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Vision and road map for establishment of a

protected area in Laga Badana, Somalia

Mohamed Ibrahim, Grace Koech, Jan De Leeuw

i|P a g e

Vision and road map for establishment of a protected area in Laga Badana, Somalia

Mohamed Ibrahim, Grace Koech, Jan De Leeuw

i

LIMITEDCIRCULATION

Correct citation: Ibrahim M, Koech G, De Leeuw J, 2016. Vision and road map for establishment of a protected area in Lag Badana, Lower Jubba, Somalia. Working paper no 236. Nairobi, World Agroforestry Centre. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/WP16127.PDF Titles in the Working Paper series aim to disseminate interim results on agroforestry research and practices, and stimulate feedback from the scientific community. Other publication series from the World Agroforestry Centre include: Technical Manuals, Occasional Papers and the Trees for Change Series. Published by the World Agroforestry Centre United Nations Avenue PO Box 30677, GPO 00100 Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 20 7224000, via USA +1 650 833 6645 Email: [email protected] Website: www.worlagroforestry.org © World Agroforestry Centre 2016 Working Paper No. 236 Photos/illustrations: all photos are appropriately accredited.

The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the World Agroforestry Centre.

Articles appearing in this publication may be quoted or reproduced without charge, provided the source is acknowledged.

All images remain the sole property of their source and may not be used for any purpose without written permission from the source.

i

TABLEOFCONTENTS

Abouttheauthors........................................................................................................................IAbstract.......................................................................................................................................IIAcknowledgements....................................................................................................................IIIListofabbreviations...................................................................................................................IVIntroduction................................................................................................................................1Methodology...............................................................................................................................2InstitutionsforprotectedareamanagementinSomalia............................................................4

Policyandlegislation..............................................................................................................4HistoryofprotectedareasintheLagaBadanaarea.................................................................10Descriptionofthearea..............................................................................................................11

Physicalgeography...............................................................................................................11Landtenure...........................................................................................................................19People,landuseandlivelihoods...........................................................................................24Biodiversity...........................................................................................................................25

Constraintsandopportunities..................................................................................................27Constraints............................................................................................................................27Opportunities........................................................................................................................29

Visionforestablishmentofanationalpark..............................................................................32Thevision..............................................................................................................................32Roadmapforestablishmentofaprotectedarea.................................................................32

References.................................................................................................................................35Annexes.....................................................................................................................................38

LISTOFTABLES

TableA1:EvaluationofFaunainLagaBadanaprotectedarea..................................................38

TableA2:EvaluationofFloraintheproposedprotectedarea..................................................40

LISTOFFIGURES

Figure1:LocationoftheLagaBadanaareaandthegamereservesthatexistedinthe1960s.11

Figure2:AverageannualrainfallanddistributionoftsetseintheLagBadanaarea.................12

Figure3:Mapofgeomorphologicalregions..............................................................................13

Figure4:Hydrologicalzonesintheproposedprotectedarea...................................................15

Figure5:VegetationtypesanddistributionintheproposedLagaBadanaprotectedarea......17

i

ABOUTTHEAUTHORS

Mohamed Ibrahim is an independent consultantmanaging SavanaConsultancy andResearchServicesLtd.Email:[email protected]

Grace Koech is a research assistant working for the Biodiversity ManagementProgramme at the World Agroforestry Centre. Email: [email protected];[email protected]

Jan de Leeuw is a CIM Integrated Expert Biodiversity andGeo Information Science,Faculty of Ecology and Soil Science, Baku State University. Email:[email protected].

ii

ABSTRACT

Thispaperpresentsavisionandroadmapforestablishmentofaprotectedareainthe

LagaBadanaareainsouthernSomalia.Thebiodiversityofthisareahasbeenprotected

intwoconservationareasthatwereestablishedduringtheearlypost-colonialperiod.

Itwasdeemednecessarytostrengthentheconservationprovidedbytheseprotected

areas, which were never gazetted and did not allow for engagement of local

communities. A UNDP-FAO project implemented in the mid-1970s supported the

GovernmentofSomaliawithadvicetostrengthentheconservationofthebiodiversity

of the area through establishment of a national park. Therewere also proposals to

engagelocalcommunitiesandallowcontrolledutilizationoftheresourceswithinthe

proposednationalpark.However, forvariousreasons, includingtwodecadesofcivil

war, theadvice toestablisha revised conservationareaand strengthenedparkand

biodiversitymanagementnevermaterialized.Today,theareaisastrongholdoftheAl

Shabaab, a terrorist group, and highly insecure. This has resulted in degradation of

biodiversitywithseveraliconicwildlifespeciessuchastheelephant,rhinoandhirola

havinggoneextinct,andlocalcommunitiesnolongerbenefitfromtheopportunities

for socioeconomic development that the conservation areas offered before. This

publication offers a vision and a road map to restore conservation of the area’s

biodiversity and create opportunities for socioeconomic development through the

establishment of an ensemble of state-controlled and community-based protected

areas.

Keywords:Biodiversityconservation,protectedareas,communityengagement,roadmap

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ThisworkingpaperisaproductoftheBiodiversityManagementProgramme(BMP)

whichaimstosupporttheconservationofbiodiversityinthecrossborderarea

betweenKenyaandSomalia.ItismanagedbytheWorldAgroforestryCentre(ICRAF)

andfundedbytheEuropeanUnion(EU)throughIGAD.

TheauthorswouldliketoexpresstheirsinceregratitudetoEUthroughIGADfor

fundingtheactivity.Additionally,wewouldliketoacknowledgethecontributionsof

theMinistryofForest,RangeandLivestockoftheFederalGovernmentofSomalia,the

MinistryofEnvironment,MineralandNaturalResourcesofJubalandstateandlocal

leadersintheprojectarea.

WearealsogratefultothelocalcommunityinLagaBadanaareaforavailing

themselvestobeinterviewed.ThecriticalreviewsreceivedfromJamesAcworth

(IGAD-TA),JosephatNyongesa(ICRAF)andMaimboMalesu(ICRAF)contributed

immenselytothequalityoftheworkingpaper.

Finally,wewouldliketoacknowledgetheadministrativesupportfromICRAFin

organizingtheworkshopinMogadishuandmanagingotherlogistics,andthe

CommunicationsUnitforeditingthedocument.

iv

LISTOFABBREVIATIONS

AfDB AfricanDevelopmentBank

AMISOM AfricanUnionMissioninSomalia

BMP BiodiversityManagementProgramme

CBD ConventiononBiologicalDiversity

EU EuropeanUnion

FAO FoodandAgricultureOrganization

GDP GrossDomesticProduct

GoS GovernmentofSomalia

ICRAF WorldAgroforestryCentre

IGAD IntergovernmentalAuthorityonDevelopment

IUCN InternationalUnionforConservationofNature

SFG SomaliFederalGovernment

UNDP UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme

UNESCO UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization

1

INTRODUCTION

The Biodiversity Management Programme (BMP) in the Horn of Africa is an IGAD

initiative funded by the European Union (EU). The initiative aims to contribute to

povertyreductionbyimprovingthesocialandeconomicwellbeingofthepopulations

intheIGADregion,throughamoreeffectiveregionalintegrationintheenvironmental

sector.Itspurposeistheconservationandsustainablemanagementoftheecosystems

intheIGADregion,inordertocontributetolastingecosystemgoodsandservices.

TheWorldAgroforestryCentreisoneoftheimplementingpartnersandismanaging

theTana-Kipini-LagaBadanaBushBushleLandandSeascape–oneofthethreeprojects

financedthroughIGAD.TheICRAF-ledactivitiescommencedinlate2013andwillgoon

until early 2018. It is being implemented in the cross-border land and seascapes of

north-easternKenyaandsouthernSomalia,anareaextendingfromTanaRiver,Kenya

inthesouthtotheLagaBadanaareaofSomaliainthenorth.

BMP involves several complementary project activities. Project activity 4 aims to

support the management of conservation areas. In Kenya, where several state-

managedprotectedareasexist, theBMPprojectwill support theestablishmentofa

community-basedconservationarea.

InSomalia,therehavebeenattemptstoestablishanationalparkintheLagaBadana

areatonoavail.Thecountryhashowever,notgivenupandtheprojectwillsupport

stakeholdersinthedevelopmentofavisionandroadmapfortheestablishmentofa

protectedareaintheLagaBadanaarea.

Thispublicationdescribes thevisionandroadmap forestablishmentofaprotected

area in the LagaBadanaarea. Thedocument is the result of consultationswith key

stakeholders and a stakeholder workshop held in Mogadishu, Somalia on 16-17

November2015.

2

METHODOLOGY

Establishingaconservationareaisalengthyprocessthatrequirestheinvolvementofa

largenumberofstakeholders.Thedevelopmentofaconservationareawillchangethe

useofthelandanditsresources,andthusaffecttheinterestsofpeoplewhohavebeen

using this resource or have an interest in doing so. When developing plans for a

protected area, it is important to engagebroadlywith all possible stakeholders1, to

ensurethattheirvoicesareheardandtheirinterestsconsideredinthedevelopmentof

theplans.Thus,astakeholderparticipatoryinclusiveconsultationprocesswasused.

A-Reviewofexistingknowledgeandstakeholders.First,existingknowledgeonthe

LagaBadanaareawasreviewed.Itcoveredreportspublishedinthemid-1970sbyAbel

(1976)andAbelandKilleh(1976),whichwerewritteninthecontextofaUNDPFAO

project that supported the government of Somalia in developing plans for

establishmentofanationalparkintheLagaBadanaarea,countrybriefspublishedby

the African Development Bank (2013 and 2015) and reports on the biodiversity

assessment in Laga Badana area (Gedow 2017). The literature search was

complementedwithinformationobtainedfromkeyinformantsandstakeholdersfrom

thearea.

