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www.ebsi.co.krpart I answers + explanations

Gateway Exercises 01 02 03 04

01 10~13

Gateway

Topic

Translation Diane Edwards East End . East End Seaport Museum 2017 Bug Lighthouse Experience .

.

50 . 11 18 , ?

. .

Joseph Loach

Structure in Focus I have read from your notice [that the East End

Seaport Museum is now offering {a special program}, {the 2017 Bug Lighthouse Experience}].

[ ] that read , [ ] { } .

Would you please let me know [if it is possible {to make a group reservation for the program for Saturday, November 18}]?

[ ] if know . [ ] it , { } to .

01 Exercises

Topic

Translation Mike Cooper Springfield ()

. Mike Dream Animation Studio .

.

.

. .

Dream Animation Studio

. Mike . Susan Pitt .

Mike Cooper Dream Animation Studio .

Solution Guide Mike Cooper (His positive contributions to the dynamics of this department will be greatly missed.) Dream Animation Studio (On behalf of all of us, I wish Mike Cooper every success at Dream Animation Studio.) .

Structure in Focus It will allow him to [further his potential] as well as

[take Dream Animation Studio to a higher level]. [ ] ~()

~ as well as ... to to .

02 Topic

Translation Johnson

. , 5 . 5 .

. ,

. ,

.

.

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www.ebsi.co.kr

, .

.

Walker Joseph Walker

Solution Guide

,

, .

Structure in Focus As a result, we need to build extra classrooms [so

that we can easily accommodate the increasing number of students to our school].

[ ] ~

.

03 Topic

Translation DMG-R5000 . ,

. DMG-R5000

3 . .

.

, .

, 206/1555-0221, 223 .

Solution Guide ,

, .

Structure in Focus In the end, though, we know [that its {our

reputation for providing our customers with the best in diagnostic technology} that keeps them coming back to us year after year].

[ ] know that. { } it is ~ that ... . cf. Our reputation for providing our customers with the best in diagnostic technology keeps them coming back to us year after year.

04 Topic

Translation Griffin 10 16 2 75 . 875 . , 800 . . 2 75 10 8 10 12 ( 15 2 30). . Gloria Arrelo 10 17

.

75 .

Robbie Burke

Solution Guide 2 .

Structure in Focus [My paycheck {for the two-week period ending

October 16}] was $75.00 short. [ ] was.

{ } paycheck . I have double-checked with my supervisor, Gloria

Arrelo, [who assured me {that she recorded my overtime on the timesheets she sent to your office on October 17}].

[ ] Gloria Arrelo . [ ] { } assured that.

part I

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part I answers + explanations www.ebsi.co.kr


02 14~17

Gateway

Topic

Translation .

.

.

. Bay Park , . !

.

. .

, ,

. ! .

Structure in Focus It was also so hot and humid that I could not enjoy

the tour fully. ~ so ~ that ...

.

But best of all, I was charmed by the native birds, monkeys, and lizards [moving among the branches].

[ ] the native birds, monkeys, and lizards .

01 Exercises

Topic

Translation Sara Sculpin Dorothy . ,

.

,

, .

Dorothy ,

,

.

Sara Dorothy .

Solution Guide Sara Dorothy , (like a sunbeam) (in winter she makes summer with her presence) , Sara Dorothy

.

Structure in Focus When she [sits at the piano, {singing in the

twilight}, or stands {leaning against the Venus in the corner of the room}], she presents herself more gracefully.

[ ] When . [ ] { } sits at the piano stands

.

02 Topic

Translation , , Susan () .

,

. Ergil . ?

Seltzer ? Dana ? Smith-Corona ? Ergil Feather

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? . Ergil Feather , . ,

. .

Solution Guide Susan .

, Susan .

Structure in Focus It was a brilliant afternoon, warm and sunny, and

Susan walked all the way home, [thinking about the script to start].

[ ] Susan walked all the way home .

03 Topic Angus McAllister

Translation

Angus McAllister,

.

.

,

.

, Angus McAllister 45 .

Solution Guide Angus McAllister

, Angus McAllister .

Structure in Focus [Moving here and there through his sacred gardens,

picking his sacred flowers], was a small girl in a cotton dress and straw hat.

[ ]

.

~ it was the same small girl [who two days before had {thrown stones at him} and {hit him in the shin}].

[ ] the same small girl . [ ] { } and had .

04 Topic

Translation ,

, Lois . Beverly Wallis . Beverly .

,

.

,

.

.

Solution Guide

,

.

part I

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Structure in Focus The kitchen was packed with wives, [all of them

laughing and talking loud], [none of them being helpful except for Lois from next door, {who was pulling bowls out of the refrigerator}].

[ ]

. { }

Lois from next door . They had changed her from her silk christening

gown into a white dress with yellow flowers embroidered around the neck, [as if she were a bride {whod slipped into her going-away dress at the end of the reception}].

[ ] ~

. [ ] { } a bride .


05 06 07 08

03 18~23

Gateway

Topic

Translation

. ,

,

. N ,

N-1. ? .

.

. ,

,

.

,

, ()

.

.

Structure in Focus If N equals the number of people in the circle, then

[the maximum number of balls you can have in motion] is N minus 1.

[ ] .

number. [What this demonstrates] is [that its equally

important to the success of the exercise {that the person youre throwing to catches the ball} as that you are able to catch the ball].

[ ]

. [ ] that . that it , { } that . 4

1

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01 Exercises

Topic

Translation

. , , ,

.

,

.

. ,

.

, ( )

, , ,

.

Solution Guide

.

.

Structure in Focus It does not depend on special talents, [nor does it

operate only in special fields, such as science, art, music or architecture].

[ ] , nor (does) (it) .

Only this kind of whole-hearted interest will give the mind [the energy {needed to see what is new and different}], ~.

[ ] give . { } the energy .

02 Topic

Translation , , ,

,

.

.

,

, .

. ,

.

.

. , ,

.

()

.

Solution Guide

, .

Structure in Focus In India, sharp declines in the frog populations may

be partly responsible [for higher rates of insect damage on crops] and [for an increase in malaria, {a serious and sometimes fatal disease transmitted by mosquitos}, {a main component of the frogs diet}].

[ ] for and responsible . [ ] { } malaria , { } mosquitos .

03 Topic

Translation 50 48 . 48 80 . 25 ( 5 5 50 ).

.

.

? 500 50 80 .

part I

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Solution Guide 50 ,

.

Structure in Focus It is estimated [that people age fifty and older spend

about 48 percent of consumer dollars]. It [ ] that

.

Nevertheless, marketing and merchandising programs commonly treat these customers [as if they are much older].

[ ] ~

.

04 Topic

Translation , ,

? , ,

.

,

. .

,

.

