00-basic understanding of networks
DESCRIPTION
Module 1Network Essentials (I) -Basic Network ConceptTRANSCRIPT
Welcome to InformaticsIntroduction to TCP/IP
INTRODUCTION
ARPA & ARPANET setup to link military CPU’s
Design published 1974
Background
Processes execute on hosts
Application
TELNET
hosts regardless of network
Process
Host-to-Host
Internet
Network
Access
What is a Subnet ?
What is IP Routing ?
Overview
Method of Gaining Access to the Internet
What is TCP/IP ?
ANU Software Technologies
194
125
131.107.0.0
131.120.0.0
131.107.3.27
133.120.75.8
129.102.12.7
129.102.16.2
Network ID
Host ID
32 Bits
16,777,214
65,534
254
16,777,214
65,534
254
1 - 126
128 - 191
192 - 223
Class A
Class B
Class C
Host ID cannot be 255 (All Bits Set to 1)
255 is a Broadcast address
Host ID cannot be 0 (All Bits Set to 0)
0 means “This Network Only”
Host Addressing Guidelines
Class A w.0.0.1 w.255.255.254
Class B w.x.0.1 w.x.255.254
Class C w.x.y.1 w.x.y.254
Local hosts cannot communicate.
Windows NT based hosts cannot initialize.
Other TCP/IP based hosts may not be able to communicate.
Other TCP/IP based hosts could hang.
Common Addressing Problems
ANU Software Technologies
Provides a simplified way to access a TCP/IP Host
Used by Ping and other TCP/IP utilities
Host names are not used in Windows NT Commands
Entries are stored in the HOSTS File or DNS
Viewed with the Host name utility
What is a Host Name?
ANU Software Technologies
ANU Software Technologies
The Process of Mapping a Host name to an IP Address
Standard Host Name Resolution is done using:
Local Host Name
WINS
What is Host Name Resolution
ANU Software Technologies
Hosts
File
ARP
Router
ARP
Router
OVERVIEW
It is a means of sharing information within an organisation
Intranets are local to the organisation
Network Protocol used in Intranets - TCP/IP
Internet
Proxy
Remote
User
Intranet
server
Hardware
Server with at least of 64MB RAM with Windows NT or UNIX installed
Software
Intranet Requirement
ANU Software Technologies
Extranet are primarily networks that are set-up to enable anyone outside an organisation to access internal data
An extension of intranets but with added security
Provides distinct business advantages e.g. lower cost, speed of transactions and etc
Increase use of extranet in business to provide higher value services
Extranet
ANU Software Technologies
Network is an Interconnection of two or more computers for the purpose of sharing information and resources.
Basic Terminology used:
Centralized/Dedicated
Clients/Workstations: Lets users access server’s information and resources
Monochrome diskless workstation to multimedia enhanced, complete desktop systems
Communication Media:
Define the procedures, conventions and methods used to transmit data
The Internet protocol basically:
Breaks it into packets.
Reassembles the packets (at the receiving side).
Sends the data stream to the user.
What is a Protocol
ANU Software Technologies
A set of standards that define how to send signals over the network and how to regulate the resulting traffic
ISO developed the Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model
OSI-RM uses Seven Layers
ANU Software Technologies
ISDN is an end-to-end digital network that handles voice, text, images, sound and video over telephone lines.
Multiple simultaneous connections over a single ISDN line.
Two types of ISDN connections:
BRI - Basic Rate Interface (2B+1D)
Two 64 Kbps Channels
PRI - Primary Rate Interface(30B+1D)
Thirty 64 Kbps Channels.
Integrated Services Digital Network
ISDN provides the following features:
ISDN permits data transmission upto 128 Kbps without any compression and reaches upto 512 Kbps when compressed.
ISDN is an on-demand service.
Connection is very quick.
ISDN offers 100% reliability.
CUG (Closed User Groups).
AOC (Advice Of Charge).
Ethernet compatibility.
Router compatibility.
ISDN (Continued)
ANU Software Technologies
T-1, Used by Internet users to describe a digital connection capable of moving data at roughly 1.5 Mbps
Most ISPs are themselves connected to the Internet with one or more T-1 circuits
T-3 is the fastest common circuit found on the Internet today (Moves data at roughly 45 Mbps)
T-3 is equivalent to 30 T-1s
The Internet backbone is primarily a T-3
Beyond T-3 are the newest technologies such as:
Fast Ethernet- 100 Mbps
Cable Networks have very high bandwidths.
By simply adding potential channels dedicated to Internet usage, or removing a few existing channels, the cable provider will have more than enough room for the digital information an Internet user would want.
