01-chemistry basic concepts
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter One:Chapter One:
Basic Concepts
Classification of MatterClassification of Matter
Matter is defined as anything that has mass and occupies space.
Energy is the capacity to do work.
Law of Conservation of Energy
Matter has three statesMatter has three statesSolid – definite shape with it
particles close together & firmly attached to each other
Liquid – its particles move more freely while still retaining a definite volume
Gas – no fixed shape with its particles moving independent of each other
Matter is made up of substancesElements – cannot be broken
down into simpler substancesCompounds – are substances
made from two or more elements that have combined in a unique proportion
Mixtures – consist of two or more substances that are present in varying proportions
PropertiesChemical – characteristic way
substances react to produce other substances
Physical – ways a substance can be identified without changing its composition
Extensive vs. Intensive – quantity vs. intrinsic properties
Compounds are made by Compounds are made by chemical reactionschemical reactions
Reactants products◦ O2 + 2H2 2 H2O
Physical properties are quite different◦ O2 & H2 H2O◦ Gasses liquid
Compounds obey the law of definite proportions◦ 32 g oxygen combine with 4 g H to give 36 g water◦ 32g/4g = 8/1 (ratio by mass)
Compounds obey the law of conservation of mass◦ 32 g O + 4 g H 36 g water◦ In any chemical reaction, the sum of the masses of the
reactant always equals the sum of the masses of the products
Dalton’s theory of atoms can Dalton’s theory of atoms can be summed up as followsbe summed up as followsElements are composed of minute indivisible
particles called atomsAtoms fo the same element are alike in mass
and sizeAtoms of different elements have different
masses and sizesChemical compounds are formed by the union
of two or more atoms of different elementsWhen atoms combine to form compounds, they
do so in simple numerical rations, such as 1:1, 2:1, 2:3, etc
Atoms of two elements may combine in different ratios to form more than one compound – law of multiple proportions
Law of multiple Law of multiple proportionsproportionsWhenever two elements form
more than one compound, the different masses of one that combine with some mass of the other are in the ratio of small whole numbers
H2O◦2 g H to 16 g O 16/2 or 8/1
H2O2◦2 g H to 32 g O 32/2 or 16/1
Chemical Symbols and Periodic Table
Symbol- unique to each chemical element
Period- horizontal row on table
Family- (group) vertical column
Chemical Symbols and Periodic Table
Chemical Symbols and Chemical Symbols and Periodic TablePeriodic TableFamily Names
◦Alkali metals◦Alkaline earth metals◦Coinage metals◦Halogens◦Noble gases
Chemical Symbols and Periodic Chemical Symbols and Periodic TableTable
Chemical Symbols and Periodic Table
Main Group Elements
Transition Elements
Inner Transition Elements
Chemical Symbols and Periodic Table
Chemical Symbols and Periodic TableMetals
Non-metals
Chemical Symbols and Periodic Table