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1llC{1Uf>lf (SYLLABUS)

(A) Physics

Unit and dimensions, dimensional analysis, 5.1. Units, Motion in two dimensions Cases of uniformvelocity and uniform acceleration, General relation between position and velocity, Uniform circularmotion, Force and inertia. Newton's laws of motion. Conservation of momentum and energy. Static andkinetic friction. Work energy and power collisions, potentialenergy, gravitational potential energy and itsangular conversion to kinetic energy. Potentialenergy of a spring, Rigid body rotation and conservationof its momentum. Moment of inertia, theorems of parallel and perpendicular axis. (Moment of inertia ofuniform ring, disc, hin rod and cylinder only).

Acceleration due to gravity and its variation, Universal law of gravitation, geostationary satellites,escape velocity.

Hooke's law, Young's modulus, shear and bulk modulus, surface energy and surface tension, kinetictheory of gases, gas laws, kinetic energy and temperature. Specific heats at constant volume andconstant pressure. mechanical equivalent of heat, isothermal and adiabatic processes.

Heat conduction in one dimension, convection and radiation, Stefan's law and Newton's law of coolingPeriodic motion, Simple harmonic motion, Oscillations due to spring, Wave motion principle ofsuperposition; Progressive and stationary waves, Beats and Doppler effect.

Wave nature of light, Interference, Young's double slit experiment, Velocity of light and Doppler's effectin light. Reflection, refraction, total internal reflection, curved mirrors, lenses, mirror and lens formulae.Dispersion in prism, absorption and emission spectra.

The human eye, defects of vision, magnification and resolving power of telescope and microscope "e"and "elm" for an electron, Einstein's photoelectric equation, photocells. Bohr model of the atom,Hydrogen spectrum, Composition of nucleus, atomic masses and isotopes, radioactivity, laws of radioactive decay, decay constant, half life and mean life,

Mass-energy relation, fission. X-Ray: Properties and uses.

Elementary ideas of conductor, semi-conductor and insulator, intrinsic and extrinsic semi conductors,np Junction as a rectifier.

Bar magnet, lines of force, torque on a bar magnet due to magnetic field, earth's magnetic field, tangentgalvanometer, vibration magnetometer.

Coulomb's law of electrostatic, dielectric constant, electric field and potential due to a point charge,dipole, dipole field, Gauss's law in a simple geometrics. Electrostatic potential, capacitance, parallel plateand spherical capacitors capacitors in series and parallel, energy of a capacitor.

Electric current, Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's laws, resistances in series and parallel temperature dependenceof resistance. Wheatstone bridge, potentiometer. Measurement of voltages and currents. Electricpower, heating effects of currents, chemical effects and law of electrolysis, thermoelectricity. Biot Savartlaw.

Magnetic fields due to a straight wire Circular loop and solenoid. Force on a moving charge in a maneticfield (lorentz force), Magnetic moment of a current loop, effect of a uniform magnetic field of a current10 ,forces between two currents, moving coil, galvanometer, ammeter and voltmeter.

45

Electromagnetic induction induced emf, Faraday's law, Lenz's law, self and mutual inductancealternating currents, impedence and reactance growth and decay of current in L-R circuit, elementary ."idea of dynamo and transformer. '"'

(B) Chemistry

General and Physical Chemistry

Structure of Atom: Constitution of nucleus: Bohr's atom model: quantum numbers Aufbau principle,electronic configuration of elements (upto-Kr) : de-Broglie relation, shapes of orbitals. Chemical Bond:Electrovalent, covalent and coordinate bonds, hybridization (sp) : hydrogen bond: shapes of molecules(VSERRtheory) : bond polarity, resonance, Elements of VBTMOT.

Solutions: Modes of expressing concentrations of solutions: Types of solutions, Raoult's law of colligativeproperties, non-ideal solution, abnormal molecular weights.

Solid State: Crystal lattices, unit cells, Structure of ionic compounds: close packed structure Ionic radii,imperfections (Point defects): Properties of solids. Nuclear Chemistry: Radio active radiations: half-life,radioactive decay, group displacement structure and properties of nucleus: Nuclear reaction,disintegration series, artificial transmutation: isotopes and their uses, Radio carbon dating.

Chemical Equilibrium: Chemical equilibrium, Law of mass action: KPand KC: LeChatelier principle and itsapplication. Ionic Equilibria in solutions, Solubility product, common ion effect, theories of acids andbase hydrolysis of salts: pH : buffers.

Thermochemistry and Thermodynamics: Energy changes during a chemical reaction: intrinsic energyenthalpy, first law of thermodynamics: Hess's law, Heats of reactions: Second law of thermodynamics:entropy: free energy; spontaneity of a chemical reaction; free energy change and chemical equilibrium;free energy as energy available for useful work. Chemical kinetics, Rate of a reaction, factors affectingthe rate, rate constant, rate expression,order of reaction, first order rate constant expression andcharacteristics, Arrhenous equation.