.

,

, .

,

. ,

.

.

, , ,

.

Solution Guide

,

, .

Structure in Focus I suspect that part of the answer will come from the

study of [things {that stand the test of time}], [such as some music, literature, and art].

[ ] of . [ ] { } things . such as [ ] [ ] .

Human conscious attention is limited by what it can attend to at any moment, [which means that consciousness is restricted to a limited subset of the musical relationships].

[ ]

.

05 Topic

Translation

.

.

.

,

()

,

, .

,

.

Solution Guide ,

.

Structure in Focus Instead, [people typically get so involved in doing a

program or getting a result like winning a title in a dog show] [or they worry so much about getting hurt], that they fail to listen to what their animals have to say.

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~ so ~ that ... . [ ]

[ ] or .

06 Topic

Translation ,

,

. .

()

.

.

. ,

.

.

,

.

Solution Guide

The best piece of advice you have received from family and friends is to be yourself.

.

Structure in Focus Many new college students view the college years

as a chance [to start over], [to be {who they really are}], and [to escape the perceptions {other students had about them in high school}].

[ ] and a chance . [ ] { }

the persons they really are . [ ] { }

the perceptions .

07 Topic

Translation FOMO, Twitter,

Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat . ,

,

. ,

, , ,

. ,

,

.

,

.

, ( )

.

FOMO , .

Solution Guide ,

,

, .

Structure in Focus At its root, the fear of missing out stems from the

idea [that this party, this concert, this show, this event will be the best thing ever] and [that if you dont go, youll regret it forever].

[ ] that and the idea .

If youd prefer to spend a Friday night in [reading a book] rather than [going to a party], do it.

[ ] rather than in .

08 Topic

Translation ,

.

.

,

( ) . ,

part I

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,

. ,

.

.

, ,

[ ].

Solution Guide

,

.

Structure in Focus They give up on [what they believe is right] and go

with the crowd, and later pay the consequences. [ ] on

.

What you have to understand is the people [who hate you] are jealous because of the fact [that they cannot have such good behaviors], so they choose to hate you.

[ ] the people , [ ] that the fact .


05 06 07 08

04 24~29

Gateway

Topic

Translation

,

. ,

.

.

.

, .

.

.

Structure in Focus The recovery of appetite or the motivation to eat is

apparent to anyone [who {has consumed a large meal and is quite full}, and {does not require additional energy or nutrients to meet their daily needs}, but {decides to consume additional calories after seeing the dessert cart}].

[ ] anyone . [ ] { } and but .

For example, subjects [who were presented with different shapes of pasta] showed increased hedonic ratings and increased energy consumption relative to subjects [eating only a single shape of pasta].

[ ] subjects , [ ] subjects .

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01 Exercises

Topic

Translation .

, . ,

,

. [

]

.

. ,

() ,

() .

,

.

Solution Guide

,

.

Structure in Focus First, it takes less energy and effort [to support a

large body in the ocean] than on land, because the pressure of the water helps to support the body.

it [ ] to . less than .

~ its massive body would require a skeleton [so big that it would collapse under its own weight].

[ ] ~ so ~ that ... skeleton , it its a skeleton.

02 Topic

Translation

. ,

,

, .

,

[

].

. ,

.

, .

,

.

.

. .

.

. .

Solution Guide

,

. ,

.

Structure in Focus [Saying something like, Im telling you this for

your own development, your design is all wrong] isnt going to produce positive results.

[ ] .

03 Topic ()

Translation ,

.

,

.

()

part I

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. ,

.

,

.

.

Solution Guide

,

.

.

Structure in Focus [To form an appropriate representation], a problem

solver must often try out several different perspectives on a problem before finding one [that gives insight to a solution path].

[ ] to . [ ] that one . one a perspective .

For example, mapping involves [comparing the problems for similarity in structure] and [identifying their parallel elements].

[ ] and involves .

04 Topic

Translation . , ,

,

.

, ()

. .

(GIS) , , GPS . ,

.

()

, .

,

, .

Solution Guide ,

,

.

Structure in Focus That is, the data must be put in a form [that the

computer can read]. [ ] a form . Some of this digitizing is done by humans [plotting

and entering the information], ~. [ ] humans .

05 Topic

Translation

. ()

.

() ,

.

.

.

,

.

,

.

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Solution Guide

,

.

Structure in Focus Those [charged with increasing tourism] must still

develop a promotional strategy, but it will be based on encouraging visitors to co-brand along with the professionals.

[ ] Those . it a promotional strategy.

06 Topic

Translation

,

() ,

.

, ,

.

. ,

.

.

Solution Guide

,

.

.

Structure in Focus The pedagogical tradition of requiring students to

raise their hands in class has the obvious instrumental purposes of [{establishing classroom order}, {testing student comprehension of content by maintaining a disciplined climate conducive to answering questions}, and {facilitating group discussion}].

[ ] { } and of .

[Thoughtfully carried out], turn-taking may enable the teacher to ensure fair participation as well as protect both [the less vocal students {who may need some gentle and kindly encouragement}] and [the more vocal ones {who may become targeted for abuse by other students who grow to resent them}].

[ ] .

[ ] ~

both ~ and ... . [ ] { } the less vocal students [ ] { } the more vocal ones . ones students .

07 Topic

Translation

. ,

.

(

) .

( ) .

.

part I

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( , ) .

.

.

Solution Guide

,

.

Structure in Focus In a nutshell, it says [that {since travel times

increase with traffic volumes}, an additional car on the road slows down all other cars, {increasing time costs for all the occupants of all the cars}].

[ ] that says . { }

{ }

.

A congestion charge is intended to confront users with costs [imposed on other users], [so as to align private costs with social costs].

[ ] costs . [ ] .

08 Topic

Translation ,

.

,

.

, , ,

, .

, , ,

,

.

.

, .

, ,

,

.

Solution Guide

,

.

Structure in Focus There are limits to what historians can study: they

can study only parts of the past [that left evidence behind] and [for which evidence has survived].

[ ] and parts of the past . parts of the past , for evidence . , evidence for parts of the past has survived .

Historians aim to [describe what happened], [explain how and why it happened], and [link past events to wider contexts and the passage of time].

[ ] and to to .

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05 06 07 08

05 30~35

Gateway

Topic

Translation

, 70 , 125 .

1998 70 , 1976 50 .

,

.

.

( )

.

.

Structure in Focus ~; the life- plus-70-years standard was set by the

Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998, [which increased the 50-year limit {established by the 1976 Copyright Act}].

[ ] the Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998 . { } the 50-year limit .

In addition to protecting the rights of authors [so as to encourage the publication of new creative works], copyright is also supposed to place reasonable time limits on those rights [so that outdated works may be incorporated into new creative efforts].