B-Firststakeholderconsultation.Afterthis,fieldvisitswereconductedon15-20April

2015toKismayo.Itbroughttogetherfivecommunityleadersfromtheareaswherethe

parkwillbeestablished.TheycomprisedfoureldersandthecommissionerofKamboni.

ThecommunityleaderswerefromBuloHaji,Badhadhearea,YemenorStambulvillage,

while the commissioner and his colleague were from Kamboni. In addition to the

community leaders, those present during themeeting included a colonel from the

SomaliNationalPoliceandtwomembersofparliamentofJubaland.

C-Interimreport.Followingthereviewandconsultationwithstakeholdersaninterim

reportwasproduced.

D - Drafting the vision and road map. Interviews were conducted with various

stakeholdersbetweenAugustandOctober2015, todocument theirperspectiveson

1Stakeholderdefinition:anyindividual,groupororganizationwhomayaffectorbeaffectedbythedevelopmentoftheconservationarea.

3

whattheythoughtwaskeyinestablishingavisionandplanforaconservationareain

theLagaBadanaarea.Duringtheseconsultationsanumberofissueswerediscussed.

Theycovered:

• Theroleof localcommunities,theadministrationofJubalandandtheSomali

FederalGovernmentinestablishingandmanagingaconservationarea;

• Thetypeofconservationareaanditsgeographicaldemarcation;

• Thelikelyimpactsofaconservationareaonthesocialandeconomicwellbeing

ofthepopulationintheLagaBadanaarea;

• Whatshouldtobeimplementedinthisarea;

• Whowouldparticipateinthedevelopmentofaconservationarea.

E - Second stakeholder consultation. A two-day consultationworkshopwasheld in

Mogadishuon16-17ofNovember2015tofurthersensitizethestakeholdersinSomalia

ontheBMPprogramandseektheirendorsementofthevisionandroadmapforthe

establishmentofaconservationarea in theLagaBadanaarea.Elders fromtheLaga

Badana area, the Somalia Federal Government, Jubaland administration, academic

institutionsandlocalNGOsworkingonenvironmentalconservationwererepresented

inthisworkshop.Followingthis,theproceedingswerepublished.

4

INSTITUTIONSFORPROTECTEDAREAMANAGEMENTINSOMALIA

ThehistoryofprotectedareamanagementinSomaliadatesbacktothecolonialtimes

whenthefirstgamereserveswereestablishedunderItalianrule.TheUNDPFAOproject

executedinthe1970senvisagedestablishmentofanationalparkintheLagaBadana

area.Thepoliciesandregulationsrelevanttotheestablishmentandmanagementof

protectedareasespecially,theinternationalagreementstowhichSomaliaisasignatory

werereviewed.TheexercisewasbasedonthesummaryonprotectedareasofSomalia

providedintheAfrotropicalvolumeofProtectedAreasoftheWorld(1991)published

byIUCN.

PolicyandLegislation

Nationalpolicyandlegislation

Law on fauna and forest conservation: The establishment and management of

conservationareasisregulatedbytheLawonFauna(Hunting)andForestConservation

of25January1969(GoS,1969).Thelawhas77articlescoveringtheconservationof

faunaandforests inthecountry. Italso indicatedthebordersofdifferentprotected

areas in the country including Bush Bush Game Reserve (Lower Jubba area),

GeedkabehlehGameReserve (HargeisaArea),MogadishuGameReserve (this starts

fromMogadishurunningalongthecoasttoAdale),BoramaDistrictcontrolledarea,the

BushBushcontrolledareafromBarderatoElWak,Juba-Lefcontrolledarea(allareas

situatedontheleftsideoftheJubaRiver).Thelawonfaunaalsohasclausespertaining

to theconservationofanimalsand listed thewildlifespecies thatcannotbehunted

throughouttheRepublicofSomalia.

PolicyimplementinginstitutionsandtheMogadishumanifesto:In1971theNational

Parks Agency was created as a self-governing body reporting to the Office of the

President,withamandatetoimplementthelawonfaunaandforestconservation.A

few years later, the mandate of the National Parks Agency was transferred to the

WildlifeDepartmentoftheNationalRangeAgencywhichwasplacedundertheMinistry

of Livestock, Forestry and Range. In 1989 the President of Somalia issued the

MogadishuManifestoontheConservationofWildlife(GoS,1989),whichspecifiedthe

institutions responsible forwildlifeconservation,namely theNationalRangeAgency

5

undertheMinsterofLivestock,ForestryandRange;theMinisterofForeignAffairsto

representtheconservationofthecountry’swildlifeamongforeigngovernmentsand

internationalorganizations,andtheMinisterofInformationtoraisepublicawareness

ontheimportanceofthecountry’swildlife.Atpresent,theDepartmentofForestryand

Range under the Ministry of Livestock, Forestry and Range is responsible for the

conservationofwildlifeofthecountry.

Conservation area categories and national parks: The law on Fauna and Forest

Conservationcoversfivecategoriesofconservationareas:gamereserves,partialgame

reserves, controlled areas, forest reserves and grazing reserves. In addition, the

MogadishuManifesto called for “action to develop national parks and to complete

thosealreadyinprogresssuchasBushBush(i.e.,thenationalparkintheLagaBadana

area).Proposingthedevelopmentofnationalparksgivestheimpressionthatthereisa

legalbasisfortheestablishmentofnationalparks,animpressionthatwasstrengthened

in 2012 through a call to establish national parks by the President of the Federal

Republic of Somalia. However, whereas the law on fauna and forest conservation

providesalegalbasisforestablishmentoffivecategoriesofconservationareas,itdoes

notofferprovisionsfortheestablishmentandmanagementofnationalparks.

Financial support: The financial support to enforce the Law on Fauna and Forest

Conservationhasremainedweakandattimesabsent.Asaconsequence,thevarious

protectedareasrecognizedbytheGovernmentofSomaliahavenotreceivedsupport

and resources needed by the institutions, including local park management

organizationsthatcouldmanagetheconservationareas.Thusconservationoffauna

andprotectedareasexistonlyonpaper.

State-controlled conservation:The Somali Federal Government is the key player in

implementationofthelawonfaunaandforestconservation.Thisreflectsbestpractice

commonlyuseduntiltheendofthe20thcenturywhichmandatednationalgovernment

agencies to develop and manage conservation areas. The former Government of

Somalia, with support from FAO-UNDP, proposed the establishment of a state-

controlledprotectedarea(anationalpark)inLagaBadanaarea(Abel1976).Thereview

of the history of conservation in Laga Badana area indicates that this plan never

6

materializedforavarietyofreasons,includingtheoutbreakofwarbetweenSomalia

andEthiopiainthe1970s.However,thisalsopointstoinstitutionalweaknesses;within

aperiodof15yearsofstablegovernment,followingcompletionofthemajorreports

deliveredbytheFAO-UNDPproject(Abel1976,AbelandKilleh1976)noprogresshas

beenmadetorevisethelawtoincludelegalprovisionsfortheestablishmentofnational

parksandtoallocategovernmentfundstosupportstate-controlledprotectedareas.

ThisexamplefromSomaliaisnotanisolatedcase.Therearemanyexamplesfromother

developingcountrieswheretheestablishmentofstatecontrolledconservationareas

hasproventobeineffective,particularlyinlandscapeswherepeopleresideandmake

useofbiodiversityhotpots2.Therefore,todevelopandmanageconservationareasin

developing countries such as Somalia, other options could be proposed including

participatorycommunity-basedconservation.

Participatory community-based conservation: Community-based biodiversity

conservationapproachesareconsideredmoreappropriateinsituationswherecentral

governmenthasmoreurgent issues tohandle, suchas feedthepeopleandprovide

healthtoitspopulation.Thedevelopmentofcommunity-basedconservationfitsina

broadermovementofdevelopingparticipatorynaturalresourcemanagement,which

gained momentum in the late 1980s. A country like Kenya has provision for

participatory management of water resources (implemented by Rural Water User

AssociationsestablishedundertheWaterActof2002),participatoryforestresources

management(CommunityForestAssociationsmadepossiblebytheForestActof2005)

andforparticipatorywildlifeconservationandprotectedareamanagement(through

establishment of Community Wildlife Conservancies made possible by the Wildlife

Conservation andManagement Act of 2013). Similar policy reform to develop legal

provisionstoallowparticipatorynaturalresourcemanagementhastakenoristaking

place in other East African countries like Tanzania and Uganda. Efforts to reform

legislation in natural resource management were never initiated in Somalia as the

countryenteredtwodecadesofcivilwarwhentheneighbouringcountriesfirstbegun

toimplementthisapproachinthe1990s.Becauseofthis,Somaliadoesnothavelegal

2BerkesF.2004.RethinkingCommunity-BasedConservation.ConservationBiology18:621-630

7

instrumentstosupportthedevelopmentofcommunity-basedwildlifeconservationand

protectedareamanagement.However,thisapproachcouldbethemostappropriate

one for thedevelopmentandmanagementofwildlife conservation inSomaliaonce

securityisrestored.

Devolution: Since the end of the civil war, Somalia has gone through a process of

decentralization and devolution of government authority. In 2012, the previous

centralizedstatewastransformedintoaFederalStatetoallowforgreaterautonomy

of the various regions of the country. Today, Somalia has five autonomous federal

memberstates, includingSomaliland inthenorth,Puntland innortheast,Galmudug,

SouthwestandJubalandinthesouth-centralpartofthecountry.Thefinalnumberof

federalmember stateswill be six (excluding Benadir region) after the formation of

HiiranandMiddleShabelleRegionalState.Thepoliticaldecentralizationhasresultedin

adevolvedgovernment,witheachmemberstatehavingitsownadministration.Allthis

hashadaneffectontheconservationofwildlifeandprotectedareamanagementin

severalways.

