01 cognitive neuroscience introduction
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What is Cognition?
• Middle English cognicion, from Anglo-French, from Latin cognition-,
cognitio, from cognoscere to become acquainted with, know,
from co- + gnoscere to come to know
• The act or process of knowing; perception.
• the product of such a process; something thus known, perceived,
• Faculty for processing information
• Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism become aware of
or obtain knowledge (MeSH)
• A conscious intellectual act , mental process of knowing learning,
thinking, judging
What is Cognition?
Part of speech: noun
Definition: understanding
Synonyms:
– acknowledgment, apprehension, attention, awareness,
cognizance, comprehension, discernment, insight
intelligence, knowledge , mind, need,
note, notice, observance, observation, perception,
percipience, reasoning, recognition, regard
Antonyms: ignorance, unawareness
Roget's 21st Century Thesaurus, Third Edition
Copyright © 2008 by the Philip Lief Group.
Spectrum of Cognition
Nano
Meta
Para
Macro
Micro
Cognitive Science
Philosophy : Mind behind Mind
Psychology : MindNeuroscience: Brain
Three States of Cognition
Evolution & Cognition
“Cognition is survival instinct a consequence of
carefully crafted modules dedicated to solving
specific evolutionary problems”
Evolutionary Cognitive Science
Conditioned taste aversion
Garcia discovered that animals learned to avoid novel food products that made them ill in as little as one learning conditioning trial, something that had not been demonstrated with any other stimulus class previously.
Prepared learning
Seligman demonstrated a phenomenon in which it is easier to make associations between stimuli that possess a biological predisposition to be conditioned because of a role these stimuli played in an organism’s evolutionary history
What is the seat of Cognition?
•Trepanning done in
South America over
10,000 years
•To let the bad spirit out
that tormented the
brains
Surgical Papyrus
•Surgical Papyrus the
oldest medical writing
1600 BC the first known
descriptions of cranial
sutures, the external
brain surface, brain
liquor (CSF) and
intracranial pulsation
•Head and spine trauma
and their effect
Alcmaeon of Croton (500 BC)
•Brain as the site of sensation
•Optic nerve as hollow carried the information to the brain where sensory modalities had its own localization
•human soul was immortal and partook of the divine nature, because like the heavenly bodies it contained in itself a principle of motion
Brain vs. Heart
Hippocrates 460-377 BC
“Men ought to know that from the brain and from the brain only arise our pleasures, joys, laughter and
jests, as well as our sorrows, pains, grieves and tears”.
Aristotle 384-322 B.C
“the heart as the organ of thinking, of perception and feelings,”
“brain could cool the passion of heart”
Galen 130-200 AD
Brain as hollow organ : Nemesius (circa 320),
Leonardo Da Vinci April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564 CE)
Phrenology 1806
Lobar Localization
Paul Broca 1868
Brodmann’s area
Emotion Localization
Modern Phrenology
Imaging of brain CT Scan
MRI Brain
fMRI
PET scan
Descartes, Brain and Mind
(1596-1650)
Bioelectricity
(1737-1798)
Discovery of Neuron
Ramony Cajal and Camillo Golgi 1906 Noble
Nerve Cell
Study of Cognitive Neural Science
1. Single cell recording of behaving animal
2. Cellular study of brain architecture
3. Cognitive genetics
4. Study of behavior of patient with specific lesion the brain
5. Imaging of brain of normal and abnormal
6. Computer modeling
Objectives
To know
1. Organization of Nervous system
2. Nerve signal processing
3. Sensory processing : Physical, chemical, EM
4. Motor control mechanism voluntary and involuntary
5. Consciousness, sleep, emotion reproduction
6. Cognitive function: Language, Memory…
7. Development of NS and Genetics
8. Cognitive Neurophilosophy
9. Recent development
1 Functional Organization of NS
1 Structural Organization of NS
2 Nerve signal processing
3. Sensory Signal Processing
Laws of specific sense energies – Muller 1826
“Each nerve fiber is activated primarily by a certain type of stimulus
and each makes specific connections to structures in the central
nervous system whose activity gives rise to specific sensations”
4. Motor Control
VoluntaryInvoluntary
5. Consciousness, Sleep, Emotion Reproduction
6. Higher Cognitive Functions: Language, Memory
7. Brain Development and Genetics
8 Cognitive Neurophilosophy
9. Recent advances
Selected Reading