[ ] so as to

. [ ] so that.

01 Exercises

Topic

Translation

. 83 ,

. ,

.

,

.

,

.

Solution Guide

.

: .

Structure in Focus [Undeterred by her numeric age], she is involved in

professional projects and community programs [that maintain and strengthen her brains fitness].

[ ]

. [ ]

professional projects and community programs .

The longer we stay actively engaged in complex thinking and meaningful work, the more energized the brain is and the more cognitive reserves are being built.

The(), the() ~ .

part I

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02 Topic

Translation

?

( ),

.

, , ,

, .

,

.

.

. ( )

.

Solution Guide

,

.

.

!

Structure in Focus Do you think [the early pioneers of America thought

about payback when they helped each other build houses and barns]?

[ ] think . help+ (build) to(to build) .

[Working in the hospital as a therapist and an administrator for many years], I know [that the people {who could ask for help and graciously accept it} were the ones {the staff most liked to take care of}].

[ ] .

[ ] that know . [ ] { } the people

. { } the ones .

03 Topic

Translation ,

.

. 80 . (

) 95 .

, 70, 57 , ( 80 ) 50 . ,

,

.

,

.

Solution Guide

,

.

:

?

Structure in Focus No one could deny, [once theyve given it any

thought at all], [that women are responsible for the majority of consumer purchases].

[ ] ~

, [ ] that deny . [ ] .

Finally, [women write an estimated eight out of ten personal checks in the United States], [making their financial power even greater].

[ ] [ ]

.

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04 Topic

Translation

.

.

() .

.

,

, ,

.

.

Solution Guide

,

.

Structure in Focus Those of us [who have experienced a dark time in

life through serious illness or emotional trauma] know the opportunity [it brings for enormous wisdom and insight].

[ ] Those of us , [ ] the opportunity . it a dark time in life.

~ at first we can see nothing, [yet after our eyes have had a chance to refocus, {we begin to see particular items in the room even though the room is still dark}].

yet . [ ] { } .

05 Topic

Translation ,

.

, ,

.

, ,

. .

,

,

. ,

,

.

, 137 .

Solution Guide

,

,

: .

:

Structure in Focus There are many questions we can ask about the

origin of the universe, [not all of which can be answered by science].

[ ] but not all of them can ~ , not all ~ .

[Whether or not we can get a definitive answer], we can be confident in the process [by which the explanations were developed], [allowing us to rely on the knowledge that is produced through the process of science].

[ ] ~ ~

. [ ]

the process . [ ] .

part I

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06 Topic

Translation

.

25 . 25

.

,

.

(EU) .

.

35 .

Solution Guide

,

.

:

Structure in Focus However, this resulted in [German labor costs

becoming the highest in the world], and German companies are now shifting jobs out of Germany in order to remain globally competitive.

[ ] in . German labor costs becoming .

[Facing the threat of job losses], French workers at a car components factory [owned by a leading global supplier of vehicle technology] voted to work longer hours for the same pay.

[ ]

. [ ]

a car components factory .

07 Topic

Translation

, , ,

,

. ,

,

.

.

.

, () ,

.

.

.

Solution Guide

,

.

: .

Structure in Focus The idea [that we are living moments of more and

lives of less] is supported by a recent study [in which pairs of college-aged friends were asked to communicate in four different ways: face-to-face conversation, video chat, audio chat, and online instant messaging].

[ ] that The idea . [ ] a recent study .

It is [when we see each others faces and hear each others voices] that we become most human to each other.

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[ ] It is ~ that ... .

08 Topic

Translation

,

( )

.

, , ,

.

,

.

.

Solution Guide

.

.

Structure in Focus The responses of even the most well-meaning

subjects are going to be filtered by all kinds of factors [usually involved in self-perception], not to mention the additional problems [that can occur when an individual is anxious, angry, suspicious, or mentally ill].

[ ] all kinds of factors . [ ] the additional problems .

The most common problem [that arises from this factor] is [that most people tend to rate themselves

more favorably on positive qualities and less unfavorably on negative ones than {they are likely to actually merit} when compared with external standards].

[ ] The most common problem . [ ] that is . [ ] { } more favorably less unfavorably .

, ?

, ,

part I

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06 36~41

Gateway

Topic

Translation 2010 2015 . 2015 2010 .

2010 , 2015 . 2010 , 2015 . 2015 2010 . 2010 2015 .

Structure in Focus The sales of Fairtrade in 2015 were [twice as high

as] those in 2010. [ ] twice( )ashigh(

)as ~ . those the sales of Fairtrade .

01 Exercises

Topic

Translation 2007 2015 () (

) .

2007 2010 . 2012 2013 () .

2007 2015, . ,

, 2015 2008

. , 2015 30 , 2008 10 .

Solution Guide 2015 31.2 2008 23.8 7.4 .

Structure in Focus The recovery of the percentage of identified dogs

and, to a lesser extent, cats [arriving at shelters] can be seen after the drop [observed in 2012 and 2013].

[ ] identified dogs and, to a lesser extent, cats . [ ] the drop .

However, from 2007 to 2015, the percentage of identified cats is [notably less than that of dogs].

[ ] is . that the percentage .

02 Topic

Translation 2015 () .

3 1 2015 . 10 1 2015 .

2015 49 .

.

2.

Solution Guide

49

.

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Structure in Focus The frequent moviegoers [who go to the cinema

once a month or more] accounted for 49% of all tickets [sold in the U.S. and Canada in 2015].

[ ] The frequent moviegoers , [ ] all tickets .

The percentage of infrequent moviegoers was equal to [that of frequent moviegoers], and the percentage of the tickets [purchased by the infrequent moviegoers] was only 2%.

[ ] to . [ ] that the percentage . [ ] the tickets .

03 Topic

Translation 2013 2016 , , EU . EU .

, 2015 . 2014 . 2014 EU 19.5 , . EU 2013 18.3 ,

.

Solution Guide 2014 21.8 .

Structure in Focus In 2014, EU people held onto their smartphones for

19.5 months, [which was the highest average number of months in that year].

[ ] 19.5 months .

04 Topic

Translation 20 .

.

(48) 20 ,

. 20

. 42 , 33 , 24 20 .

, 65 (20 ) (20 )

.

Solution Guide 65 , (49, 53) 20 .

.

Structure in Focus Nearly half (48%) of them believe the health of

children as a whole is worse today than it was 20 years ago, [while a smaller share believe childrens health is better today].

[ ] while .

~; seniors (adults aged 65 and older) are the only age group [in which more people see public health as worse rather than about the same or better today].

[ ] the only age group .

part I

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05 06 07 08

09 10

07 42~51

Gateway

Topic Jim Marshall

Translation Jim Marshall 20 . Grammy Trustees Award .