The devolution process demanded goodwill from politicians and government, thus

delaying necessary efforts to re-establish and revise environmental policies and

institutions. This is particularly so for Jubaland. Second, devolution has created a

situation where it is unclear whether mandates established under the former

centralizedgovernmentliewiththeFederalGovernmentortheadministrationofthe

federalmemberstates.This lackofclarityresults inflaringupofrivalryformandate

between the two levels of government whenever there is discussion on natural

resourcemanagementor theestablishmentofprotectedareas.Forexample,during

the workshops, a lot of time was devoted to discussions on the authority of the

administrationoftheJubalandFederalMemberStateanditsdesiretocooperatewith

thecentralgovernment.However,forLagaBadanaconservationareawhichhasbeen

discussedforthelasttwoyearsoftheproject,therivalryhasbeenminimizedasthere

were very constructive discussions between the Jubaland Administration and the

FederalGovernment.

8

Multilateralandinternationalagreements

Globalinternationalagreements:TheFederalGovernmentofSomaliaisasignatoryto

various internationalagreementsrelevanttonatureandbiodiversityconservation. It

ratifiedtheConventiononBiologicalDiversityon11September2009andtheMinistry

of Fisheries and Marine Resources recently published a report on the country’s

commitmenttotheCBD(MoFMR2014).Atpresent,therearenoclearmandatesfor

theministriesoperatingonenvironmentalandnaturalresourcesandthiscomplicates

theissueofwhichministryholdsthemandatetorepresenttheSomaliGovernmentto

theCBD.So far, thecountryhasnot ratifiedother relevantagreements suchas the

RamsarConvention,theUNESCOWorldHeritageConventionandtheBonnConvention

onMigratorySpecies.

Regional agreements: In addition to this, Somalia has signed several regional

agreementssuchastheRegionalConventionfortheConservationoftheRedSeaand

the Gulf of Aden Environment also known as the Jeddah Convention, Protocol on

ProtectedAreasandWildFaunaandFloraintheEasternAfricanRegionandtheAfrican

Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. At the time the

MogadishuManifestospecifiedthattheMinisterofForeignAffairswasresponsiblefor

these agreements. However, the commitment of Somalia towards honouring the

agreementshasbeenweakandunreliablesincethecollapseoftheformerregimein

1991(AfDB2013).

Cross-border cooperation: Increasingly there is an interest to develop cross-border

cooperationinbiodiversityconservation.Thereasonforthisisthatbiodiversityextends

across the borders of individual states and there are opportunities to connect

conservationeffortsacrossborderstoensurethatconservationeffortsononesideof

the border are connected to conservation efforts on the other side. Cross-border

cooperation in biodiversity conservation and protected area management is also

foreseenintheBMPproject;oneoftheprojectactivitiesaimsatdevelopingavision

androadmaptowardstheestablishmentofacross-borderprotectedarea.Thereare

several potential advantages of such a contiguous protected area, including the

possibilityofwildlifespeciesstillpresentononesideofthebordertorecolonizethe

other side of the border, the increased viability of larger species populationswhen

9

ensuringproperconnectivityofmetapopulationsthatmightotherwisebeaffectedby

geneticisolationandtheexchangeofexperiencesamongstakeholdersonbothsidesof

theborder.AtpresenttheFederalRepublicofSomaliadoesnothaveanycross-border

cooperationinbiodiversityconservationandprotectedareamanagementwithanyof

itsneighbours.The IGAD-BMPprojectoffersSomali society todevelop its first steps

towards establishing cross border cooperation in biodiversity conservation. For this

purpose,therewereseveralcrossbordermeetingswhichwereorganizedindifferent

partsofKenya.ForeachofthesemeetingstherewererepresentativesfromSomalia

whowere in awayor another interested/involved inbiodiversity conservation. The

main obstacles which limit these cross border efforts between Somalia and Kenya

include the security and the immigration system. The latter particularly limits the

movementoftheSomalicitizensastheyarerequiredvisasfortheentrywhichismostly

deniedbytheKenyaimmigrationauthorities.

10

HISTORYOFPROTECTEDAREASINTHELAGABADANAAREA

TheItaliancolonialrulersestablishedagamereserveintheLagaBadanaareainthe

early1950swhentheyestablishedtheBubashiAbsoluteReserveunderOrdinazano.

26(Funaioli&Simonneta1966).ThisabsolutereservewastoincludeaNationalFauna

ParkofLagaBadana.AfterSomaliagainedindependence,thegovernmentpromulgated

anewconservationlawreferredtoas,“Thelawno.15ofJanuary25,1969onFauna

(Hunting)andForestConservation”.This lawchangedtheconservationstatusofthe

areatothatofagamereserve,theBushBushGameReserve(FAOLEX1969,Abeland

Killeh1976a).In1971,theNationalParksAgency(NPA)wascreatedasaself-governing

body reporting to the Office of the President. A few years later this NPA was

transformedintotheWildlifeDepartment,andplacedundertheMinistryofLivestock,

Forestry and Range. At the time, itwas the intention of the Somali government to

establish thepark in thisextremetipofsouthernSomalia. It soughtassistance from

UNDPandFAOtoprovideadviceontheestablishmentofanationalpark.Thesetwo

organizationssupportedthegovernment’sambitiontoestablishtheparkwithseveral

studiesconductedbyAbelandKillehfrom1975to1977.Theprojectproducedaseries

ofpolicyandmanagement reports.However, theestablishmentof theLagaBadana

National Park has never materialized due to the political instability in Somalia.

Hence, legally speaking, the BushBushGameReserve thatwas established in 1969

remainstheonlyprotectedareaintheLagaBadanaarea.However,itsexactboundaries

haveneverbeenestablishedandgazettedandthisremainsoneofthemaintasksofthe

SomaliGovernmentandtheRegionalStates.

11

DESCRIPTIONOFTHEAREA

Thevegetation in LagaBadanaarea isdeciduousbushlandand thicket,with coastal

dunegrasslandshavingscatteredbushes,herbsandshrubs(Davisetal.1994,White

1983). Thebushy vegetation at the coast has been sandblastedbywinds to forma

specializedcommunityoflow,densethickets(Kingdom,1997).Themainspeciesinthe

areaincludeAervajavanica,Indigoferasparteola,Jatrophapelargoniifolia(glandulosa)

andFarsetialongisiliqua(Davisetal.1994).

Physicalgeography

Location

TheLagaBadanaareaislocatedinlowerJubbainthesoutherntipofSomalia(Figure

1).Theareaissituatedbetween1009’34.84”S;41013’12.12”E,51mintheNorthWest;

1007’22.52”S41o55’46.58”E,5mintheNorthEast1038’43.72”S;41034’00.43”Einthe

South.

SourceAbel,1976

Figure1:LocationoftheLagaBadanaareaandthegamereservesthatexistedinthe

1960s.

12

Climate

TheclimateoftheLagaBadanaareaissemi-aridwithbi-annualunreliablerainfall.The

areaexperiencesfourdistinctseasonsasotherpartsoftheSouthSomalia.1)Jilalisthe

dryseasonbetweenDecemberandMarch,2)Gu’istherainyseasonfromApriltoJune,

3)Haga is thedry season from June to lateSeptemberwhile4)Deyr isa short rain

season from October to mid-December. It is documented that the annual average

rainfallofthearearangevariesbothinquantityanddistributionwitharangeof400-

600mm.TheLagaBadanaareaisclassifiedassemi-aridwithsummerprecipitationand

temperaturesof20-30°C.Theareasalongthecoastoftheparkareclimaticallyaridwith

summerprecipitationandtemperatureshigherthan30oc°C(Abel1976,AbelandKille

1976).

SourceAbel,1976

Figure2:AverageannualrainfallanddistributionoftsetseintheLagaBadanaarea.

13

GeomorphologyandSoils

The Laga Badana area consists of an area with flat topography with three main

landforms(Figure3)thatweredescribedbyAbel(1976).

SourceAbel,1976

Figure3:Mapofgeomorphologicalregions.

Dudumali Plain Region is a landform type classified as ‘mantled plain limestone’

meaning a plain having a mantle of residual materials derived by weather from

underlyingbedrock.Thetopographyis levelandthesoil isfinetextured,darkredto

duskyreddevelopedinafinemantleofweatheredcorallimestone.Theseareasare

notusedforcultivationbutarefavourableforgrazing.Thesurfaceissmoothandoften

hasamaterialandhardandfirmwherethesmearisnotpresent.Thesub-soilmaterials

areusuallyredclaywithweatheredlimestonematerialabout50cmbelowthesurface

(Abel1976).

14

TheLagDeraPlainRegionistheareanorthofLagBushBushandLagGareb,whichisa

floodplain complex ofmeander scrolls, ox-bow lakes and levees. It is composedof

coarsetexturedandfinetexturedsoilswithcoloursrangingfrombrown,reddish-brown

togreyorgrey-brown.TheparentmaterialisfromtheflooddepositsfromtheLacDera,

LacGeraandLacBisikfromWajirandElWakinKenya.Ithasafirmsurfacebutoften

smearsandyandfinegravel-likematerials.Thetextureofthesurfacemainlycomprises

finesandyloamtofinesandyclay.Thesesoilsaresalinewithahighcontentofsodium,

whichisknowntobehazardoustocultivation.Although,thesesoilsarenotgoodfor

cropproduction,theareaprovidespasturesforlargeanimalsandwouldbegoodifit

wouldbeconsideredasarangelandorincorporatedintoanaturalreserve(Panayotou

1994).