Electrochemistry: Oxidation, Oxidation number and ion-electron methods. Electrolytic conduction.Faraday's laws; voltaic cell, electrode potentials, electromotive force, Gibb's energy and cell potentials.Nornest equation, commercial cells, fuel cell, electrochemical theory of corrosion. Surface chemistry,Colloids and Catalysis; Adsorption, Colloids (types preparation and properties), Emulsions, Micelles,Catalysis: Types and characteristics.

Inorganic Chemistry:

Principles of metallurgical-operations: Furnaces, ore concentration, extraction, purification metallurgiesof Na, AI, Fe, Cu, Ag, Zn and Pb and their properties.

Chemical periodicity: s, p, d and f-block elements, periodic Table: periodicity: atomic and ionic radiivalency, ionization energy, electron affinity electronegativity, metallic character.

Comparative study of elements: Comparative study of the following families of elements: (i) alkali metals(ii) Alkaline earth metals (iii) Nitrogen family (iv) Oxygen family (v) Halogens (vi)Noble gases.

Transition metals: Electronic configuration of 3d-metal ions, oxidation states, other generalcharacteristic properties, Potassium permanganate, Potassium dichromate.

Co-ordination compounds: Simple nomenclature, bounding and stability, classification and bonding inorganometallics.

Chemical analysis: Chemistry involved is simple inorganic qualitative analysis: calculations based on acid-base titrimetry.

46

Organic Chemistry :

, Calculation of empirical and molecular formula of organic compounds, Nomenclature of organiccompounds, common functional groups isomerism structure and shapes of alkanes, alkanes andbenzene.

Preparation properties and uses of alkynes, alkyl, benzene, petroleum, cracking octane number, gasolineadditives.

Nomenclature, Physical chemical properties, correlation of physical properties with structure propertiesand uses of heloalkanes, halobenzenes, alcholos and phenols: General ideas of some polyhalogencompounds viz., dicholorothanes, dichloroethers, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride D.D.T., benzenehexachloride.

Nomenclature, methods of preparation, Chemical properties correlations of physical properties withstructures and uses of ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives,

Brief account of the chemistry of Cyanides, isocyanides, amines and nitro compounds.

Polymers : Classification : Preparation and uses of common natural and synthetic polymers.Biomolecules : Classification, Structures and biological importance of carbohydrates amino acids,peptides, proteins and enzymes, nucleic acids and lipids.

(C) Botany

Structural organization of cell, cell theory. Light and Electron Microscopic view of cell. Structure andfunctions of cell organelles: Nucleus Mitochondria, Chloropast Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexlysosome, microbodies microfilaments Ribosomes, Centrioles and Plasmids, Ekaryotic Chromosome(Morphology) cell and plasma membrane, Difference between plant and animal cell. Division, cell cyclesignificance of mitosis and meiosis.

Mendel's Laws of inheritance, Monohybrid and dihybrid cross; linage and crossing over of geneticmaterial DNA replication, genetic code transcription, transcription and gene regulation. Differencebetween Prokaryote and Eukaryotes : Structure reproduction and economic importance of virusesMycoplasma, Bacteriophage, Cynobacteria (Nostoc) and Bacteria.

Five Kingdom classification, Binomial Nomenclature, External morophology and life cycle of Spirogyrarnuccr, Funaria Selaginella and pinus.

Elementary knowledge of microsporogenesis megasporogenesis. Fertilization endosperm and embroyodevelopment in Angiosperms.

Tissues and tissues systems, meristematic and permanent tissue, Mineral nutrition essential elementsand their functions: uptake of minerals transport of water and solutes. Transpiration Photosynthesis andRespiration: Importance, mechanism and factors affecting thisprocessess: Photorespiration.

Enzymes and growth hormones with reference to their classification. Chemical nature, mode of action,importance. Elementary idea of photoperidism and phytochrome.

Ecosystem - Structures and function, Major ecosystems i.e. lake and Forest; Food chain, Food web andenergy flow, Ecological crisis- Role of man in polluting Environment - Air, Water and Soil.

Role of plants in human welfare: A general knowledge of plant products of economic value- Drugs,Fibers, Cereals.

Wheat and Rice, Pulse (gram), Oil seeds (Ground nut), Sugarcane, Coal and petroleum. Foodpreservation-methods and importance. Principle of plant breeding and its role in improvement of crops.Biotechnolgy; scope and importance in Agriculture and industrial manufacture of cheese. Yoghurt,Alcohol Antibiotics.

47

(D) Zoology

Multicellularity - Structure and Function of Animal Life:

Structure and function of Animal tissues Epithelial, Connective Muscular, Skeletal and Nerve. Histologyof mammalian organs - Stomach, Intestine, Liver, Kidney, Lung, Testes and Ovary. Structure andPhysiology of different organ systems of Human body. Skin, Digestive system, Respiratory system,Circulatory system.

Skeleton, Joints, Muscles on the basic of movement receptors. Endocrine system with special referenceto various Endocrine glands of man and hormonal coordination. Vitamins & minerals (source anddisorders due to deficiencies).