Technical hurdle - How to deliver high-speed Internet access to the home when the capacity of the individual cable company system far surpasses that of the Internet backbone itself ?
Cable Modems
INTRODUCTION
ARPA & ARPANET setup to link military CPU’s
Design published 1974
Background
Processes execute on hosts
Application
TELNET
hosts regardless of network
Process
Host-to-Host
Internet
Network
Access
What is a Subnet ?
What is IP Routing ?
Overview
Method of Gaining Access to the Internet
What is TCP/IP ?
ANU Software Technologies
194
125
131.107.0.0
131.120.0.0
131.107.3.27
133.120.75.8
129.102.12.7
129.102.16.2
Network ID
Host ID
32 Bits
16,777,214
65,534
254
16,777,214
65,534
254
1 - 126
128 - 191
192 - 223
Class A
Class B
Class C
Host ID cannot be 255 (All Bits Set to 1)
255 is a Broadcast address
Host ID cannot be 0 (All Bits Set to 0)
0 means “This Network Only”
Host Addressing Guidelines
Class A w.0.0.1 w.255.255.254
Class B w.x.0.1 w.x.255.254
Class C w.x.y.1 w.x.y.254
Local hosts cannot communicate.
Windows NT based hosts cannot initialize.
Other TCP/IP based hosts may not be able to communicate.
Other TCP/IP based hosts could hang.
Common Addressing Problems
ANU Software Technologies
Provides a simplified way to access a TCP/IP Host
Used by Ping and other TCP/IP utilities
Host names are not used in Windows NT Commands
Entries are stored in the HOSTS File or DNS
Viewed with the Host name utility
What is a Host Name?
ANU Software Technologies
ANU Software Technologies
The Process of Mapping a Host name to an IP Address
Standard Host Name Resolution is done using:
Local Host Name
WINS
What is Host Name Resolution
ANU Software Technologies
Hosts
File
ARP
Router
ARP
Router
OVERVIEW
It is a means of sharing information within an organisation
Intranets are local to the organisation
Network Protocol used in Intranets - TCP/IP
Internet
Proxy
Remote
User
Intranet
server
Hardware
Server with at least of 64MB RAM with Windows NT or UNIX installed
Software
Intranet Requirement
ANU Software Technologies
Extranet are primarily networks that are set-up to enable anyone outside an organisation to access internal data
An extension of intranets but with added security
Provides distinct business advantages e.g. lower cost, speed of transactions and etc
Increase use of extranet in business to provide higher value services
Extranet
ANU Software Technologies
Network is an Interconnection of two or more computers for the purpose of sharing information and resources.
Basic Terminology used:
Centralized/Dedicated
Clients/Workstations: Lets users access server’s information and resources
Monochrome diskless workstation to multimedia enhanced, complete desktop systems
Communication Media:
Define the procedures, conventions and methods used to transmit data
The Internet protocol basically:
Breaks it into packets.
Reassembles the packets (at the receiving side).
Sends the data stream to the user.
What is a Protocol
ANU Software Technologies
A set of standards that define how to send signals over the network and how to regulate the resulting traffic
ISO developed the Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model
OSI-RM uses Seven Layers
ANU Software Technologies
ISDN is an end-to-end digital network that handles voice, text, images, sound and video over telephone lines.
Multiple simultaneous connections over a single ISDN line.
Two types of ISDN connections:
BRI - Basic Rate Interface (2B+1D)
Two 64 Kbps Channels
PRI - Primary Rate Interface(30B+1D)
Thirty 64 Kbps Channels.
Integrated Services Digital Network
ISDN provides the following features:
ISDN permits data transmission upto 128 Kbps without any compression and reaches upto 512 Kbps when compressed.
ISDN is an on-demand service.
Connection is very quick.
ISDN offers 100% reliability.
CUG (Closed User Groups).
AOC (Advice Of Charge).
Ethernet compatibility.
Router compatibility.
ISDN (Continued)
ANU Software Technologies
T-1, Used by Internet users to describe a digital connection capable of moving data at roughly 1.5 Mbps
Most ISPs are themselves connected to the Internet with one or more T-1 circuits
T-3 is the fastest common circuit found on the Internet today (Moves data at roughly 45 Mbps)
T-3 is equivalent to 30 T-1s
The Internet backbone is primarily a T-3
Beyond T-3 are the newest technologies such as:
Fast Ethernet- 100 Mbps
Cable Networks have very high bandwidths.
By simply adding potential channels dedicated to Internet usage, or removing a few existing channels, the cable provider will have more than enough room for the digital information an Internet user would want.
Technical hurdle - How to deliver high-speed Internet access to the home when the capacity of the individual cable company system far surpasses that of the Internet backbone itself ?
Cable Modems