CoastalDuneRegionconsistsofcoastalhillsanddunes.Sandfromthisregionhasbeen

blowntothehinterlandanddepositsofwhiteeoliansandareprevalentbetweenLag

BushBush,LagGarabeyand thecoastaldune region.Livestockgrazingandoff-road

drivingdenudethedunes,exposingthesandtowinderosionintotheparkcouldaffect

thevegetationandwildlifehabitats(Abel1976ab).

Hydrology

Anamplesupplyofwaterisimportantforthepeople,theirlivestockandalsoforthe

wildlife living in the area. The Laga Badana area is characterized by perennial and

ephemeral rivers, natural andartificial pondsandpools, andboreholes and shallow

wellsthatrelyonthearea’sgroundwater.ThesurveyscarriedoutbyAbelinthe1970s

indicatethatthesesourcesprovidedwatertohuman,livestockandwildlifethroughout

the year. The permanentwater sourceswere particularly important during the dry

season,whensurfacewaterbecomesscarce.Hence,inthepasttheLagaBadanaarea,

where the protected area is proposed, enjoyed a good supply of surface water.

However,surveyswithkeystakeholderssuggestthatthesupplyofsurfacewaterhas

deteriorated since the 1970s.Workshop participants noted thatmany of thewater

holes thatwerepermanent in thepast,nowadaysdryupbefore theendof thedry

season.

15

Within the Laga Badana area, the natural and semi-permanent water holes are

classifiedbytheinhabitantsasfollows:Shamku,Gisile,BushBushleDera,BonWirdeIsu,

MalkaRobiandMalkaJira(InterimReport2015,WorkshopReport2016).

SourceAbel,1976

Figure4:Hydrologicalzonesintheproposedprotectedarea.

Tsetse

ThereportwrittenbyAbel(1976)indicatedthatinthepasttheparkwashighlyinfested

with tsetse fly making it unsuitable for livestock rearing. This posed a problem to

pastoralists and farmerswishing to graze livestock and cultivate crops.At the same

time,thepresenceoftsetsehasbeenkeytotheconservationvalueoftheareafora

number of reasons. Wild animals have become resistant to trypanosomes as they

evolved together with tsetse. There is limited competition between wildlife and

livestockorcrop-basedfarmingbecausethepresenceoftsetsekeepsthelivestockand

farmersoutofthearea,atleastduringtherainyseason.Hence,thepresenceoftsetse

has contributed to the rich biodiversity ofmammal species of the area. Tsetse flies

16

thriveinwoodlandsandbushlands,wherethecanopyoftreesandbushescreatethe

shadedmoistsoilconditionsthatprovidetheidealhabitatforitsreproduction.Clearing

bushes isoneof thecommonmethodsusedtoeradicatetsetse flies.Thereareoral

reports(personalcontacts)thatcollectionofwoodforcharcoalproductionhasopened

upthewoodlandsandbushlandsoftheLagaBadanaarea.Itisnotclearwhateffectthis

hashadonthepresenceoftsetseflies.Fewpeopleventureintotheareaatpresent,

duetoinsecurityasithasbecomeahideoutfortheAlShabaabmilitants.

Vegetation

TheLagaBadanaareasupportsvariousvegetationtypes (Figure5).Whileecological

classificationisabroadcategorizationbasedontheclimateofthearea,physiognomy

narrowsdowntogrowthformsoftheplants,andrelativeamountsofwoodyandnon-

woody species. Abel (1976) described and mapped (Figure 5) the following

physiognomic vegetation typeswithin the area that they proposed for the national

park:Theauthorshavesummarizedtheregionvegetationasbelow;

Bushland:Landsupportingsingleorlayeredcanopyoftreesandshrubsnotexceeding

10m.Thegroundcoverispoorandepiphytesmayoccur.Theextremeformofbush

landisbushlandthicketswherewoodyplantscanpasswithextremedifficultyandhas

nograzingvalue.IntheLagaBadanaprotectedarea,thebushlandvegetationisfurther

categorizedinto:

BushlandB:BushlandBdescribesthevegetationfoundonLagDeraplainregionand

unclassifiedareabetweenLagGarebeyandCoastalDuneRegion(Prattetal.1966).The

canopy cover ranges from dense to fairly open canopy. Combretum shrubs are

dominant in this regionwhileannualgrassescoverareanearvillages, townsgrazing

fieldsandwaterholes.Perennialgrassesarecommoninareaswheregrazingislimited

mainlyintheTsetseflyinfestedareas.BushlandBvegetationhasbeenalteredmainly

bywildanimals,livestockandhumanactivitiessuchasagriculture.

Bushlandonredsandoverlimestone(BCr):Bushlandonredsandoverlimestonebush

landvegetationcoverthelargestpartoftheparkandgrowsonChisimaio’soilinthe

Dudumaliplainregion.Thevegetationdensity increases towardstheLagbushbush.

17

Perennialgrassesmaybefounddependingofpresenceoflivestockanddensityofthe

shrubs.

Bushlandoncoastaldunesandhills:Bushlandoncoastaldunesandhillsisfoundalong

the coast of the protected area. The vegetation in this region has been altered by

shiftingcultivationandlivestock.Acaciatortilisisthedominantspecies.Thegroundis

layeredwithperennialgrassessuchasChlorisandDactylocteniumspp. Inabsenceof

perennialgrasses,thegroundiscoveredbycoralreefsanddwarfshrubsofSterculia

spp.(Abel,1976).

SourceAbel,1975

Figure 5:Vegetation types and distribution in the proposed Laga Badana protected

area.

Grassland:Landdominatedbygrasses,herbs,scatteredtreesandshrubswithacanopy

cover not exceeding two percent. The grassland vegetation is subject to frequent

burning. Subtypes of grassland vegetation include sparse grassland and bamboo

18

thicket.Grasslandvegetationisdescribedasgiantwhenvegetationexceed300cm,tall

wherethevegetationis150-300cm,shortifunder25cmanddwarfwhenthevegetation

islessthan10cm.Basedonthelevelofbeingswampy,thegrasslandvegetationcanbe

describedasseasonallyfloodedorseasonallywater-logged.Thegrasslandvegetation

isfurtherclassifiedbasedondominancebyannualgrassesandotherherbsi.e.annual

grassland and herb grassland. Grassland vegetation which does not qualify to

classificationbasedondrainageandvegetationdominanceispresumedasfreedraining

landdominatedbyperennialgrass.

In the protected area, the grassland vegetation is described asmedium height and

seasonallywaterlogged.Perennialgrasses;SetariaandSphacelataare thedominant

grasses in the region. Acacia seyal is the common tree species. In areas where

settlement is evident the annual grass density increaseswhile the height decreases

(Abel,1976).

BushGrasslandVegetation:BushGrassland isagrasslandvegetationwithscattered

treesandshrubswhichisnotnecessarilyequallyrepresentedbutbothareconspicuous

withacanopycoveroflessthan20%.Thevegetationisexposedtoperiodicburning.

Woodland plus Bushland: This is a mixed vegetation type with trees including

Terminalia, Delonix and Adansonia digitata (baobab). The shrub layer is made of

CombretumandAcacia.Figure3showsawoodlandpatternofdarktonedtreeswithin

between grey and white, which represents understory vegetation and the whitish

calcareoussoils.Thispattern is characteristic forgrazedwoodland.Apart frombush

land,woodlandissimilarlyprevalentinthisareastandingtoabout18mhighwitheither

openorcontinuouscanopybutnotinterlaced.Theygrowongreywaterloggedclaysoil

attimesloggedforlongperiods.Mostofthesevegetationtypeshavebeenturnedinto

secondarybushthroughshiftingcultivationthatispracticedbythehunter-cultivators

(Abel1976).

WoodedandBushedGrassland: Is themediumheightSporobolus terminaliawhere

grassisperennialandthesoilisfreedrainingsand.Pasthumanactivitymighthaveled

toopennessofthevegetationinthearea.WoodedGrasslandplusBushedGrasslandis

19

acompositetypethatissimilartothewoodedandbushedgrasslandtypewithwhichit

iscontiguous(Abel1976).

Riparianforest:Thisisastripofforestsgrowingalongthebanksandinthebedsofthe

streams–‘Lagag’(wherethenameoftheprotectedareaoriginated)withDiospyros,

GarciniaandFicusspeciesoftrees.Thevegetationaroundpermanentwateringplaces

hadbeenalteredgreatlyowingtograzingbycattle,elephantsandhumanactivities.The

riparianvegetationwasdescribedtobeingoodconditionwithlittlesoilerosionatthe

timeofthesurveysinthe1970s.Googleearthimageryrevealsaratherclosedcanopy

of theriparian forest,suggestingthat thesesystemsarestill intact.Thisobservation

contradictstheassumptionthattheoften-mentionedexportofcharcoalwouldhave

destroyedallforestintheareaoftheproposedprotectedarea.

Coastalduneregion:Thenaturalregionsidentifiedthenincludedcoastalduneregion

consistingofcoastalhillsanddunes(Figure5).Thoughnotfoundwithinthepark,sand

hadbeenblown to thehinterlandanddepositsofwhiteEolian sandwere common

betweenthecoastalduneregionandLagBushBush,LagGarabey.Justlikeotherareas

ofSomalia’s coast,acombinationofunlimitedoff-roaddrivingand livestockgrazing

denudethedunes,exposingthesandtowinderosion.Thesandblownintothepark

couldaffectthevegetationandwildlifehabitats,but its impactcouldbeassessed in

future. Moreover, Dudumali Plain Region is a landform type classified by FAO as

‘mantledplainlimestone’(FAO1968).TheLagDeraPlainRegionistheareanorthofLag

BushBushandLagGarebey.Theareawasclassifiedasfloodplainmeander.Thesoils

arenotgoodforgrowingcropsandtheareaishometoalargeanimalpopulation,since

they contained good grasslands they would be considered for a rangeland or

incorporatedintoanaturalreserve(AbelandKilleh1976).

