01 anatomical terms
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ANATOMICAL TERMS
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Farihah Hj. Suhaimi
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Azian Abd. LatiffAssoc. Prof. Dr. Srijit Das
Dept. of AnatomyMedical Faculty, UKMSession 2011/2012
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Contents
History
Disciplines in Anatomy
Main approaches to study Anatomy
Anatomical position
Anatomical planes
Terms describing position
Terms comparing position
Terms of movement
Terms of specific joint movement
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GREEK
anatome
to cut / to dissect
ANATOMY
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ANATOMY
The study of the structureand functionof the body
Structure Relationship
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TO EXAMINE A PATIENT
WITHOUT A THOROUGHKNOWLEDGE OF LIVING ANATOMYIS COMPARABLE TO SAILING AN
UNKNOWN SEA WITHOUT CHARTS
DISASTER
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Rembrandt 1632, The Haque
The Anatomy lesson of Dr Nicholaas Tulp (1593-1674)
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Gross /Macroscopic
Surface anatomy
Histology / Microscopic
DISCIPLINES IN ANATOMY
Embryology /Developmental
Neuroanatomy
Comparative Anatomy
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Heart
Gross / Macroscopic Anatomy
is the study of
anatomical structuresthat can be seenby unaided vision with the naked eye
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Heart
Lungs Lungs
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Surface (Topographic) Anatomy
The study of the configuration
of the surface of the body,especially in relation to its internal parts
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Histology / Microscopic Anatomy
is the study of minute anatomical structuresassisted with microscopes
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Embryology / Developmental Anatomy
is a science which is about
the developmentof an embryo from thefertilization of the ovum to the foetus stage.
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Neuroanatomyis the study of the
physical structure and organization ofthe nervous system.
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Main approaches to studyAnatomy
Systemic Regional Clinicale.gSkeletalMuscular
ArticularRespiratoryCardiovascularUrinary
e.gUpper LimbLower limb
ThoraxAbdomenPelvis & PerineumHead & Neck
Relate to thepractice ofmedicine
and otherhealthsciences
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Systemic Anatomy
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Main Approaches to studyAnatomy
Systemic Regional Clinicale.gSkeletalMuscular
ArticularRespiratoryCardiovascularUrinary
e.gUpper LimbLower limb
ThoraxAbdomenPelvis & PerineumHead & Neck
Relate to thepractice ofmedicine
and otherhealthsciences
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Regional Anatomy
PECTORAL
SHOULDER
ARM
AXILLA
CUBITAL
FOSSA
FOREARM
HAND
Upper Limb
Median NerveUlnar Artery
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Clinical Anatomy
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Why the need of Anatomical &
Medical Terminology?Standardization
- among medical/allied healthprofessions
International
Communicate effectively
- Doctor Doctor/Paramedics
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They are universal termsthat may be readily understood
by Anatomists
who speak any language.
ANATOMICAL TERMS
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Anatomical position
Head, eyes & toes
directed forward
Upper limbs by the
sides, palms facinganteriorly
Lower limbs together,feet directed anteriorly
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Terms describing position
Anatomical position:
- Body erect, eyes look straight to the front
- Upper limbs hang by the side of the trunk withpalm directed forwards
- Lower limbs parallel with toes pointing forwards
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Terms describing position
Supine position: Lying down (recumbent)position with face directed upwards
Prone position: Lying down (recumbent)position with face directed downwards
Lithotomy position: Lying supine withbuttocks at the edge of the table
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Terms describing position
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Anatomical planes
Imaginary planes that pass throughthe bodyin anatomical position
Describe sections and images of thebody
4 planes
Median / Median Sagittal
Sagittal
Coronal
Transverse
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Median Sagittal Plane
Vertical planepassing throughthe bodydividing it into:
Right Left
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Sagittal Plane
Vertical planepassing throughthe body parallelto the medianplane
Mediansagittal
plane
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Horizontal / Transverse Plane
Plane passingthrough the body at
right anglesto themedian & coronalplanes, dividing itinto:
INFERIOR /LOWER
SUPERIOR /
UPPER
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Anatomical planes
Median Sagittal
Coronal
Horizontal
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Terms describing Position
Superior (cranial) -high, nearer to the head Inferior (caudal)- low, nearer to feet
Anterior (ventral)- front
Posterior(dorsal)- back
Medial- nearer to median plane
Lateral- farther away from median plane
Palmar- anterior surface of the hand
Plantar- sole of the foot
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Superior
Inferior
Anterior Posterior
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Terms describing Position
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Terms describing position
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refers to two structures on thesame side of the body's midline(such as the left arm and left leg).
Ipsilateral
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refers to two structures which are onthe opposite side of the body'smidline (such as the left arm andright leg).
Contralateral
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Terms comparing Position
Proximal vs Distalnearer to farther from
the trunk
Superficial vs Deep
nearer to farther from
the surface
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Proximal and Distal
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Superficial and Deep
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Terms comparing Position
External vs Internalouter part inner part
of structure / organ
Parietal vs Viscerallayer close to layer close to
body wall an organ
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External and Internal
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Parietal and visceral
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Terms of Movement
Limbsand other partsof the body
Movements take place atjoints
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l
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Flexion - Extension
f
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Terms of Movement
Adduction Abduction
Moving towards
the
Moving away
from
the median plane inthe coronal plane
Abd i Add i
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Abduction - Adduction
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L l i M di l i
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Lateral rotation Medial rotation
f M t
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Terms of Movement
Circumduction
The circular movement
The combination in sequence offlexion, extension, abduction &adduction
Ci d ti
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Circumduction
T f M t
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Terms of Movement
Elevation Depression
Raises / moves
a partsuperiorly
Lowers /
moves the partinferiorly
T f S ifi J i t M t
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Terms of Specific Joint Movement
Pronation SupinationForearm
Thumb
Opposition
Sole of the foot
Inversion Eversion
E i I i
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Eversion - Inversion
Towards midline Away from midline
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Terms used for hollow organs
Exterior or outer
Interior or inner
Invagination or inward protrusion
Evagination or outward protrusion
Terms used for describing
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Terms used for describingmuscles
Origin - The end of the muscle which is relativelyfixed during contraction
Insertion -the end of a muscle which movesduring contraction
Belly -The fleshy and contractile part
Tendon -the fibrous, non contractile and cord likepart
Aponeurosis -The flattened tendon
Muscle
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Muscle
Anatomy today
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Anatomy today.
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