1959 . Rolling Stones, Bob Dylan, Ray Charles . Beatles ,

Rolling Stones 1972 . ,

. 50 500 . .

. . .

Structure in Focus He [was the only photographer {granted backstage

access for the Beatles final full concert}] and [also shot the Rolling Stones on their historic 1972 tour].

[ ] and He . [ ] { } the only photographer .

01 Exercises

Topic Astrodome

Translation , Astrodome . 18 .

710, 208, 25 . Astrodome , 6 1964 11 .

,

.

. ,

,

Astroturf .

Solution Guide ,

,

Astroturf (Bermuda grass originally covered the playing surface, but the painted ceiling panels blocked the sunlight and the grass died, prompting the development and installation of an artificial surface, now known as Astroturf.) , .

Structure in Focus ~, but the bright sunlight coming through them

made it difficult [for baseball players to see and catch fly balls].

it [ ] to . [ ] baseball players to .

~, but the painted ceiling panels blocked the sunlight and the grass died, [prompting the development and installation of an artificial surface, {now known as Astroturf}].

[ ]

. [ ] { } an artificial surface .

02 Topic Charlotte Baker

Translation Charlotte Baker 1833 4 11

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Springfield . Matthew Bridge Catharine (Catlin) Baker . Springfield Rowland Stebbins . Baker , 11 , 11 Greenfield Misses Stones School , Deerfield Academy , .

, 1856 Susan Minot Lane . 1864 , Baker Cambridge . , ,

.

Pictures from French and English History .

Solution Guide Baker Pictures from French and English History (She also wrote a series for children, Pictures from French and English History.) , .

Structure in Focus The family on her mothers side descended from

Rowland Stebbins, [one of the founders of Springfield].

[ ] Rowland Stebbins .

~, she did not attend school regularly until about age eleven, [when she entered Misses Stones School in Greenfield, Massachusetts], and later Deerfield Academy, [where she and another young woman were the only females].

[ ] about age eleven , [ ]

Deerfield Academy .

03 Topic

Translation ( )

(18 ~ 3)

. () ,

,

.

, .

.

.

. ( 1 1 ) ( ) 5, 15 .

: 3 28 ~ 5 23: 18 ~ 3: Save Green 10, 12: 10:30 ~ 11:30

Solution Guide Save Green 10, 12(Program fee: $10 for Save Green members; $12 for non-members) .

Structure in Focus Your child will begin to [learn the names of local

animals and plants], [sing songs {that awaken their senses}] and [enjoy being outside].

[ ] and to to . [ ] { }

songs .

04 Topic Palm Coast Walk for Food 2018

Translation Palm Coast Walk for Food 2018

11 Walk for Food

Walk for Food .

.

.

: 2018 11 3 : 10:00 ~ 1:00 .

part I

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: Palm Coast Flagler Palm Coast Sal Campanella

12 10 12 5 5 40

( )

.

.

, [email protected] .

Solution Guide

(Trophy for team with most walkers) .

Structure in Focus Delivering food to those [who are immobile in our

community] [ ] those ,

those .

05 Topic 2018 MSU

Translation 2018 MSU

MSU 4 12 . 6 18 21 MSU . 14 Montana ,

.

: 4~12, : 100 : 375 (6 18 390) : 8 10 . ,

, .

.

.

.

(, , 10 ) .

Solution Guide (All campers will also receive a soccer ball and camp T-shirt.) , .

Structure in Focus [Entering its 14th year], the camp is one of the

largest in the state of Montana and is designed to take each campers skills and knowledge of the game to a higher level.

[ ]

.

06 Topic Jan van Eyck

Translation Jan van Eyck 1390 , 1422 . Jan van Eyck . Bruges , Burgundy Philip the Good . Philip . van Eyck .

,

. ,

. van Eyck ,

.

Solution Guide van Eyck (For centuries van Eyck was regarded as the inventor of oil painting.) , .

Structure in Focus He spent most of his career in Bruges in Belgium,

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[where he worked for Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy].

[ ] Bruges .

His craftsmanship was superb, and he created effects of glowing colour and extremely delicate detail [that are still amazing to see].

[ ] effects of glowing colour and extremely delicate detail .

07 Topic witchetty grub

Translation witchetty grub( ) , Cossid . 2 , black wattle( ), , .

. B1, C, , , ,

, .

,

.

.

,

. ,

. witchetty grub []

.

Solution Guide ,

(The raw grub tastes nutty, while the cooked version tastes like fried egg.) , .

Structure in Focus The grubs were eaten raw or roasted in hot ashes to

crisp the skin, [the flesh turning from white to golden], like roast chicken skin.

[ ] the flesh .

08 Topic Lake

Translation

,

.

Lake Haligus Road 9010 , 20 30 .

() .

.

.

2017 , . 2018 2017 , . 2017 . 25, 35.

2017 `` 12 92017 `` 12 12 12 16 2018 12 19

Solution Guide

(Gardeners should bring all the tools it will take to tend their garden.) , .

Structure in Focus Join the many gardeners and plant growers [who

might not have room on their own property {to grow a vegetable or flower garden}].

[ ] the many gardeners and plant growers . [ ] { } to room .

Priority registration will be given to those [who had a garden plot in 2017].

[ ] those .

part I

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09 Topic Saint Matthew

Translation Saint Matthew !

5 7 11 !, , ,

? ?

? !

.

.

: 5 7 11 , (): 5 10 3 15 : 5 18 3 15 ~ 5 15(

.) 5 21 .

: 6 1 6 6 , 3 15 ~ 5 15

: 6 15 1 15 ? DeWitt ([email protected]). !

Solution Guide 5 18 , 5 21 (Results will be posted Monday, May 21.) , .

Structure in Focus You must be available on these dates [to be eligible

to participate]. [ ] to .

10 Topic

Translation

Fall Shade Tree Distribution

.

.

:

-

.

- 30 .

- 20 . :

. 2018 9 7 .

. www.theparkpeople.org .

:

9 , , 2018 10 12 .

Solution Guide 9 10 12 (In mid-September, if your application is approved, you will receive a confirmation letter specifying which species you will receive and where to pick up your tree(s) on October 12, 2018.) .

Structure in Focus In mid-September, if your application is approved,

you will receive a confirmation letter [specifying {which species you will receive} and {where to pick up your tree(s) on October 12, 2018}].

[ ] a confirmation letter . [ ] { } and specifying .

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05 06 07 08

08 52~57

Gateway

Topic

Translation

,

.

.

.

.

.

. 10 , ,

()

.

Structure in Focus [If the evidence indicates {that the charity is really

helping others}], they make a substantial donation. [ ] [ ]

{ } indicates that.

01 Exercises

Topic

Translation

.