Landtenure

TheSomaliformal landtenuresystemwasestablishedunderthecolonialregimesof

the British in the north (current Somaliland) and the Italians in the south (South

Central). In the Italian-controlled territoryof southernSomalia, the firstofficial land

tenurepolicywaslaunchedandsomeofthedecreessignedatthattimeincludedthe

RoyalDecree695of8June1911andGovernor’sdecree815of19January1912which

20

were collectivelyestablished for the Italian colonial state’s rightof sovereigntyover

vacantlands(thoselandsinexcessofSomalipopulationpresentandfutureneedsat

thetime)anditsrighttoissueagriculturalconcessionoutofstatedomainforItalian

citizensorotherforeignnationals(Samatar1993).

DuringtheruleofSiadBarre(1969-1990),aseriesofagrarianreformswerelegalized

whichwereaimedatstimulatinggrowthanddevelopmentoftheagriculturalsectorin

thecountry.TheSomaligovernmentpassed22lawsregulatingtheagriculturalsector

toincreaseitscropproduction.Anewlandtenurelawwasadoptedbythegovernment

anditwasdeclaredthatalllandbelongedtothestateandwouldbeadministeredby

the government. This law effectively nationalized the communal rangelands and

agriculturalschemes.Theyalsonullifiedthecustomarytreatiesbetweenpastoralists

overrangelandmanagement(Ruth1993,Bradbury1997).

LandtenureinstitutionshaveadirecteffectonthelanduseintheLagaBadanaarea.

Traditionally, the most common form of land acquisition in Somalia is family

inheritance, purchase and local government allocation. The inheritance process is

traditionally handledby informal committees that havebeen formedbasedon clan

representatives after consultationswith respected clan and religious leaders. Chiefs

fromsub-clansdistributetheland,withthesupportoftraditionalelders,basedonthe

sameclansystem.Landgrabbingandillegalacquisitionoflandhasbeenobservedin

Lower Shabelle, Banadir and Lower Juba in the south. Similarly, in most Somali

communities, land distribution among community members usually occurs through

traditional ownership system by clan leaders,mostly on clan/family basis, with the

respectof theirapplicationof customary law (Xeer).Dependingon theclan system,

eachcommunity/clanhasitstraditionalsystemofrulingbyeldersandchiefs(inSomali:

Caaqillo, Suldanno and Ugaasyo) who were selected among the most respected

membersoftheircommunity.

Regardinglandconflictmanagement,traditionalleaders,villagecommittees,religious

figures and business groups are involved in reaching compromises or peaceful

resolutions.Earlyinvolvementoftheeldersandotherdisputeresolutionmechanisms

can ensure compromise and peaceful resolutions. Apart from the issues related to

settlementswithinthecommunalareas,scarcityofwater,grazingandpasturerights

21

aretheleadingcauseofconflictsamongSomalicommunities.Othercausativefactors

include lack of separate and effective land law between pastoralists and crop

producers.

Atpresent,inmostinstancesofconflict,thecustomarytraditionalsystemsofconflict

resolutionareemployed.Mediationbytraditionalelders is thepreferredchannelof

redressforaggrievedparties.Theverdictsofthetraditionalandreligiousleaders(such

asSultansandChiefs)arehighlyacceptedandrelieduponbydisputantsmoreoften

thannot,ascomparedtotheirdependenceorconsultationoflawcourts,particularly

when itcomestoresolutionof landrelatedconflicts.Theprocedureof landconflict

resolution is an established process starting from the complainant up to Guurti

(traditionaleldersestablishedto intervene).TheGuurticompriseeldersselected for

theirknowledgeandexperienceintheircommunity.

The length of land conflict resolution process depends on the magnitude of the

complaint;ifthecaseisseenasinconsequentialthenitcanbeaddressedbyimmediate

familymembers(husbandorparents).However,ifitismorecomplex,chiefsandelders

have to intervene.TheGuurti is theultimatebody that intervenes if complaintsare

escalatedorappealed.

Eventhough,everypersoninthecommunityhastherighttoaccessanduselandfor

grazingpurposes, for instance, land ispre-dominantlyused for livestockgrazingand

farming.Throughtheconsultationmeetings inKismayoandMogadishu,elders from

communitiesagreedthatthepresenceoflandasacommunalassetisimportantand

this is inlinewiththeviewsofothercommunitiesinotherpartsofthecountry.The

mainreasonforthisassertionisbecauseoflackofavarietyintermsofavailabilityof

resources.Therefore,landisconsideredthemostimportantandvaluablenaturalasset

accordingtotheparticipants.Thecommunalownershipoflandandlanduseminimizes

conflicts, while maximizing the utility of land for their primary livelihood, which is

pastoralisminmanyareasofSomalia,includingtheLagaBadanaarea.

Women,childrenandothervulnerablegroupssuchasinternallydisplacedpeople(IDP)

andminority groups are the community groupsmost affected by all forms of land

conflictsinmanypartsofSomalia.Thisisbecausethesegroupshavelittleornocontrol

22

overlandownership,particularlywomen,whoaretraditionallyconsideredinferior(or

withlesserrightsthanmen)andarenotincludedinthevillagecommitteesoreldersin

thecommunity.Wherethesetraditionalsystemsareused,theeldersgatheratapre-

determinedlocation(usuallyunderatree)wheretheconflictingpartiesmeetandgive

their different sidesof thematter at hand. Solutionsor judgments are alsohanded

down at the same location and in a similar manner, once the elders arrive at a

consensus.

Regardinglandlawsandrights,inSomalia,generally,allmembersofanycommunity

anywhereinthecountryhavetherighttoownland,whichtheyarefreetodonate,sell

orallocatetotheirfamilymembersasinheritance.Theyarealsoallowedtoleaseor

rentitout.Individualsandthecommunityingeneralsecurethisrighttolandownership

eitherthroughgovernmentcertificationoflandownershipwhichiscommonlyusedin

citiesandtownsorthroughtheapprovalandguidanceoftraditionaleldersinthearea.

However,traditionalsystemsremaintheprimarysourceofprotectionofindividualand

communitylandrightsenforcedbytheclanelderswiththesupportofreligiousleaders.

Nevertheless,lackofapropergovernmentstructureandsysteminthecountry,coupled

with poor representation at the local level, are the main impediments to the

enforcementoftheselandrightsandlawsinthecommunitieswheretheyexist.Other

reasons includ lack of community participation and awareness, lack of respect for

traditional government systems,prioritizingof clan loyalties above communitywell-

being,inabilitytoenforcelawsduetoweakinstitutions(lackofhumanandtechnical

resources)andcorruption.

The collapseof Somalia’s CentralGovernment in 1991 led to thebreakdownof the

institutionalstructureofthecountryresultingintheappropriationoflandownership

andwaterresourcesbyillegaluseofforceinsomepartsofthecountry.Theinsecurity

andchaosthatfollowedthecollapsehavehadanoverwhelmingnegativeimpactonthe

social,politicalandeconomicdevelopmentofSomalia.Asthesecurityisreturningto

normalinmanypartsofthecountryandtheSFGgainsmoregroundinsouthcentral

Somalia, the settlement of on-going land conflicts is a crucial one for the country.

However,thecurrentlandconflictshavetotakeintoaccountthreedifferentdynamics

23

according to the different administrational periods that the country has passed

through:

• A first dynamic between 1969 and 1990: The government appropriated vast

chunksoflandfromindividualsandcommunitiesthroughlegislation(e.g.Law

No.25)andallocatedtocooperativesorganizations,privateentities including

governmentfunctionariesforcommercialfarming.Theprocesswasviewedas

anillegalactbytheaffectedindividualsandcommunitiesandcreatedasense

ofinjustice.

• Aseconddynamicisrootedinonelawofwar:manyoftheconflictsseentoday

in many parts of Somalia are rooted in longer histories of disputes among

neighbouring clans over land andwater,mainly for grazing of their animals.

Realignmentofpoweramongthecountry’spoliticalelitecanaffectclaimsto

resource rights in the rural peripheries, just as rural struggles for control of

strategicresourcesreshapealliancesatthecentre.Accesstoland,asasource

ofsecurity,status,andrevenue,isanemotiveissuewhichpoliticiansatalllevels

usetosecurethesupportoftheirrelativesandareaoforigin.

• Thelastdynamicisthespatialexpressionofthewarandhumanitariancrisesfor

morethanageneration.Becauseofextremehardship,peoplemovedtotown

andgaveuporleftunoccupiedlandsandpropertiesthatarenowadaysoccupied

bynewmigrants.

From the above it is clear that there is no reliable government system in most of

Somalia. Currently, the only effective system that could resolve land conflict is the

traditionalonewhereclaneldersandreligiousleaderspresideoverdisputes.Therefore,

thetraditionalsystemcanprovidesupportintheestablishmentoftheprotectedarea

throughcommunityparticipationsincetheinfluenceofeldersandreligiousleadersin

thecommunityisstrongerthanthatoftheformalsystemcontrolledbythegovernment

oflocalauthorities.

24

People,landuseandlivelihoods

Huntinggatherers

Agroupofpeoplecomposedofhunter-gatherersandhoneyproducersknownasAweer

usedtoresidepermanently inthe interiorpartof theproposedprotectedarea.The

population was estimated at about 200 and they mainly relied on wild products

collected from nature and practised shifting agriculture along streams. The hunter-

gatherersusedtolivenearforestsintheareasofWayore,HolaWajerandSadehLugod.

Thisgroupmigratedfromtheareaduringthecivilwar,crossingtheborderintoKenya.

MostofthemsettledinBoniForest.