Developmental Biology and Genetics:

Female reproductive cycles in mammals. Gametogenesis alongwith structure of sperm and ovum. Typesof eggs, Fertilization, cleavage types of elevage and blastula. Development of mammals upto threegerminal layers. Foetal membranestructure and functions. Growth, repair and ageing, aminocentesis. -Chromosomes, Types of chromosome, Human karyotype and chromosomal abnormalities andsyndromes, Hormonal, Chromosomal and Genic Balance theory of sex determination, Sex linkage andsex linked inheritance in Man.

Blood Group and their significance, Blood Bank.

Tissue culture, Genetic Engineering (Brief idea). Mutation, gene mutation.

Human population, natality, Mortality, Sex ratio, Population explosion, dynamics of human life withrespect to food supply, housing, health and standard of living, impact of population problems and theircontrol.

Taxonomy Evolution and Economic Zoology:

Classification - Binomial and trinomial nomenclature, Basic features of classification, Classification ofdifferent animal phyla upto classes with characters and suitable examples. Origin of life, Theories oforganic evolution-Darwin Lamarck, Synthetic Evidence of organic evolution, Human Evolution. EconomicZoology/Sericulture, Apiculture, Lac culture, Poultry, Fishery and Pearl industry.Protozoan disease inrelation to man. Insect carrying diseases in relation to man. Cancer-types of cancer and cancer cell.Communicable diseases (Hepatitis, AIDS) STD, Immune Response, Vaccines and antiseraallergies.5moking, alcoholism and drug addiction,symptoms and control. Wild conservation.

Pesticides - Uses, advantages and hazards.

48

III

-qrq1TWlf (SYLLABUS)

EEG ~(f'"flllllH

• Basic Human Sciences

• Introduction to neuroscience

• Electroneurodiagnostic technology

• EEG instrumentation

• Electroneurodiagnostics

• Neurological disorders

• EEG recording

• Electrocardiography

• EEG lab management

• Clinical correlations

• EEG clinical practicum

49

~~ (SYLLABUS)y~ ~q:;f)~llH

Prosthetics (Upper Extremity)

(i) Classification by level of amputation.

Iii) Medical consideration applied anatomy and pathological consideration

(iii) Classification of congenital skeletal limb deficiencies

(iv) Prosthetic prescription

(v) Amputee trainee (i) Components of upper extremity prostheses, control & harness systems.

Iii) Fabrication principle & procedures for upper extremity prostheses

(iii) Measurement fitting & alignment

(iv) Check-out & care of B.E. prostheses.

(v) Bio-mechanics of U.E. prostheses.

(vi) Harness & control systems Below Elbow harnessing & this causes, shoulder amputee harnessing(vii) Clinical aspects of U.E. prosthesis

(viii) Training in the use of U.E. prosthesis

(ix) Electro·mechanical myoelectric and other externally powered prostheses

(x) Study of publication sources for updating information on upper limb prostheses

Prosthetics (Lower Extremity)

1. Medical Subjects (i) Levels of amputation & limiting factor (lower extremity)

2. Iii) Psychological aspects of amputation

3. (iii) Classification of congenital skeletal limb deficiencies.

4. (iv) Prosthetic I Orthotic assessment and evaluation techniques

5. (v) Prosthetic prescription

6. (vi) Immediate & early Prosthetic management

7. Technical (i) Prosthetic components below knee & above knee

(ii) Examination of stump, measurement, cast taking POP modification, fabrication,alignment & fitting procedures for below knee & above knee amputations (this includeprosthesis for partial foot, choparts, syme's below knee, through knee above kneeamputations

(iii) Gait analysis of BKI AK amputees fitted with prostheses.

(iv) Check out of below knee & above knee prosthesis

(v) Maintenance & care of prosthesis

vi) Hip disarticulation & Hemipelvectomy prosthesis

(vii) Bio-mechanics of below knee, above knee & hip disarticulation prosthesis

(viii) Fluid controlled prosthesis

(ix) Modular & other modern types of prosthesis.J,\-~; 50

-q-rq"lfi'lill (SYLLABUS)••••

Basic sciences

Applied Anatomy & Physiology of all malignant Tumors of the human body.

Oral Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Oesophagus, G.I. Geneto urinary system, Respiratory systems.

The pathology of the tumors.

1. Radiotherapy Machines:

Superficial X-Ray therapy, orthovopltage, therapy or Deep X- Ray therapy, Mega voltage therapy Van De

graph Genetor, Linear Accelerator, Betatron Cyclotron, Machines, using Radio nuclides, Cobalt- 60 units,

Caesium- 137 Units Source Housing Beam Collimation and Penumbra.

2.Radio effects of ionizing radiation & Radiation Protection Cell and its Constituents, Effects of radiation

of cells, Cell Cervical Curves somatic effects, hereditary effects of Radiation in Man. Operational Limits,

Dose Limits for Radiation Workers, Dose Limits to members of Public, Personal Monitoring Film Badge,Radiation Hazard evaluation and control, Time, Distance and shielding, Planning of Teletherapy and

Brach therapy Facility. Radiation Emergencies and Preparedness Radiation Safety during source transferUnits, National Regulatory Requirements for Radiotherapy equipment radiation Protection Survey.