, .

.

,

.

, , ,

.

, ()

.

Solution Guide (A) The economic and technical forces that first led to language standardization and mass literacy forces have .

(B) no matter language speak what speak .

(C) This core lexicon of modern education it , Taught .

Structure in Focus [Now that economic relationships are instantaneous

and global], national vocabularies have grown still larger in scope.

[ ] ~() ~

. still . Basic literacy in the contemporary world requires

knowledge of certain terms [known by literate people everywhere in the world, {no matter what language they speak}].

[ ] certain terms . [ ] { } .

02 Topic

Translation

. 20

,

.

,

.

part I

27 _ 08

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.

.

Solution Guide Physical inactivity now recognized as an increasingly important determining factor of health being is . ~ be knownto to play . that great changes have swept the entire world since the second half of the twentieth century, ~ in developing countries is that . Traditional largely plant-based diets plant-based largely . while it is is critical .

Structure in Focus What is apparent at the global level is that great

changes have swept the entire world since the second half of the twentieth century, [inducing major modifications in diet, first in industrial regions and more recently in developing countries].

[ ] great changes have swept ~ the twentieth century .

03 Topic

Translation

. Chris Craft Bob MacNeill .

.

MacNeill .

. []

. Bob MacNeill

.

Solution Guide (A) watching improve .(B) they (perceive) being perceived .

(C) to ask , actively .

Structure in Focus Some boat owners report [that {they do not express

dissatisfaction because they are not sure what to ask for}, or {they fear being perceived as a nuisance by the boat dealer}].

[ ] that report . [ ] { } or .

Other boat owners [lack confidence in the dealers knowledge about the boats {they sell}] or [think that everyone has these problems].

[ ] or . [ ] { } the boats .

04 Topic

Translation , ,

. ,

.

.

. , ,

.

.

,

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.

.

Solution Guide only through constant self-policing Its ~ that ... .

that who which that . that we know were mistakes things . things were . our errors them .

getting all the information we need and from , assessing .

the ~ . ,

the guilty .

Structure in Focus It distorts reality, [keeping us from getting all the

information we need and assessing issues clearly]. [ ]

.

05 Topic

Translation .

,

, , ,

. ( )

?

? ,

. 1964 2 20 . 3 .

20 . 2 4 ,

.

? .

Solution Guide (A) Hudson Bay, the Great Lakes, the hundreds of thousands of lakes of Canada none of (A) which .(B) the largest earthquake ever recorded in North America rocked .(C) much of (C) 24,000 square miles of wilderness it .

Structure in Focus In 1964, [the largest earthquake ever recorded in

North America] rocked Alaska with [200,000 megatons of concentrated might], [the equivalent of 2,000 nuclear bombs].

[ ] . [ ]

.

06 Topic

Translation , ,

.

,

.

, , , ,

, .

.

,

.

.

Solution Guide we (draw on)

part I

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, Drawn Drawing .

perspectives share . Athletes , who . stay , confident . to seek out pressure situations and encourages to view .

Structure in Focus ~, we define confidence as athletes belief in their

ability [to {achieve their goals} and {fully realize their ability}].

[ ] ability . [ ] { } and to .

07 Topic

Translation

.

, Shep . ,

.

,

.

.

, .

. ,

,

,

.

Solution Guide (A) The fact that chimps do have basic ability when it comes to the use of arbitrary symbols fact is

.

(B) though , yet . already .

(C) the instance leans .

Structure in Focus [The fact {that chimps do have basic ability when it

comes to the use of arbitrary symbols}] is enough to suggest the gradually building complexity in symbol-use among primates.

[ ] . [ ] { }

The fact that. [Since the sound is distinctive], [since its about

coming in the house], and [since no other dog Ive had has ever used this rather arbitrary sound], the instance leans toward real language.

[ ] since and . .

08 Topic

Translation

. ,

,

,

.

, .

,

. ,

, ()

.

,

,

.

Solution Guide lived to reproduce and People who were appropriately scared

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, becoming became . to to pet . than children and adults alike are quick they are . targets , that . dangers ones .

Structure in Focus Indeed, if ancient people had walked up to the

saber -toothed tiger to pet the nice kitty instead of heeding their fear and fleeing, we would not be here now.

if had walked would be . if , .

This supports the idea [that humans have developed the ability to home in on targets that carry a perceived threat, ~].

[ ] that the idea .


05 06 07 08

09 58~63

Gateway

Topic

Translation

.

,

.

.

,

6 , (

) ! (INA) 11 10 .

, ,

,

. 10 ?

Structure in Focus Rather incredibly, one archaeologist employed by a

treasure hunting firm said [that as long as archaeologists are given six months {to study shipwrecked artifacts before they are sold}, no historical knowledge is lost]!

[ ] said that. as long as ~ ~ , ~ { } to .

Then, to interpret those finds, they had to learn Russian, Bulgarian, and Romanian, [without which they would never have learned the true nature of the site].

[ ] and without learning Russian,

part I

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Bulgarian, and Romanian, they would never ~ .

01 Exercises

Topic

Translation ,

, ,

. ()

,

. ,

. 30

.

,

. ,

.

Solution Guide (A) , ,

risk . benefit .(B)

embrace . resist .(C) ,

forced . prohibit .

Structure in Focus Technological advances will enable [high-

performance athletes] [to move faster, jump higher, hit harder, and improve their consistency].

[ ] enable , [ ] to .

However, some advances may also carry increased risk to the athletes body, [which may not stand up to the increased forces of movement].

[ ] the athletes body .

02 Topic

Translation Tom , .

. , ,

,

. A B .

?

1 ? .

( ) Tom ,

,

.

Solution Guide

. evident() hidden() .

Structure in Focus Even if he can make some high-level choices

[fastest, shortest, most scenic, or avoid toll road] he cant discuss with the system [why a particular route is chosen].

[ ] some high-level choices , [ ] wh- discuss .

He isnt given alternatives [that he might well prefer despite a slight cost in time].

[ ] alternatives .

03 Topic

Translation

, ,

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.

[

, ] .

.

.

.

.

.

.

Culture Note social exclusion( ) , ,

Solution Guide (A)

undesirable . desirable .(B)

.

maintained . disregard .

(C)

collective . individual .

Structure in Focus The most direct way of [undoing the damage caused

by social exclusion] is [to bring the shy, lonely, and alienated back into the embrace of society].

[ ] The most direct way . [ ] to is .

What is necessary, therefore, are policies [to ensure {that social cohesion is maintained within various social institutions, and in society at large}].

[ ] to policies . [ ] { } that ensure .

04 Topic

Translation ,

. ,

.

,

.

()

, .

,

( ).

Culture Note fungal network()

,

.

.

Solution Guide

,

closed open .