Coastalpeople

Thisisapopulationof3,000peoplelivingeitherpermanentlyortemporarilyalongthe

IndianOcean coast in the villages of Yeman, Kudha, Stamboul, Yasini, Tosha Sheya,

Kidivani,Navava,Burgabo,Oda,KamboniandManarani.Themajorityare fishermen

and traders. They also practise some agriculture on fragile red sand of the coastal

dunes,andrearlivestock(cattle,sheepandgoats).

Pastoralists

Pastoralism is not common in the protected area due to the presence of tsetse fly

infestation.PastoralistsbringtheircattletotheprotectedareaduringtheJilalseason

forgrazing.DuringthedryseasontheyuseMalkaRobiandMalkaAriforwateringtheir

animals.Thesefuelconflictsbecauseavailabilityofwaterisoneofthemajorconstraints

facingpastoralists inSomalia.CoastalpastoralistsusewaterpointsatShamku,Gisile

andcoastalwells forwateringoftheiranimals. Insomepartsofthecoast,wellsare

bitterandcommunitieslivingintheBurgavoareahavetosourcetheirdrinkingwater

fromBushBushlearea.

Settlementsandtransport

In LagaBadanaarea themainmeansof transportalongKamboni,Burgavo,Kudayo,

Stamboul and Kismayo is by boat. Road transport is possible betweenKismayo and

BadhadhetotheborderofKenyaandSomaliathoughitislimitedduringrainyseasons

duetofloodedstreamsandsoildepositswhichcauseswaterlogging.

25

Thesettlementsinandaroundtheproposedprotectedareaincludethefollowing:

• Incoastalareas, thevillagesofKamboni,Oodow,Manarani,Burgabo,Kudha,

ToshaandSheye

• Inthenorth,communitieshavesettledinAnole,BuloHaji,AbaloleyandSaidey

villages.

• InthesouthcommunitieshavesettledinKulbiyow,JanaanandGudban

• In the west are Garruur, Hailow, Santaaro, Da’arey, Mandheerkurmo and

Waraq/Weylo-ad

• SettlementsinsidetheprotectedareaincludeHalimaAdey,Wadajir,Wardaay

Faqir,Gobaa,GasayKuuso,Badhaadhe,DallaayadandBushBushle.

Mostofthecommunitieslivingintheseareasarefarmers,pastoralists,fishermenand

small-scalebusinesspeople.

Withintheprotectedarea,communitiesdrawtheirwaterfrom:

1. QuraanLaga,locatedinBuuloHajiarea

2. MalkaJira,locatedinKudhaaareainthemiddleoftheprotectedarea

3. Hoolaa-Wajir,locatedinBuurgaaboarea.

Biodiversity

Terrestrial biodiversity: The south-eastern tip of Somalia is rich in biodiversity. The

terrestrialpartoftheareahostscoastaldrylandsforestswhichformthenortherntipof

theEastAfricanCoastalForestBiodiversityHotspot,oneofthe35globalbiodiversity

hotspots recognized by Conservation Internationali. This biodiversity hotspot,which

extends fromsouthernSomaliatonorthernMozambique,hosts1750endemicplant

species. Gedow et al (2016) who recently reviewed the floral and vertebrate

biodiversityoftheareareported916plantspeciesofwhich32wereendemic.Theyalso

reported524speciesofvertebrateswith293birds,100mammals,and93reptilesand

amphibian. Several of the large herbivores are now extinct (e.g. Elephant, White

Rhinoceros,Giraffe,Buffalo,Hirola)asaresultofunregulatedhuntingandpoaching.

26

Thisareahostedpartoftheworld’spopulationoftheHirolaorHunter’sHartebeest

(Beatragushunteri),anendemicandgloballyendangeredantelopespecies,which is

nowextinctinSomalia.Severalmammalcarnivorespeciessuchasthelion,leopardand

the African hunting dog as well as several endangered vulture species namely the

HoodedVulture(NecrosyrtesmonachusCR),White-backedVulture(GypsafricanusCR),

Lappet-facedVulture(TorgostracheliotosEN)arestillinexistence.

Marine environment: The marine part of southern Somalia harbours two small

estuaries,somemangroves,longstretchesofunspoiledbeachesandthenorthern-most

coralreefsofEastAfrica.Thebiodiversityofthesemarineenvironmentshasbeenlittle

studied.Itisknowntosupportmammalspecies,theDugong(Dugongdugon)aswellas

fivemarinereptilespecies,namelytheGreenTurtle(Cheloniamydas),theHawksbill

Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), the Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta caretta (VU)), the

Olive-Ridley Turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea (VU)) and the Leather-Backed Turtle

(Dermochelys coriacea (VU)). The tranquillity of the beaches makes the area an

importantbreedinggroundfortheseturtles.However,thelocalscapturethemtouse

theirpartsinthemanufactureoftraditionalmedicine.

Sixspeciesofmangrovetrees found in thesoutherncoastalareaofSomalia include

Avicennia marina, Bruguier gymnorrhiza, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora mucronat,

SonneratiaalbaandXylocarpusgranatum.

27

CONSTRAINTSANDOPPORTUNITIES

Therearevariousconstraintswhichhave impededtheestablishmentofaprotected

area inthisregionofSomalia. It is importanttonotethatthesituation inSomalia is

changingandwillcontinuetochange.Thisisexpectedtohaveapositiveimpactonthe

protectionofbiodiversityanddevelopmentofprotectedareas.

Constraints

Securityandaccess

InsecurityisaprobleminSomaliaingeneralandtheproposedprotectedareainLaga

Badanainparticular.Themilitiagroup,Al-Shabaab,usetheareaasapassageandsafe

haven. During the formulation of the IGAD-BMP project (2010-2013) there was

optimism that this militia group would be defeated and security re-established.

Assurances were made by security agencies such as the Somali Federal Army and

AMISOMthatthegroupwouldbeeradicatedin2014.However,therealityisthattoday

AlShabaabremainsactive,andareathreattosecurityinthearea.

Security is a prerequisite for the establishment of a protected area or any other

conservationeffort,anditneedstobeestablishedbeforeimplementinganyactivity.In

thisrespect,itispromisingthattheadministrationofJubalandwereconfidentthatthe

regionalarmywiththehelpofthenationalarmyandAMISOMarecapableofdefeating

theterroristgroup.

Roadinfrastructure

Whilesecurityisthemainfactorwhichlimitsaccessintothearea,thereisalsolackof

infrastructuresuchasroadsandothermeansoftransport.Themainsectorwhichwill

bedevelopedbytheprogramisthetouristsectorandthiswillnotbepossiblewithout

infrastructuresuchasroadsandairports.

Legislation

Legislation and institutions are weak in all sectors, including environmental

management and biodiversity conservation. Existing legislation for management of

protected areas is outdated. However, there have been some progress made in

legislativeandinstitutionalreform.WhileSomalilandisattheforefrontinthereform

28

anddevelopmentofenvironmentalpolicy,therehasbeenlittleprogressinPuntland

and the Federal Government. There is no active reform of environmental policy in

Jubalandwheretheproposedprotectedareaislocated.

Theestablishmentofaprotectedareaassumestheavailabilityoflegislationthatwould

regulate the establishment and management of such a protected area. There are

provisionsfortheestablishmentandmanagementoffivecategoriesofprotectedareas,

andanationalparkisnotamongthem.Inaddition,therearenolegalprovisionsfor

community-based conservation areas. This is a significant constraint, because it is

difficult to foresee how a national park could be established in the absence of the

requisitelegalprovisions.

Theestablishmentofaprotectedareafurtherassumesthattherewillbeinstitutionsto

manageit.Whileasuccessionofagencieshasbeenresponsibleforimplementingthe

LawonFaunaandForestConservation,thesehavebeenplaguedbyachroniclackof

funding,whichisanimpedimenttotheestablishmentandmanagementofprotected

areas.

Rightsofpeoplelivingintheareaandcommunity-basedconservation

Rightofpeopleinthearea:ThenumberofpeoplelivingalongthebordersoftheBush

BushGameReserveandtheproposedLagaBadanaNationalParkismuchhighernow

than in the1960swhen thegame reservewasestablishedand the1970swhen the

national park has been proposed. There are various settlements located inside the

proposednationalparkandthedevelopmentofanationalparkwouldneedtoconsider

howtohandlethissituation.ThereisalsoagroupofBoniwhomigratedtoneighbouring

Kenyawhoneedtobeconsideredintheprocess.Duringthestakeholderconsultation

on16-17November2015,participantsagreedthatitwouldbeimportanttorecognize

the rights of the communities who occupy these areas. Suggestions weremade to

change the boundary of the game reserve and the proposed national park to

accommodate agricultural and residential land use of the communities living in the

area. Another possibility would be to develop opportunities for community-based

wildlifeconservationandprotectedareamanagement.

29

Participatorybiodiversityconservationandprotectedareamanagement

Participatorybiodiversityconservationcallsfortheinclusionoflocalcommunitiesliving

adjacenttoabiodiversityresourceinitsmanagementandconservation.Thiswillbring

togetherallthestakeholdersdealingwithbiodiversityandallowthemtoworktogether

towards successful biodiversity conservation while taking into consideration the

interestsofallparties.

This approach ensures that the roles of each stakeholder are defined and their

contributiontobiodiversityclearlyoutlined.Oneofthepositivepledgeswhichcame

out from the workshop was that the representatives of the SFG have agreed to

coordinatewiththeJubalandadministrationtotaketheenvironmentalissueforward

andensurerestorationoffloraandfaunatofostertheeconomicandsocialwellbeing

ofpopulationslivingintheareaaswellaspromotethetourismsector,whichusedto

supportthecountry’seconomy.

Capacitybuilding

Somalia lacks wildlife/vegetation conservation experts and skilled personnel, to

manageandoverseetheestablishmentoftheprotectedarea.Hence,capacitybuilding

through short courses or establishment of vocational schools where biodiversity

conservationistaughtshouldbeorganizedatnationalandregionallevelbytheSomali

FederalGovernmentwiththesupportofregionalandinternationalcommunities.