3.Treatment Planning: Absorbed Dose, Depth Dose Distribution, Percentage Depth Dose, Initial Dos

buildup, issue Air Ratio, Back Scatter factor, Scatter air radio, Isodose, charts field size, wedge filters,

Combination of Radiation fields Parallel opposed fields, Multiple fields, SSDTechnique, SADTechnique

wedge field Techniques, Uniform Dose Distribution, Tumour Dose, specification, Target volume,

Treatment volume, Rotation Therapy, ARCtherapy, Tissue compensators, design of Compensators,

Compensators wedges, Patient positioning simulation Procedure, Treatment setup, Field Blocks & Field

shaping as a function of Photon energy, skin sparing at oblique incidence, separation of adjacent fields,

Electron Beam Therapy.

4)Nuclear medicine: Radio Nuclides in Nuclear Medicine Production of short lived radio nuclides, nuclear

medicine isotopes used in viva & Vitro tests, decontamination procedures, scintillation camera, scannersand uptake studies, Program and other Gamma Camera ionizing imaging procedures, Hand & foot

detectors. Flame hard and isotope waste wet & dry disposal procedures. Preparation for labeling and

tragedy of isotopes in imaging.

51

RADIATION PHYSICS

1) Structure of matter:

The Atom, the nucleus, elemental particles, Atomic Mass and energy units, extra nuclear structure,

molecular structure and Bonds, Atomic Energy Levels, Nuclear Energy levels, Electro magnetic Radiation,

Quantum Nature of Radiation. The Electro magnetic Spectrum, Radiation Energy, Particle Radiation.

2)The Fundamentals of Nuclear physics: Natural & Artificial Radio- Activity, Exponential Decay, andactivity. The Half life and Radio Active Series, Growth of Radio Active Daughter (Equilibrium) Modes of

Radioactive Decay, Alpha Decay, Beta decay, Internal conversion Isomeric Transition, Nuclear Reaction,

The (Alpha, P) (Alpha, N) Reactions, Proton, Bombardment photo Disintegration, Fission, Fusion,Activation of Nucloides.

3)Production of X- Rays: The X- Ray Tube: - Anode, Cathode, Basic X- Ray, Circuit, Voltage rectification

Diagnostic X- ray tube, The RayX- ray tube physics of X- rays production, Bremasstrahlung

Characteristics X-ray: Operating characteristics of X- ray tubes (ratings), KVP, MAS cooling time Modern,

X-Ray tubes. Focal spot rotating Anodes, X- Ray tube housing special purpose, X- ray tubes, X- Ray timers,

Calibration of timers- spinning top. Quality controls of an X- Ray installation.

4)lnteraction of X- Rays& R- Raywith matter: Ionization, Beam, attenuation, Half value layer, Linear

attenuation co- efficient Mass attenuation co- efficient photoelectric adsorption, Compton Absorption

and coherent shattering pair production stopping power of medium penetration of charged particlesthrough matter.

5)The Radio logic Examination: The primary Radio logic image, Radiographic, Images Radiographic and

Fluorescent screens, Image Amplifying systems, Radiographic film, Grids, Factors effecting the Radio

logic Image, Characteristics curve offilm, Dark room film, automatic film processors.

6)Radiation Quantities and Units: anode, X- ray housing special purpose X- RayTubes, X- ray timers,

Activity, Kerma, Exposure, Absorbed Dose, Dose equivalent dose.

7)Principles of Radiation detection and Monitoring Devices: Using a generator, elution procedure with

BARCMO- TCGenerator, production ofTC- 99 M., Localization Mechanisms, General Methodology of

preparing Radio pharmaceutical, Quality control of Radio- Pharmaceutical, TC- 99 M. leveled radio

Pharmaceutical, Radio- Iodine leveled Compounds, Compounds leveled with other Radio Nuclides

statistics of Radio- Isotopes counting Resolving time and loss of counts, sodium iodide, as X- ray

detector, ER-Ray, spectrometer, preamplifier, Amplifier, Pulse storage Data processing and display,Thyroid uptake probe, Rectilinear scanner, Gamma Camera, Collimator performance, Collimator

detector sensitivity, Collimator properties, pin hole and multi channel collimators, Gamma Cameraperformance tests, Hines reference, Phantom and Bar Phantoms. Dynamic perfusion Scanning procedure

of thyroid Brain, lung, Bone, Kidney, Liver, Spleen, Pancreas, and Myocardial imaging Radionuclide

~'"''~

J~52

-qm~Sll%cll ~s\it\(hft"ll ~ <Wf<mrf

tSlIi{dht "fftfll <f)i\ifllcl P1~md ~~)

i. Community health nursing

ii. Health Promotion

A. Nutrition

B. Human Body & Hygiene.

C. Environmental Sanitation

D. Mental Health

iii. Primary Health care nursing -I

A. Infection and immunization

B. Communicable Diseases.

C. Community health problems

D. Primary medical care

E. First aid and referral

iv. Child Health Nursing

v. Midwifery

vi. Health Center Management

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

53

Anatomy and Physiology

Human Anatomy with special reference to special senses. Organs of special senses. Pany Orbit andocular adnexa (lids & lacrimal system). Ocular muscles & cranial nerves. Gross anatomy of coats of eyeball (Cornea, Sclera Uvea, retina, lens & Vitreous).