Structure in Focus Otherwise, its difficult [to explain {why insect

pests specifically seek out trees whose health is already compromised}].

it [ ] . [ ] { } wh- explain .

A trees silence could be [because of a serious illness or, perhaps, the loss of its fungal network, {which would leave the tree completely cut off from the latest news}].

[ ] because of . [ ] or , { } the loss of its fungal network .

part I

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05 Topic

Translation .

.

.

.

.

, ,

.

()

.

()

.

Solution Guide (A)

input . output .(B)

compromise . comparison .(C) ,

accept . uncover .

Structure in Focus A policy may be developed [that represents a

compromise between the criteria {determined by science} and the pragmatic needs of politics].

[ ] A policy . [ ] { } the criteria .

An effective policy should [be cost-effective and fair], [place limited demands on government], and [provide assurance to the public {that the goals will be met}].

[ ] and should . [ ] { } assurance that.

06 Topic

Translation ,

[] .

( ) . 2

.

,

,

.

. ,

, .

Solution Guide

,

disadvantage advantage .

Structure in Focus Speakers in the less economically advanced group

[who are familiar with the language of the more economically advanced group] are at an obvious advantage.

[ ] Speakers in the less economically advanced group .

As a result, they tend [{to consider their own language as less useful} and {to neglect it}], [using the other language with increasing frequency and encouraging their own children to learn it].

[ ] { } to and tend . [ ]

.

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07 Topic

Translation

. ( )

,

.

,

. , .

() 50:50.

,

. ,

.

Solution Guide (A) ,

less . more .

(B) . ,

believe . deny .(C) , 50:50 , ,

reinforces . prevent .

Structure in Focus The Monte Carlo Fallacy (or Gamblers Fallacy) is

the mistaken belief [that if something happens more frequently than normal during some period, then it will happen less frequently in the future, presumably as a means of balancing nature].

[ ] that the mistaken belief . that if ~, then ... .

The problem with the Monte Carlo Fallacy is [that someone {who has had a spate of good luck} automatically tends to believe that his next venture will be unlucky or vice versa].

[ ] that is . [ ] { } someone .

08 Topic

Translation

. , ,

, , ,

.

.

. ,

.

,

.

.

( ) .

, ,

.

Solution Guide ,

,

. mystical physical .

Structure in Focus Tourism takes place simultaneously in [the realm of

the imagination and that of the physical world]. [ ] in . that the

realm . They experience moments [that they have already

seen at home in books, brochures and films]. [ ] moments .

part I

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10 64~67

Gateway

Topic Scott Adams

Translation Dilbert Scott Adams . , PBS-TV , Jack Cassady .

, Cassady . Cassady Adams . Adams , .

Cassady , , , . 15 , Cassady ,

. Cassady , .

Structure in Focus Scott Adams, the creator of Dilbert, [one of the most

successful comic strips of all time], says [that two personal letters dramatically changed his life].

[ ] Dilbert . [ ] that says .

[Not following Cassadys advice], he became discouraged, put his materials away, and decided to forget cartooning as a career.

[ ] he .

01 Exercises

Topic Carl

Translation Carl

Lewis . ,

.

,

.

, ,

,

. .

10

.

Solution Guide , , , Carl , Carl .

Structure in Focus [Fearing that something might have delayed his

father, or that he might although that seemed impossible have forgotten the time], he turned, and ran up the stairs to his fathers room.

[ ] he .

It was a small room near his own; the big, best bedroom [in which he had been born 10 years earlier and in which his mother had died], was never used and was always kept clean and neat behind its closed door.

[ ] the big, best bedroom .

02 Topic Liam

Translation Liam .

. ,

. Liam .

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.

.

Liam 1 .

Liam . Liam

.

Solution Guide Liam Liam .

Structure in Focus She felt [it was just as important as his lessons {that,

now and again, he leave the confines of their home and have fun}].

[ ] felt . [ ] it { } .

important that leave have .

Yet Liams mother never seemed to worry, and always seemed to know [exactly {where her son would be} and {what he would be doing at any given time}].

[ ] wh- know . [ ] { } and exactly .

03 Topic Jim

Translation Jim ,

. Jim ! .

. .

.

. Jim .

.

.

. ,

,

.

Solution Guide , , , Jim , the white man .

Structure in Focus Jims eyes, [wandering in the intervals of his

answers], rested upon a white man [who sat apart from the others, with quiet eyes that glanced straight].

[ ] , while they were wandering ~ his answers . [ ] a white man .

For days, for many days, he [had spoken to no one] but [had held silent, incoherent, and endless conversation with himself, like ~].

[ ] but . he himself .

04 Topic Pascal Descartes

Translation Pascal Ren Descartes . 1646 Pascal . 1647

. 9 23 Descartes Pascal . Pascal Descartes ,

Descartes . Descartes Huygens Pascal . . Descartes Descartes . , ,

. Pascal

part I

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Descartes . , Pascal

. Pascal . .

Solution Guide , , , Pascal , Descartes .

Structure in Focus Descartes wrote, rather cruelly, in a letter to

Huygens after this visit [that Pascal has too much vacuum in his head].

[ ] that wrote . Their views remained in disagreement, but it was

[the supreme rationalist in his role as a thoughtful doctor] whom Pascal would later remember.

[ ] it was ~ whom ... .


05 06 07 08

09 10 11 12

11 68~75

Gateway

Topic Heart of Darkness Apocalypse Now

Translation Francis Ford Coppola Apocalypse Now , . 19 Joseph Conrad Heart of Darkness . Apocalypse Now . , , ,

, Apocalypse Now Heart of Darkness . Kurtz

, .

Apocalypse Now ,

.

Structure in Focus Both describe a physical journey, [reflecting the

central characters mental and spiritual journey], down a river to confront the deranged Kurtz character, [who represents the worst aspects of civilisation].

[ ] a physical journey down a river a physical journey down a river . [ ] the deranged Kurtz character .

~, audiences were able to experience and identify with its themes more easily than they would have if the film had been a literal adaptation of the novel.

would have been able to experience and identify with its themes .

7

, , ! ,

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01 Exercises

Topic

Translation [ ]

.

.

,

. ,

.

Solution Guide

. On the other hand

, ,

[].

Structure in Focus Availability on the part of parents gives children a

strong sense of worth, [creating in them a feeling of being wanted].

[ ]

and it creates in them a feeling of being wanted .

On the other hand, [the I do not matter to anybody feeling {generated by a sense of being unwanted as a result of regular and long absence on the part of parents}] has been known to have grave repercussions in terms of the childs personality and emotional maturity.

[ ] . [ ] { }

the I do not matter to anybody feeling . feeling has .

02 Topic

Translation ,

. ,

, ,

, ,

.