Opportunities

Economicdevelopment

OnceLagaBadanaprotectedareaisestablished,opportunitiestosupporttheeconomic

developmentof the communities in theareawill emerge.The tourist sectorwill be

revampedoncehotels,restaurants,airportsandotherbusinesseshavebeenputup.

Thismeansincreasedjobopportunitiesandhenceincreasedincomeforthehouseholds

inthearea.Taxandrevenuesfromvarious investments intheareawill improvethe

overalleconomyofthecountry.Oncethetourismsectorisrevived,trafficatKismayo

Portwillincrease,andthiswillbebeneficialtothecommunitiesintheregion.

30

Restorationoflandandvegetation

Thedamagedland,vegetationandwildlifeneedtoberestoredbycreatingtheright

environmentalconditions.Toachievethis,certainstepsneedtobetaken.Theyinclude:

enforcementofenvironmentallegislationsandregulationsbytheSomaliGovernment

to minimize the exploitation and clearing of the native vegetation for charcoal

production and its export through Kismayo Port. Alternative livelihoodprogrammes

couldbedevelopedforcharcoalproducersandtraderstohelpintheconservationof

vegetation.

Restorationbiodiversityandestablishingconnectivityacrosstheborder

The cross-border exchanges between the communities will enhance restoration of

security and exchange of knowledge between the two countries. Thiswill ease the

movementofwildlifeacrosstheborderstoenrichthereducedbiodiversityoftheLaga

BadanaArea.

Community-basedconservationandprotectedareamanagement.

Community-basedconservation:Inthepast,conservationmovementsdisregardedthe

interests of local inhabitants (Brockington 2002). The object of community-based

conservationincorporatesimprovedstandardsoflivingforthelocalswhilepromoting

conservationareasthroughthecreationofnationalparksandreserves.(Gezon1997).

This model of conservation would be appropriate in places where different

communitieslivetogetherhencetheneedforsocialcohesion,grazingmodeltoaddress

grazing activities and rangelandmanagement.While therehavebeen somenotable

successes, community-based conservation has often faced challenges of inadequate

resources, insufficient support from the federal government, insecurity and poor

management.

InSomaliathecommunity-basedconservationmodelpresentsanopportunityinthat,

ifbiodiversityisconserved,browserswillhaveenoughtofeedonandwillmultiply.The

predatorswillthenhaveenoughpreytohuntandfeed,livestockandcropswillbesafe

fromwildlifedestructionandhumanswill haveenough toeat. Thiswill ensure that

thereisnoconflictbetweenhumansandwildlife.

31

Asidefromconflictresolution,thecommunity-basedconservationmodelwillpresent

an opportunity to promote social cohesion where people from different ethnic

communitiesandclanscouldinteractandexchangeideasonissuesaffectingthem.

Otheropportunities

Thesecuritysituationinthecountryisgraduallyimproving,thuscreatingroomforthe

developmentof institutions, lawsandbuildingcapacity for theprotectedareas.The

availabilityof funding sourcespredominantly from regional and internationalNGOs,

including IGAD,and thepresenceofAMISOM in thesouthernpartof thecountry is

promotingsecurity.

32

VISIONFORESTABLISHMENTOFANATIONALPARK

Thevision

DuringtheworkshopofNovember2015therewasconsensusontheestablishmentof

one or more protected areas to preserve the diversity, abundance and ecological

integrityofallphysical,ecologicalandbiologicalresourcesforusebythepresentand

futuregenerations.First,toestablishanensembleofconservationareascomposedof

anationalparkandcommunitymanagedconservationareasintheLagaBadanaarea

thatwould combine conserving thebiodiversity andwider environmentof the area

wouldbeestablished.

Second,allrelevantstakeholderswouldbeengaged,includingthelocalinhabitantsof

the area, the Federal Government, Jubaland administration and others in the

establishmentandmanagementofthenationalpark.Third,modalitiesforcommunity-

basedactivitieswouldbedevelopedtoallowthelocalsretainrightstothelandthat

theyuseorpreviouslyusedandtobenefitfromthebiodiversityandotheropportunities

offeredby theseareas.Fourth,existing legislation (i.e. the lawonFaunaandForest

Conservation)wouldbe revised. Thiswould include clarificationof themandatesof

FederalMemberStatesandotherstakeholdersinthedevelopmentandmanagement

ofvariouscategoriesofconservationareas.Fifth,thereisneedtodeveloparoadmap

for establishment of protected areas in the Laga Badana area that recognizes the

impedimentsimposedbylackofsecurityinthearea.

Roadmapforestablishmentofaprotectedarea

Security:Thisisaprerequisiteforimplementationoftheroadmap.However,hereare

some activities that can begin right away. These include those involving revision of

policiesandinstitutionalreforms.

Reviewandreviseexistingpolicy:Therevisedpolicyshouldprovideaclearvisionon

theinstitutionsresponsiblefortheimplementationofthelegislation.Itshouldalsobe

clear on the mandates and roles of the various levels of government and non-

governmental stakeholders in biodiversity conservation and protected area

management.Itisrecommendedthatlegalframeworksthatprovidesignificantroles

andmandatestolocalcommunitiesandstakeholdersinthecreationandmanagement

33

ofprotectedareasbedeveloped.Finally,theteamshouldconsiderborrowingfromthe

bestpracticesthatarealreadybeingimplementedinneighboringcountries.

Visionforcross-borderconservationarea:Developavisionandplanforcross-border

biodiversity conservation that would connect species populations and conservation

areasontheSomalisideoftheborderwiththoseontheKenyansideoftheborder.

Engage with stakeholders: Identify and engage with all stakeholders who have an

interestinbiodiversityconservationandthedevelopmentofconservationareas.This

wouldincluderaisingtheirawareness.

Reviewthearea’sbiodiversity:ThebiodiversityassessmentbyGedow(2016)revealed

thatthedataisincompleteandmostlyoutdated.Anassessmentoftheareaswillneed

tobeundertaken.Itshouldincludeareviewofthedegradationstatusofthevarious

habitatsanditseffectsonbiodiversityandtheopportunitiesforrecoveryofdegraded

habitats.

PlanforprotectedareasintheLagaBadanaarea:Thenextstepwouldbetodevelop

aplanforestablishmentofoneormoreprotectedareas,buildingonthestakeholder

aspirationsandthebiodiversityassessments.

EstablishprotectedareasintheLagaBadanaarea:Thiswouldincludeawidecircleof

stakeholderstoensuremultiplegoalsincludingbiodiversityconservation,fosteringthe

economicdevelopmentandimprovingthelivingstandardsofthecommunitiesinthe

areaareachieved.

Community awareness raising: To raise awareness and build the capacity of

communities.Someactivitieswouldinclude:

1. Re-adjust the boundaries of the protected area to ensure that settlements

locatedattheboundariesoftheprotectedareafalloutsidetheconservation

area;

2. Provide Jubaland State and its administration with clear roles in the

establishment,managementandimplementationoftheprotectedarea;

34

3. TheSomaliFederalGovernmentandJubalandStatewillworktogethertoclarify

theirrespectiverolesintheestablishmentandimplementationoftheprotected

areaandtheengagementofotherstakeholders.Thetwowould:

• Ensureaccessofstakeholdersintothearea

• Provide practical solutions for the adjustment of current boundaries to

accommodatesettlementsinthearea

• Preparefundingproposals

• Inviteprivatesectoractorstoparticipateintheprogram

• Be involved in running and managing the protected area based on

international standards, while taking into consideration the cultural and

politicalnormsofthecountry.

35

REFERENCES

AbelNOJ,KillehME.1976.Seasonaldistributionofwildlifeandlivestockinrelationtodevelopment and human resettlement in the southern trans-Juba area of Somalia.Badade District. Field Document NO 4. UNDP/FAO. Strengthening of Forestry andWildlifeManagementProject.Mogadishu,DRSomalia.

Abel NOJ. 1976. Management plan for proposed national park. Badade District.UNDP/FAO.StrengtheningofForestryandWildlifeManagementProject.Mogadishu,DRSomalia.

AfricanDevelopmentBank.2013.CountryBrief2013-2015:Somalia.OrebDepartment.

BradburyM.1997.Somaliland.CIIR.CountryReport1997.LondonCatholicInstituteforInternationalRelations.

BrockingtonD.2002.Fortressconservation:Thepreservationof theMkomaziGameReserve,Tanzania.InternationalAfricanInstitute,Oxford(ISBN0-253-34079-9)

BurmanJ,BowdenA,GoleA.2014.LandtenureinSomalia.Apotentialfoundationforsecurityandprosperity.AShuraakoReviewPaper,Shuraako,Mogadishu,26p,online.

CRD.2004.Socio-economicassessmentofSouth-CentralSomalia,Draft1.Mogadishu,Somalia.

DavisD,HeywoodV,HamiltonA(eds)1994.Centresofplantdiversity.Vol1:Europe,Africa,SouthwestAsiaand theMiddleEast.WorldWideFund forNatureand IUCN,Oxford,UK.

FriisI.1992.ForestsandforesttreesofnortheasttropicalAfrica.HMSO,KewBulletinAdditionalSeriesXV.

FSAU.2003.FoodSecurityOutlook,FSAU.Nairobi.

GezonL.1997.Institutionalstructureandtheeffectivenessofintegratedconservationanddevelopmentprojects:CasestudyfromMadagascar,HumanOrganization56(4),pp.462–470.

GoK.2002.WaterAct.GovernmentofKenya,Nairobi.

GoK.2005.ForestAct.GovernmentofKenya,Nairobi.

GoK.2013.WildlifeConservationandManagementAct.GovernmentofKenya,Nairobi.