Physiology of the Eye Ball:

Physiology of vision including colour vision. Ocular movements & Binocular Vision. Accommodation &convergence. Formation & circulation of aqueous & lacrimal fluids.

Law of refraction & reflection spherical & cylindrical surfaces. Optical aberrations of ophthalmic glasses.Prisms (a) Nomenclature (b) Uses.

Physics & Optics:

Microbiology:

Introduction to the various organisms responsible for ocular diseases (Bacteria,virus & fungi). Techniqueof conjunctival smears, cultures, scropings & staining (Gram's & KOH). Infections & its prevention-routes,cross infection antisepsis & asepsis.

Clinical Pathology:

Examination of urine - Gross albumin & sugar. Preparation & staining of blood slides for DLC andmalarial parasite.

Pharmacy:

various methods of Administration of drugs in ophthalmic diseases. Preparation and dispensing ofvarious ophthalmic drugs including fluorescence, Mercurochrome, sodium sulphacetamide,homatropine, atropine pilocarpine & antibiotic drops. various side reaction of common ophthalmic drugs& drug abses. Anaesthetics & Antibiotics and acetazolamide. Miotics & Mydriatics.

Vision Testing:

various components of vision, principles of testing for visual acuity.

Geometrical & Physiological Optics:

Optics of human eye and refractive errors. Myopia, hypermatropia & its correction. Aphakia itscorrection. Astigmatism, Prebyopia & its correction. Ophthalmic Lenses. Contact Lenser-uses and abuses.Checking of spectacles. Protective glasses & L.V.A.

Retinosopy & Subjective Testing:

Visual Fields:

Common Eye Diseases:

Types of conjunctivitis including trachoma. Corneal ulcers & opacities. Iritis & cataract. Lids & lacrimalsac. And eye emergencies. Chemical & radiotional injuries including prevention, first aid & treatment.Mechanical injuries, prevention first & treatment.

54

Glaucoma:

Systemic Disorders:

Diabetes & hypertension.

Nursing care of Ophthalmic Patients:

Ophthalmic Instruments:

Ocular Surgery, Fundamentals of Asepsis Technique:

Ophthalmic Dianosis Equipment (Maintenance):

Minor Surgical Procedures:

Emergency Resuscitation: General & Ophthalmic.

Medical Records: Diseases index, alphabetic index, and numerical index major & minor surgical records.

Health Education:

National Plan for Control of Blindness. Screening of School children for eye problems. Surveymethodology. Rehabilitation of blind & vocational training for blind. Role of Ophthalmic Assistants in eyecamps.

Training at Mobile Ophthalmic Unit, Organization of Eye camps. Publicity technique. Arrangements ofOPD at camps. Arrangements of refradition of camps. Arrangements operation theatre at camps.Arrangements of wards at camps. Arrangements of sanitation and illumination at camp. Arrangementsof catering at camps. Arrangements of exhibition at camp. Public relation with voluntary organization.Interaction with volunteer. Health education - General & Ophthalmic. Survey in Schools & SUb-healthCentres.

Pre-operative preparation of patient in camp. Anaesthesia & Akinesia. Dispensing & Preparation ofdrops. Eye dressing & bandaging including preparation of dressing trolley. Role of Ophthalmic Assistantin O.T. Sterilization, carbolization & Fumigation. Follow up instructions to patients & follow up visit. EyeHealth education.

Ocular Emergencies:

Injuries of the eye including F.B.'s. Acute glaucoma. Causes of sudden blindness.

55

-PHARMACEUTICS

Introduction to different dosage forms, their classification with examples-their relative applications.Familiarization with new drug delivery systems. Introduction to Pharmacopoeias with special reference

to the Indian Pharmacopoeia. Size reduction, Size separation, Metrology-system of weights and

measures. Calculations including conversion from one to another system. Percentage calculations and

adjustment of products. Use of alligation method in calculations. Isotonic solutions. Mixing and

homogenization. Packaging of pharmaceuticals Extraction and galenicals, Clarification and filtration,

Heat processes, Introduction to drying processes, Distillation, Sterilization-concept of sterilization and

its differences from disinfection-thermal resistance of microorganisms. Detailed study differentsterilization processes. Study of immunological products like sera, vaccines, toxoids and their

preparations., Processing of tablets, Processing of capsules

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY

Acids, bases and buffers, Gastrointestinal agents, Acidifying agents, Antacids, Protectives and

adsorbents, Saline cathartics. Antioxidants, Topical agents - (i) Protectives (ii) Antimicrobials andastringents (iii) Sulphur and its compounds (iv) Astringents-alum and zinc sulphate. Dental product,

