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For Instructor’s Online Learning Center
Traditions and Encounters
A Global Perspective on the Past 3rd Edition
Jerry H. Bentley
Herbert F. Ziegler
PowerPoint Presentations Prepared by Henry Abramson
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Chapter 1
Before History
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Forming the Complex Society
Basic development: Hunting and Foraging Agriculture Complex Society
Key issue: surplus capital Major development of first complex societies
3500 BCE – 500 BCE
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Prehistory
What is “history”? Documentation
Written records Archaeological discovery
Requisite human presence (or “natural” history)
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Development of Hominids
Animals adapt themselves to environment Hominids adapt environment to themselves
Use of tools Language Complex cooperative social structures
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Australopithecus
Discovery of skeleton AL-288-1, north of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Nicknamed “Lucy”
40% of SWF, 4’6”, 55lb., bipedal Brain 500 cc (modern human: 1400 cc), limited speech but opposable digit
Estimated date of death: 3.5 million years ago
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Later Hominids
Homo Erectus, “upright man” Larger brain capacity (1000 cc), improved tool use,
control of fire Homo Sapiens, “wise man” Homo Sapiens Sapiens, “very
wise man” (most of us) Largest brain, esp. frontal regions most sophisticated tools and social organization Migrations of Homo Erectus and Homo Sapiens
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Global spread of hominids and Homo Sapiens
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The Natural Environment
By 13,000 BCE Homo sapiens in every inhabitable part of the world
Archaeological finds: Sophisticated tools
Choppers, scrapers, axes, knives, bows, arrows Cave and hutlike dwellings Use of fire, animal skins
Hunted several mammal species to extinction Climactic change may have accelerated process
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Paleolithic Era (“Old Stone Age”)
Evidence: Archaeological finds Extrapolation from modern hunter-gatherer societies
Nomadic existence precludes advanced civilization Groups of 30-50 Division of labor along gender lines
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Relative Social Equality
Nomadic culture precludes accumulation of land-based wealth More likely determinants of status: age, hunting skill,
fertility, charisma Possible gender equality related to food
production Men: protein from hunting Women: plant gethering
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Big Game Hunting
Evidence of intelligent coordination of hunting expeditions Development of weaponry Animal-skin disguises Stampeding tactics
Lighting of fires, etc. to drive game into kill zones
Requires planning, communication
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Paleolithic Settlements
Natufian society Modern Israel and Jordan Wild wheat, herding
Jomon society Japan Wild buckwheat, fishing
Chinook society Pacific Northwest Berries, acorns, salmon runs
Groups of 1000 or more
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Neandertal Peoples
Neander valley, western Germany Also found in Africa, east Asia Evidence of spirituality: ritual burial
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Cro-magnon Peoples
Physically similar to modern humans Greater capacity for speech? Homo sapiens sapiens Increased variety of tools Adornments, decorative furniture, cave paintings “Venus” figurines Cave paintings
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Neolithic Era (“New Stone Age”)
Distinction in tool production Chipped vs. polished
Men: herding animals rather than hunting Women: nurtured vegetation rather than foraging Spread of Agriculture
Slash-and-and burn techniques Exhaustion of soil promotes migration Transport of crops from one region to another
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Origins of early spread of agriculture
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Agriculture and Population Growth
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3000BCE
2000BCE
1000BCE
500 BCE
Population (millions)
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Surplus Food and the Specialization of Labor Emergence of villages and towns Discoveries at Çatal Hüyük, Turkey, occupied
7250-5400 BCE Tremendous range of manufactured products
Pottery, Jewelry, Textiles, Copper tools Development of crafts
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Social Distinctions
Accumulation of landed wealth initiates development of social classes Archaeological evidence in variety of household
decorations, goods buried with deceased members of society at Çatal Hüyük
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Religious Values
Elements of natural environment essential for functioning
Archaeological evidence of religious worship: thousands of clay figurines, drawings on pots, tool decorations, other ritual objects Fertility: Venus figurines
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Beginnings of Urbanization
Jericho: concentration of wealth, building a wall Craft specialization Social stratification Governance Cultural workers