,

.

.

, .

.

Solution Guide

.

Structure in Focus Although child prodigies are often rich in both talent

and ambition, [what holds them back from moving the world forward] is [that they dont learn to be original].

[ ]

. [ ] that is . They focus their energy on consuming existing

scientific knowledge, not producing new insights. ~ ~, not . . .

consuming ~ , producing .

03 Topic

Translation .

part I

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, ?

, ,

. , .

, ,

, .

, .

.

, , ,

(

, ).

Solution Guide

,

.

Structure in Focus After all, any given now, any given moment of

reality is what it is in the sense [that it cannot be anything other than what it is].

[ ] that the sense . And if this moment, this slice of reality, is beyond

improvement, then its the only way [it can be] (the best [it can be] perfect).

[ ] the only way the best .

04 Topic

Translation ,

.

. ,

. ,

.

,

. ,

.

,

[ ]

. ,

. , .

Solution Guide , , ,

.

Structure in Focus If you needed to commit something to memory, you

could notch the information down on the staff more or less with the same ease [as we do it with the flash-drive memory sticks of today].

. [ ]

the same ease .

05 Topic

Translation Laurence Olivier

.

.

.

( ).

. 20 Richard Burton , , .

,

.

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Solution Guide Laurence Olivier

Richard Burton .

.

Structure in Focus He was an amazing and brilliant technician [who

took big risks and thrilled audiences {far enough away not to be able to sense his technique}].

[ ] an amazing and brilliant technician . [ ] { } audiences .

Richard Burton, [also respected as one of the twentieth-century greats], had a voice [so huge that it would sometimes overwhelm the camera, the microphone, and all the intimacy of film acting].

[ ] Richard Burton . [ ]

voice . [ ] ~ so ~ that ... .

06 Topic

Translation

. , , ,

,

.

. ,

. ,

. .

.

,

.

Solution Guide

.

.

Structure in Focus Nuclear weapons have [turned war between

superpowers into a mad act of collective suicide], and [therefore forced the most powerful nations on earth to find alternative and peaceful ways to resolve conflicts].

. [ ] and have .

Hence [as knowledge became the most important economic resource], the profitability of war declined and wars became increasingly restricted to those parts of the world [where the economies are still old-fashioned material-based economies].

[ ] ~

. [ ] those parts of the world .

07 Topic

Translation . (

) , ,

( )

.

part I

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,

. ()

.

() ,

, ,

, ,

.

.

Solution Guide

.

Structure in Focus This evidence includes proofs of the type presented

in text books, but may also involve [numerical calculations], [already solved special cases], [geometrical pictures], [consistency with ones intuition about the field], [parallels with other fields], [wholly unexpected consequences {which can be verified}], etc.

[ ] 6 involve . [ ] { } wholly unexpected consequences .

Mathematicians try to increase their knowledge, but this knowledge is based more [upon the variety of independent sources of confirmation] than [upon logic].

[ ] more ~ than ... .

08 Topic

Translation ? ,

() , ,

, , . (),

() ,

, , , ,

,

. ,

.

, Mark Pagel , ,

.

.

Solution Guide

,

.

Structure in Focus When humans learned to communicate using oral

and, later, written language, [ideas, knowledge, and practices how to make a fishhook, build a boat, fashion a spear, sing a song, carve a god ] could replicate and combine like genes.

[ ] .

Humans became the only species [to acquire guidance on how to live from the accumulated knowledge of their ancestors, rather than just from their DNA].

[ ] to the only species .

09 Topic

Translation , .

Mark Twain .

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.

.

, ,

.

.

,

.

,

.

,

.

Solution Guide ,

,

.

Structure in Focus One mistake [technical professionals make when

writing for non-technical readers] is [assuming {their readers are as knowledgeable as they are about the subject}].

[ ] One mistake . [ ] is . [ ] { } assuming .

Also, a great deal of your time will be spent [generating additional messages to the reader {trying to explain what should have been clear the first time}].

spend-ing spend . [ ] -ing . [ ] { }

additional messages to the reader .

10 Topic

Translation

.

. Peter Parker , .

()

. Peter

.

May

TV .

Solution Guide

Peter Parker

,

.

.

Structure in Focus Peter could [swing over buildings], [use his artificial

webbing to catch a pair of bank robbers], [then return a missing animal to the zoo] as part of a days work.

[ ] as part of a days work . then and .

But in the evening, at home with his Aunt May, he was the one superhero [who needed to {sew the holes in his socks}, {take two aspirin for his headache}, {then watch the TV news to see if there were any reports about his exploits earlier in the day}].

[ ] the one superhero

part I

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. [ ] { } 3 to to .

11 Topic

Translation

.

()

. .

, ,

.

( , ,

)

.

.

( ) .

Solution Guide

,

.

.

Structure in Focus We are bombarded with the message [that we can

control our weight through will power, proper nutrition, and exercise].

[ ] the message that.

We [shop at grocery stores filled with food {that isnt food}] and [exercise at gyms packed with people walking furiously on treadmills {that take them nowhere}].

[ ] and . [ ] { } food [ ] { } treadmills .

12 Topic

Translation

.

.

.

.

,

.

, .

, .

?

.

Solution Guide

,

,

.

Structure in Focus [That does not mean that they have to change their

genre], but [they certainly need to attempt to improve upon that genre with each and every book {that they offer to the public}].

[ ] but . [ ] { } each and every book .

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12 76~79

()

Gateway

Topic

Translation

,

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Structure in Focus If he makes a mistake, you dont wait until the egg

rolls are finished to tell him [that he left out the cabbage].

[ ] tell that. Rather than automatically offering immediate

correction, [use the just-in-time approach] and [provide feedback just before the person might make another mistake].

[ ] and .

01 Exercises

Topic

Translation

.

1 , 60/40 / ,

.

100 60 40 . ,

.

. ,

.

,

?

Solution Guide (A) .

(A) 60 40 , (A) 100 60 40 Thus .(B) , (B) For example .

Structure in Focus For example, it can be time-consuming and the

researcher would still need to consider [exactly how the subgroups that make up the sample are selected]: e.g., what if those [who are selected] refuse to participate how might this affect the representativeness of the sample?

[ ] wh- consider . [ ] those .

02 Topic

Translation

,

.

, (

part I

45 _ 12 ()

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) 20 . .

, (

) Outback() High Country( ), Uluru , , , .

( , )

.

Solution Guide (A)

, (A)

However .(B) , (B)

For example .

Structure in Focus [Most of the worlds great pilgrimage and tourist

sites were established through the written media, well before the coming of film], and [this limits the effect {that film had on actually establishing the iconic status of such sites}].

[ ] and . [ ] { } the effect .