Inhalants, Respiratory stimulants, Expectorants and emetics, Antidotes. Major intra and extracellularelectrolytes, Inorganic official compounds of iron, iodine and calcium; ferrous sulfate and calcium

gluconate. Radio pharmaceuticals and contrast media radioactivity, Identification tests for cations and

anions as per Indian Pharmacopoeia. Quality control of drugs and pharmaceuticals

PHARMACOGNOSY

Definition, history and scope of pharmacognosy including indigenous system of medicine. Varioussystems of classification of drugs of natural origin. Adulteration and drug evaluation; significance of

pharmacopoeial standards. therapeutic effects and pharmaceutical applications of alkaloids, terpenoids,

glycosides, volatile oils, tannins and resins. Occurrence, distribution, organoleptic evaluation, chemicalconstituents including tests wherever applicable and therapeutic efficacy of (a) Laxatives (b)

Cardiotonics (c) Carminatives & G.1.regulators catechu. hyoscyamus, belladonna, aconite, ashwagandha,ephedra, opium, cannabis, nux vomica. rauwolfia. vasaka, tolu balsam, tulsi. guggal, colchicum, vinca.

chaulmoogra oil. pterocarpus, gymnema sylvestro. gokhru, punarnava. ipecacuanha. benzoin, myrrh,

neem, curcuma. cinchona. ergot. shark liver oil and amla. papaya, diastase, yeast. Collection and

preparation of crude drugs from the market as exemplified by ergot, opium, rauwolfia, digitalis, senna.

Study of source, preparation and identification of fibres used in sutures and surgical dressings-cotton,

silk, wool and regenerated fibres.

BIOCHEMISTRY AND CLINICAL PATHOLOGY

Introduction to biochemistry. Brief chemistry and role of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, their

classification and related diseases. Role of minerals and water in life processes. Brief chemistry and roleof vitamins and coenzymes. brief concept of enzymatic, Introduction to pathology of blood and urine.

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Definition of various terms used in anatomy, physiology, Structure of cell, unction of its componentswith special reference to mitochondria and microsomes. Elementary tissues of the body, Composition of

56

blood, blood group and coagulation of blood, Name and functions of lymph glands. Anatomy and

physiology of different body systems in Brief.

HEALTH EDUCATION & COMMUNITY PHARMACY

Concept of health-definition, indicators of health, concept of disease, prevention of diseases.

Environment and health. First aid-emergency treatment in shock, snake bite, burns, poisoning, heart

disease, fractures and resuscitation methods. Elements of minor surgery and dressings. Fundamentalprinciples of microbiology, organisms of common diseases. Non-communicable diseases-causativeagents, prevention, care and control. Cancer, diabetes, blindness, cardiovascular diseases.

Communicable disease-causative agents, modes of transmission and prevention. (a) Respiratory

infections-chicken pox, measles, influenza, diptheria, whooping cough and tuberculosis. (b) Intestinalinfections-poliomyelitis, hepatitis, cholera, typhoid, food poisoning, hookworm infection. (c)

Arthropod borne infections-plague, malaria, filariasis. (d) Surface infections-rabies, trachoma,

tetanus, leprosy. (e) Sexually transmitted diseases-syphilis, gonorrhoea, AIDS. Nutrition and health,

vitamins and minerals. Demography and family planning, natural family planning methods, chemical

methods, mechanical methods, hormonal, contraceptives, population problem of India. Epidemiology -

I mmunity and immunisation, immunological products and their dose schedule. Principles of disease

control and prevention, hospital acquired infection, prevention and control.

DISPENSING PHARMACY

Prescriptions: Reading and understanding of prescription; Incompatibilities in prescriptions, Posology:Dose and dosage of drugs, Dispensed Medications: (i) Powders (ii) Liquid oral dosage (b) Biphasic liquiddosage forms: • Suspensions • Emulsions (iii) Dental and cosmetic preparations: (iv) Semi-solid dosage

forms: (a) Ointments (iv) emulsification. (v) Sterile dosage forms: (a) Parenteral dosage forms (b)Sterility testing, (c) Ophthalmic products- study of essential characteristics of different ophthalmic

preparations.

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY II

chemistry of pharmaceutical organic compounds covering their nomenclature, chemical structure, uses

and the important physical and chemical properties. The stability and storage conditions and thedifferent types of pharmaceutical formulations of the drugs.