36

GoS.1969.LawonFauna(Hunting)andForestConservation(No15of1969).Somalia.FAOLEXLegislativedatabaseofFAOlegaloffice.25January1969.

GoS.1989.TheMogadishuManifestoontheStatusandConservationofSomaliWildlife.GovernmentofSomalia,Mogadishu,November1989.

IUCN.1991.Somalia.In:Protectedareasoftheworld:Afrotropical,pp.255-264.Online.

IUCN.2000.Financingprotectedareas:Guidelinesforprotectedareamanagers.IUCN,Gland,SwitzerlandandCambridge,UK.Online.

IUCN.2015.Redlistofthreatenedspecies,IUCN,2015-4.

KingdonJ.1997.TheKingdonFieldGuidetoAfricanMammals.AcademicPress,London.

MoFMR. 2014. Fifth National Report on the Implementation of the Convention onBiologicalDiversityofSomalia.MinistryofFisheriesandMarineResources,Mogadishu,SomaliaOnline

Panayotou T. 1994. Economic instruments for environmental management andsustainabledevelopment.EnvironmentandEconomicsUnit,UNEP,NewYork.

PrattDJ,GreenwayPJ,GwynneMD.1966.AclassificationofEastAfricanRangelands.J.Appl.Ecol.3:368-382.

RothM.1993.Somalialandpoliciesandtenureimpacts:ThecaseoftheLowerShebelle.In: Basset TJ, Crummey DE (eds) Land in African agrarian systems. University ofWisconsinPress.

SamatarSS.1993.Thesocietyanditsenvironment.In:MetzHC(ed)Somalia:Acountrystudy.4thedition,LibraryofCongress,FederalResearchDivision,WashingtonDC.

ScholteP.2000.TowardsconsensualparkmanagementplanninginAfrica.OpinioninOryx34:87–9.

UNEP.1987.CoastalandmarineenvironmentalproblemsofSomalia.UNEPRegionalSeasReportsandStudies,84.UNEP,Nairobi,Kenya,Online

MillenniumEcosystemAssessment.2005.EcosystemsandHumanWell-being:Synthesis.IslandPress,Washington,DC.http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.356.aspx.pdf

37

WorldBank.2010.RemittancesandeconomicdevelopmentinSomalia.Anoverview.SocialDevelopmentPapers,No.38siteresources.worldbank.org/INTCPR/Resources/WP38_web.pdf

38

ANNEXES

TableA1:EvaluationofFaunainLagaBadanaprotectedarea

Common

Name

Scientificname 1970s 2015 EcologicalSignificance

Elephant Loxodontaafricana

+ - Theydesign the landscapebyopeningupwoodlandsas they feedandroam creating clearingswhich allownewplants to grow andnaturallyregeneratetheforest.

Local people also depend on the natural resources within elephanthabitats for food, fuel and income. Elephants are a popular sight fortourists/ ecotourism can be a source of income, both domestic andforeign.

Seeddispersal,especiallyforlargeseedsthatarenotspreadbysmalleranimals throughtheirdungandshakingoffseedsas theytraverseandeat.

The dung as food source for other species as it is a treasure cove ofnutrients.Examplesincludegroundhornbills,bandedmongooses,velvetmonkeys,baboonsandmanyinsectspecies.Thedungbeetles,rollballsofdungandburythemtostoreasafoodsupplyfortheirlarvae.Honeybadgerswitharichfoodsourceastheywillthendigupthedungbeetleballsandfeedofftheplumpgrubsinside.

Elephantsalsoprovideanopportunityforotheranimalstofeedonrichfruitsthatareoutofreach.

Seeddispersal-someAcaciaspeciesonlygerminateaftertheseedspassthroughagiraffe'sdigestivesystem.

Giraffe Giraffacamelopardalis

+ - Theyprovidefood,especiallyforoxpeckerbirdsthateatTicks.Theyperchonthenecksandshouldersofgiraffes.

Providewatchforpreyanimalsofdifferentspeciessincetheirtallnecksandexcellentvisionallowthemtoseelongdistances,spotpredatorssuchaslionsandhyenasfromfarawayasthepredatorscreepthroughthetallgrassesoftheplains.

Foodforpredators;babygiraffesfillanimportantnicheasprey.

Controllingthemake-upofthepark’sgrasslandstheyselectivelybrowseon certain grass species,which leaves room for others that otherwisecouldnotcompetetomoveinandpromotesadiversemosaicofedibleplants.

Rhinoceros Rhinocerotidae

+ Rhinos are a popular sight for tourists/ecotourism can be a source ofincome.Influencegrowthandcompositionofplantspecies.

Importantpreyspeciesforlargepredators.

Meatforhuman.

Hirola Beatragushunteri

ü + ü + Influencegrowthandcompositionofplantspecies.

Importantpreyspeciesforlargepredators.

39

Meatforhumans.

Hippo Hippopotamusamphibius

ü + ü + Formation of hippo paths fromwater to land clears avenues throughwhichwatercanflowduringwetseasons.Floodingofthesepathscreatesmost of the lagoons and side pools that small fish retreat to duringdrought.

Theirthickhideisusedinmakingshieldsandelasticwhips.Caninetuskscontainivory,andisillegallysoldontheblackmarket.

Theyhelpcontrolbaboonpopulations.Disperseseedsthatsticktotheirfur.

ü

Leopard Pantherapardus

+ + Theirfuriswornasasymbolofhonorandcourage.

Medicinemenandwomensometimesuseleopardskinsasaremedyforbadomens.

Capturedforpettradeandaretargetedbytrophyhuntersaswell

Hyena Crocutacrocuta

+ + Thestripedhyenahassomebenefitinthatitconsumesunwantedhumanrefuse.

Help regulate populations of black-backed jackals through predation.They alter predation frequencies of cheetahs and leopards by stalkingthemduringhuntsandthendrivingthemoffoftheirkills.

Brownhyenasalsodispersetheseedsoftsamamelons,hookerimelonsandgemsbokmelonsatdefecationsites.

Source,Abel1975

40

TableA2:Evaluationoffloraintheproposedprotectedarea

PROVENANCE SPECIES USES

Bushland

Lag Dera plain, between Lag Garebeyand Coastal Dune Region (Pratt et al.1966), Dudumali Plain, on the coastalduneandhills

1.Acaciatortilis

(Umbrellathorn)

-Leavesofyoungtreebrowsedbygoats,sheepcamelsandwildanimals(elephants).

-Pods-Eatenbyalllivestockandareoftenthemainsourceoffood.

-Timber,poles,posts,charcoal,fuel,Tannin(barkandroot),----Medicinaluses(vermifuge,skin,oedema,asthma,andallergies)Shadetree,Fencing(polesandbranches)Ropes(bark),GumArabic

Chloris(windmillgrass) Pasture,fodder,hay,ornamental,thatching

Dactylocteniumsp.

(Crowfootgrass)

-Seedsusedtomakechapatiesorhaluwa,afaminefoodinAfrica,astringent,anthelmintic,tonic.Decoctionfordysenteryandacutehemoptysis,seedaspainreliever.

-Diuretic,anti-inflammatory,woundsandulcers.

Ecological;soilerosion-stabilizessandysoils.

Woodlandplusbushland

Terminaliaspecies

-Wood,shade,ornamental,providehabitatforantsandinturntheantsprotectthetree.

Tannins,Dysenterytreatment,rheumaticjoints

Delonyxspecies

-Ornamentaltreeinstreetsandparks.

Itisumbrella-shapedcrownasshadetree.Thewoodisdurableandresistanttowater,fenceposts.

-SeedsofD.regiaaresometimesusedasbeads,gumfromthedriedseedsasabinderinthemanufactureoftablets,e.g.,paracetamol.

Adansoniadigitata(baobab)

-Leavesasvegetables,fodderforanimals,medicinalforCirculatorySystemDisordersRoots(incl.Rhizomesetc.)asfood,barkforfibre,tannins,

Religious,ritual.

Combretummolle Fuelwood,soilimprover,rootandrhizomestreatstomachpain,Woodusedasfirewoodandcharcoal.Leavesbrowsedbycattleandusedasgreenmanure.

WoodedandBushedGrassland Sporobolus-Africana,indicus.

-Stemsandleaves(dry)usedinpopotiloartasleavemosaic,fibre,

-Seedasfoodforbirds,smallmammals.

41

-Theplantisusedinenrichingblood,reduceswellingandcorrectgonorrhea.Itisalsoanantifertilitydrug

Terminalliaspecies

Wood,shade,ornamental,providehabitatforantsandinturntheantsprotectthetree.

Tannins,Dysenterytreatment,rheumaticjoints

RiparianForest

Diospyrosmespiliformis

Kolati(Somali)

-Hardwoodforhouseconstruction,flooring,joineryandfurniture,shipandvehiclebody,instruments,toolhandle,dugoutcanoes(fromboles),

-Fruitisedible(rawordried),fruitjuice,andalcoholicdrinks,groundtomakeaporridgeadditive,pulpforglazing/varnishpottery.

-Edibleseedshavinganutlikeflavor.

-Leavesasvegetables,browsedbylivestock.

-Barkproducesgumformendingpottery,

-Therearereportsthattherootstreatjaundice,anthelmintic,easechildbirth,andtreatmalaria,pneumoniaandsyphilis.Barkforcoughs,tuberculosis,leprosy,syphilis,wounds,ulcers,bruises,inveterinarymedicineasvermifuge.Leavescanbeusedtotreatfever,diarrhoea, trypanosomiasis, whooping cough, hiccough, poisoning. Fruit for fungal shin infections, powder for ulcers, seedadministeredagainstheadaches.Twigschewedforcleaningteeth.

Garciniaspecies

Source:Abel1975

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http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/WP15725.PDF

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