouse4 Hotel

5 Restaurants & Bars 6 Shops7 Conference rooms 8 Control station

Rona Riantini – Maritime Safety

Distribution of Fires onboard Ships

ENGINE ROOM Oil units ~ 60 % Electrical installations Funnel & Casing Insulation

ACCOMMODATION Galley ~ 25 % Cabins

Store rooms

CARGO SPACES ~ 15 %

Rona Riantini – Maritime Safety

ENGINE ROOM Oil units, Electrical installations, Funnel & Casing ~ 60 %

The magnitude of thefire risk depends, among other things, on the design of the engine

HIGH FIRE RISK

Rona Riantini – Maritime Safety

ENGINE ROOM Oil units, Electrical installations, Funnel & Casing ~ 60 %

The magnitude of thefire risk depends, among other things, on the design of the engine

LOWER FIRE RISK

Rona Riantini – Maritime Safety

ENGINE ROOM (~ 60 %) Oil units, Electrical installations, Funnel & Casing

Rona Riantini – Maritime Safety

ENGINE ROOM (~ 60 %) Oil units, Electrical installations, Funnel & Casing

Rona Riantini – Maritime Safety

Distribution of Fires onboard Ships

ACCOMMODATION (~ 25 %) Cabins Galley Store rooms

4 – 5 % of allfires on board starts in the galley

Cooking oil burning in a frying pan ora saucepan

Rona Riantini – Maritime Safety

Fire casualties

CARGO SPACES (~ 15 %)

Arsons are unfortunately not unusual

Rona Riantini – Maritime Safety

Dangerous when the ship is at a ship yard

WHY ?

Rona Riantini – Maritime Safety

Dangerous when the ship is at a ship yard

decreased number of crewmembers partly new crewmembers works with a high fire risk materials with a high fire risk

being stored in insufficient places people, not familiar with ships, onboard lower standard of watch-keeping alarms out of order CO2 system out of order fire extinguishers and other fire

fighting materials taken ashore for overhauling sprinkler system blocked fire pumps and fire main line without water emergency and normal exits blocked by shipyard materials

Rona Riantini – Maritime Safety

In Port62%

In Shipyard8%

At Sea30%

Fire casualties

Rona Riantini – Maritime Safety

Cases

Levina Salam Al Boccaccio Dona Paz

Rona Riantini – Maritime Safety

OBJECTIVES

SOLAS Chapt II-2 Part A: General Regulation 2: Fire safety objectives and functional requirements

1 Fire safety objectives

1.1 The fire safety objectives are: .1 prevent the occurrence of fire and explosion .2 reduce the risk to life,caused by fire .3 reduce the risk of damage, caused by fire to the ship, its cargo and the environment .4 contain, control and suppress, fire and explosion in the compartment of origin .5 provide adequate and readily accessible means of escape for passengers and crew

Rona Riantini – Maritime Safety

Functional requirements are achieved by certain Basic Principles:

I. Built in fire protection:.1 division of the ship into main vertical and horizontal zones by thermal

and structural boundaries .2 separation of accommodation spaces from the remainder of the ship by thermal and structural boundaries

.3 restricted use of combustible materialsII. Detection of fire:

.4 detection of any fire in the zone of originIII. Extinguishing fire protection:

.5 containment and extinction of any fire in the space of originIV. Preventive fire protection:

.6 protection of means of escape and access for fire fighting .7 ready availability of fire-extinguishing appliances .8 minimization of possibility of ignition of flammable cargo vapour

Rona Riantini – Maritime Safety

The fire safety objectives are achieved by

compliance with the prescriptive requirements in: Part B Prevention of fire and explosion C Suppression of fire D Escape E Operational requirements G Special requirements: a) helicopter facilities b) carriage of dangerous goods c) special category and ro-ro spacesor

the design and arrangements have been reviewed and approved in accordance with: Part F: Alternative design and arrangements = a) Engineering analysis b) Evaluation of the alternative design and arrangements

Rona Riantini – Maritime Safety

Yesterday and today: Prescriptive regulations (prescribes the

design in detail)

Today and tomorrow:Performance based regulations (defines the required performance)

FIRE SAFETY STANDARDS

Rona Riantini – Maritime Safety

Prescriptive regulations:

An A-60 bulkhead must be able to prevent the spread of a standard fire for 60 minutes

Performance based regulations:

The arrangement shall be such as to prevent the spread of fire in such a way, that no persons are exposed to untenable conditions

Example on two ways to achieve the same fire safety standards

Rona Riantini – Maritime Safety

For the ship For systems For test procedures and equipment and type approval

SOLAS FSS Code FTP Code Chapter II-2

FIRE SAFETY STANDARDS

Rona Riantini – Maritime Safety

International Code for Fire Safety Systems (FSS Code)

Resolution MSC.98(73)The Code is mandatory under SOLAS and entered into force on 1 July 2002.

The FSS Code provides International standards for the fire safety systems and equipment required by SOLAS Chapter II-2

In order to make the publication as comprehensive as possible for the use byequipment and systems manufacturers, ship owners and operators, shipyards,classification societies and Administrations, all related fire safety standards andguidelines adopted by either the Assembly or the MSC are incorporated in the publication

Rona Riantini – Maritime Safety

International Code for Application of Fire Test Procedures (FTP Code)

It is of paramount importance for the safety of passengers and crew that all materials used for the construction of ships and equipment are fully in compliance with the fire protection requirements and fire tests of materials must be properly conducted in accordance with the established test procedures.

Non-combustibility testSmoke and toxicity testTest for A, B and F class divisions Test for fire door control systemsTest for surface flammability

Test for primary deck coveringsTest for vertically supported textiles and films Test for upholstered furnitureTest for bedding components

(Resolution MSC. 61(67))Division of ships by thermal and structural boundaries and restrictions on the use of combustible

materials are important principles in chapter II-2 (SOLAS 1974).

The FTP Code provides international requirements for laboratory testing, type approval and fire test procedures for the:

26

Built in fire protection Fixed fire fighting equipment and its function Portable equipment and its function Fire stations Dangerous goods equipment station Fire & general alarm function Other alarms ( i.e. Gas detection system) Fire control plan & alarm list Quick closing valves Escape ways

Rona Riantini – Maritime Safety

Scope of discussion

1. BUILT IN FIRE PROTECTION2. BUILT IN FIRE EXTINGUISHING3. PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING4. OPERATIONAL READINESS 5. ESCAPE WAYS6. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS

FIRE SAFETY ON BOARD :

Rona Riantini – Maritime Safety

Sources