Pharmacology and Toxicologv

Introduction to pharmacology, scope of pharmacology. Routes of administration of drugs, their

advantages and disadvantages. Various processes of absorption of drugs and the factors affecting them.Metabolism, distribution and excretion of drugs. General mechanism of drugs action and the factors

which modify drugs action. Pharmacological classification of drugs. (i) Drugs acting on the central

nervous system: (a) General anaesthetics, intravenous anesthetics. (b) Analgesic, antipyritic, sedatives

and hypnotics, anti-convulsants, (ii) Local anaesthetics. (iii) Drugs acting on autonomic nervous system.(iv) Drugs acting one eye, (v) Drugs acting on respiratory system (vi) Antacids, (vii) Cardiovascular drugs,

(viii) Drugs acting on the blood and blood forming organs. (ix) Drugs affecting renal function (x)

Hormones and hormone antagonists (xi) Drugs acting on digestive system

Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence

57

.>:

APPLIEDANOTOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Study of the structure of a cell. - Normal anatomical Structure, Histology and Functions, (Physiology) ofthe all Human Body Systems,

BIOCHEMISTRY

Biochemical structure of the Carbohydrates Proteins, Lipids EnzymesClinicial Biochemistry - Kidney function tests, Liver function Test, Cardiac Profile, Lipid Profile

HEMATOLOGY

Composition of blood, collection of blood and anticoagulants, Hb estimation, TRBC count - ANAEMIAS,Preparation & staining of blood films, Leukopoiesis), TWBC & DWBC Count, Absolute values, ESR,PCV,Reticulocyte count, Platelet count, BT& CTLEcell preparation, Sickling test, Osmotic fragility Bone Marrow Examination.

BLOOD BANKING

Blood Groups, Cross Matching, Coomb's test, Donor Screening, Blood Transfusion, & transfusionreactions, Blood Components

Physical chemical & microscopiC examination of urine, stool examination, Semen examination, CSFexam.

CLiNICIAL PATHOLOGY

PARASITOLOGY

Parasites in Blood, stool & urine

MICROBIOLOGY

Morphology of Bacteria, Culture and isolation of bacteria, Gram positive and gram negative cocci andbacilli, Anaerobic spore bearing bacilli.

SEROLOGY

Antigen & Antibodies, Diagnosis of syphilis - VDRL& RAtest., Widal test, ELISAtest

HISTOLOGY

Fixatives, Tissue processing, impregnation, Block making, Section Cutting, Basic staining of sections,Collection of tissues for histology, Method of Decalcification.

CYTOLOGY

Techniques & equipments required, Fixatives and staining procedure

58

SYLLABUSRADIOGRAPHER

Anatomy and Physiology of Human Body

Introduction to the body as a whole. The cells, Tissues, Epithelium: Simple: Compound, ConnectiveTissues, Muscles, Cell regeneration, Membranes: mucous, serous, synovial Osteology (including wholeskeleton, bones and joints) Development of bone (osteogenesis): cells involved Types and function ofbone, Types of joints and various movement. Axial Skeleton: Skull, Vertebral Column, Appendicularskeleton, Healing of bones. The respiratory system: Organs, Functions, Pharynx Larynx - Functions,lungs: lobes, lobules, pleura.

Radiographic. Photography

Photographic process, Photographic emulsions, Film materials in x-rav department. History, structure ofan x-ray film, single sided films, types of films, Spectral sensitivity of film material, graininess of filmmaterial, speed and contrast of photographic material, Sensitometry: photographic density,characteristic curve features of the characteristic curve, The storage of film materials and radiograph:Storage of unprocessed films, storing of radiographs, Intensifying screens and cassettes. Luminescence:fluorescence and phosphorescence. Construction of an intensifying screen, The fluorescent materials.Types of intensifying screens. Intensification factor. The influence of KV, scattered radiation. Detail,sharpness and speed, size of the crystals, reciprocity failure, Cassette design, care of cassettes, mountingof intensifying screens, Care of intensifying screens, tests to check screen film contact and light leakage,Film processing: Development: The nature of development, manual, automatic. The PH scale, Theconstitution of developing solutions and properties of development chemicals, The development time,factors in the use of a developer. Developers in processing systems, Film processing: fixing and role of afixing solution. Constitution of the fixing solutions and properties of the Constituents, Fixers used inautomatic processors. Factors affecting the use of the fixer, Regeneration of fixing solution. Silverrecovery and its various methods, Rinsing, washing and drying. Objects of rinsing and washing, methodsemployed. Methods of drying films, Preparation of solutions and making stock solution, Processingequipment: , Dark room: , Systems for daylight film handling, The radiographic image, Unsharpness inthe radiographic image. Various factors contributing towards unsharpness, The presentation of theRadiograph. Identification markers and orientation. Documentary preparation, Viewing accessories,Light images and their recording, Fluorography: , Subtraction: , Common film faults due tomanufacturing as well as due to chemical processing, Management of the quality of the Radiographicimage.

ELEMENTARYRADIATION PHYSICS

Structure of matter and principles of machines, electricity and electromagnetism applied in radiologicalinstruments. Physics principles in design and working of x-ray tube technology. Construction andworking principles of transformers and autotransformers used in x-ray circuits. Measurement of voltagespecial KV meters. Measurement of tube current in milli and microamperes. Principles of thermionicemission and rectification in x-ray technology. High voltage D.C. circuits in imaging and therapy tubecircuits. Electrical hazards and safety x-ray tube rating in imaging and therapy x-rav tubes and thermalsafety. Introduction to intensity of radiation in general and its variation by distance. Introduction toeletroma-genetic spectrum, definition of wavelength and its quantum relationship with peak kilovoltage.Physical principles of radiation and optical field coverage and the factor affecting the field projected onpatient during x-ray imaging and radiotherapy exponential and trigonometric functions used inradiological calculations.

Radiography Techniques

Skeletal system: Radiography techniques for x-rav of: (a) Upper limb with special reference to joint. (b)Lower limb which includes all the bones with special reference to joint. femur and metatarsals, etc. (c)Shoulder girdle and thorax. (d) Vertebral column with special techniques for cervical spine,

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intervertebral joints and formina. limbo-sacral joint. (e) Pelvic girdle and hip region. (f) Respiratorysystem chest radiography for both the lungs, apical, lordotic and oblique views, techniques to decubitusAP and lateral views. /

Anatomy and Physiology of Human Body:

Types of cells, tissues, bones and joints. Introduction to system and cavities of the body. Heart and Bloodvessels. The Lymphatic System: The Digestive System:, The Urinarv System:, The Reproductive System:Male & Female Reproductive system:, The Endocrine System:, The Organs of Sense:

RADIATION PHYSICSINCLUDING RADIATION PROTECTION

Atomic structure as applied to generation of x-rays and radioactivity spectrum of diagnostic imaging andtherapy x-rays. Effects of variation of tube voltage, current, filtration, HT waveform and target materialon x-ray production. Laws of radioactivity and decay schemes of different alpha, beta, gamma ray,negatron and position emitters as used in medicine especially in radiotherapy. Artificial radionuclidegenerators employed in medicine in general and radiotherapy sources in particular. Interaction ofradiation with matter attenuation absorption and scattering phenomena. Photoelectric absorption,Compton scattering, pair production and annihilation process, ionisation, effects of geometry ofthickness of the absorber. Dependence on the nature and atomic number of the absorber and onradiation quality. Transmission of x-ray through body tissues. Linear energy transfer. Range of secondaryelectrons and electron build up. Relative amounts of scatter from homogeneous and heterogeneousbeam during the passage through a patient. Physical requirements of beam defining devices e.g. cones,diaphragm, collimators etc. Units of radiation measurement specification of quality and half-valvethickness (HVT) and its measurements, filters and filtration. Measurements of radiation and dosimetricprocedures. Radiation detectors and their principles of working. Definitions of Bragg-peak, percentagedepth dose, and peak scatter factor, tissue air-ratio, tissue maximum ratios scatter air ratio, isodosecurves and radiation penumbra of different beams. Wedge filters, scattering foils. Physics properties ofphantoms, phantom materials, bonus and bolus substitutes. Factors used for treatment dose calculationmethod. Physical aspects of electron and neutron beam therapy.

Radiation Protection:

Definition of radiation hazards maximum permissible dose and annual limit of intake (All), permissibledose levels on and around sealed source housing and installation principles of radiation protection andMPD's of different ICRP rules, stochastic and non-stochastic effects. Importance of 'ALARA' physicalprinciples of design and planning of radiation installation. Safe work practice in tele therapy and Brachtherapy. Shielding materials, radiation surveys and personnel monitoring devices film badges. TLDbadges, pocket dosimeters.

BASICRADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES

Skull: Radiography of cranial bones, cranium, sella turcica, orbit, optic foramina, superior orbital fissureand inferior orbital fissure. Facial Bones:. Dental Radiography:. Abdomen:, Macro radiography:,Stereography:, Soft tissue techniques: , Operation theatre techniques:

Radiography:- techniques including special procedures.

Ventriculography and encephalogrphy. Myelography. Angiogrphy

60

O.T. TECHNICIAN\.. 1. Introduction to surgery and basic surgical procedures

2. Sterilization of equipment and O.T. (Aphasia, Antisepsis & Fumigation.) & O.T.hygiene.

3. Surgical infection in O.T. & prevention anti Microbial therapy.

4. Fluids & electrolytes & intra venous fluids & setting up of IV line & Eletransfuisa.

5. Shifting of O.T. patients (Pre & Post op.) Sp. trauma patients.

6. Various surgical instrument.

7. Maintenance & care of general & special surgical instruments & equipments.

8. Pre-Op requirements (case papers, Pt. identification, consent, pre-op instruments).

9. Positioning of patient for special surgical procedures.

10. Control of Hemorrhage & resusaration.

11. O.T. illumination.

12. Preparation of surgical field.

13. Assisting at operation & setting up of instrument trolley

(a) Gen. surgery.

(b) Uri. Surgery.

(c) Gastrointestinal surgery.

(d) Neurosurgery.

(e) Cardiovascular surgery.

(f) Orthopedic surgery.

(g) E.N.T surgery.

(h) Gynaelogical & Obstetric surgery.

14. Surgical sutures.

15. Collection of specimens

16. Dressing material & their application.

17. Waste disposal.

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