However, this is not the case in countries such as Australia and New Zealand, [where the majority of our tourist sites (including the ancient indigenous sites) are, in one way or another, products of the 20th century].

[ ] countries such as Australia and New Zealand .

03 Topic

Translation

.

.

.

(

,

).

( )

.

.

Solution Guide (A)

, (A)

on the other hand .(B)

, (B)

However .

Structure in Focus Teachers [who stay securely ensconced behind the

barricade of their desk] automatically create a boundary [that {blocks effective interpersonal contact} and {gives a territorial feel to the room}].

[ ] Teachers [ ] a boundary . [ ] { } and .

Firm reminders and warnings are best conducted privately and individually (it reduces embarrassment or threat to the student and minimises the spectator effect, [both of which can fuel a challenge or counter-attack]).

[ ] embarrassment or threat to the student the spectator effect .

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04 Topic

Translation

.

,

,

. , 14 ( , )

. 18

( , ,

) . 14

.

Solution Guide (A)

, Consequently .(B) 18 , 14 , In contrast .

Structure in Focus Consequently, it would not be surprising if preverbal

infants had some basic understanding of other peoples emotional, nonverbal communications, [which research has indicated is indeed the case].

it . [ ] .


05 06 07 08

13 80~85

Gateway

Topic

Translation SNS , SNS ,

.

, .

.

( SNS .) SNS ,

.

, SNS

.

Structure in Focus In the context of SNS, media literacy has been

argued to be especially important in order to [make the users aware of their rights when using SNS tools], and [also help them {acquire or reinforce human rights values} and {develop the behaviour necessary to respect other peoples rights and freedoms}].

[ ] and in order to . [ ] { } and help .

Hence, [raising awareness of children from a very early age about the particular characteristics of SNS and the potential long-term impact of a seemingly trivial act] is crucial.

[ ] .

part I

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about awareness from

.

01 Exercises

Topic

Translation ,

.

, .

.

, 7 .

,

, . (

.)

, 1850 Zachary Taylor ,

.

Solution Guide

.

Structure in Focus Although most of these early Americans were

northern European by extraction, they consumed dairy products primarily in their preserved state.

they most of these early Americans their dairy products.

For example, the 1850 death of President Zachary Taylor is often attributed to a glass of milk [drunk after a Fourth of July celebration, after he had dedicated the cornerstone of the Washington Monument].

[ ] a glass of milk . [ ] after after .

02 Topic

Translation

, , .

( )

. ,

.

,

. ,

, , , , , ,

. (

.)

.

Solution Guide

,

.

Structure in Focus Myths remind us [that our existence, and its

meaning, are with, in, and through others]. [ ] that remind . Each of these relationships is necessary [for the hero

to take up his quest]. [ ] to necessary .

the hero to .

03 Topic

Translation .

, , ,

. ,

,

, , ,

.

.

, TV

48 EBS

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. (

.) ( ,

, )

( , ,

)

.

Solution Guide

, ,

,

,

.

Structure in Focus [Only by reading broadly] can we hope to

understand other cultures as well as others in our own culture.

[ ] only . (we) (can) .

Others may think of culture as encompassing characteristic qualities [of a nation or people (as in American culture, Canadian culture, or Irish culture)] or [of an ethnic group (such as Native American culture, French-Canadian culture, or Gypsy culture)].

[ ] of or qualities .

04 Topic

Translation ,

. ,

,

. (

) ,

.

,

. (

,

.)

,

.

Solution Guide

,

,

.

.

Structure in Focus In deciding [which mode(s) to use on a given trip

(e.g., car or bus)], travelers often trade off time versus money costs, [as the more costly travel modes are usually the faster ones].

[ ] wh-to deciding . [ ] as .

Each trip represents a triumph of such anticipated benefits over costs, although for the many trips [that are made out of habit] this complicated weighing of costs and benefits does not occur before each and every trip.

although this complicated weighing of costs and benefits. [ ] the many trips .

05 Topic

Translation

. , , ,

. .

part I

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, .

, ,

.

.

. (

.)

,

.

Solution Guide

.

.

.

Structure in Focus Because each component of an ecosystem interacts

with other components of that system, [action or change in one element] often leads to action or change in others, [which transforms the ecosystem].

[ ] , [ ]

.

Very heavy rains, however, could carry away soil and plant nutrients, [hindering the growth of vegetation], [thereby leaving a reduced food supply for the animals {that depend on that vegetation}].

[ ]

, [ ] Very heavy rains, ~ the growth of vegetation . [ ] { } the animals .

06 Topic

Translation

,

.

,

.

. (

.)

, ,

.

, , ,

.

Solution Guide

,

.

Structure in Focus There are convincing reasons [to believe {that

education can increase wages for some}], but there are even more convincing reasons [to believe {that education by itself will not end poverty}].

but . [ ] to convincing reasons even more convincing reasons { } believe .

[The long-standing, persistent myth {that education alone can cure poverty}] is dangerous because it has caused schools to become overly focused on economic outcomes [that will not be achieved without fundamental social and economic reforms].

[ ] . { }

that The long-standing, persistent

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myth . [ ] economic outcomes .

07 Topic

Translation

, ,

.

,

.

,

. (

, , ,

,

.)

,

, . DVD CD

, .

Solution Guide

,

.

Structure in Focus A book may help you with some basics, but a

private teacher acts as a personal trainer [who can collaborate with you to {solve your problems} and {work with your own learning style}].

[ ] a personal trainer . [ ] { } and to to .

A book never [tells you to go home and practice more], [helps you with stage fright], or [holds a recital].

[ ] or never .

08 Topic

Translation

.

.

(IPM) , ,

(IPM) . , IPM . (

.)

,

()

.

Solution Guide

,

.

Structure in Focus They might use integrated pest management (IPM),

[which involves using a pests natural enemies, such as adult lady beetles and their larvae, because they feed on lice that kill plants, instead of chemical pesticides].

[ ] integrated pest management (IPM) .

Another sustainable practice is rotating crops planting different crops in a field during growing seasons [so that the same crop each year does not deplete the soil or get wiped out by pests].

[ ] so that .

part I

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05 06 07 08

14 86~91

Gateway

Topic

Translation .

90 . . (B) , 50 ,

. (C) .

.

.

. . (A) Columbia Journalism Review ,

. Consumer Reports .

Structure in Focus Professional or trade magazines [are specialized

magazines] and [are often published by professional associations].

Professional or trade magazines [ ] and .

01 Exercises

Topic Borge

Translation Victor Borge .

, .

,

. (C) , 15 , Borge

. (B) .

. . (A) Borge . ,

.

Solution Guide Borge ,

(C) , (B) , (A) .

Structure in Focus If any members of it responded poorly, he would try

different lines of approach. it his audience . would ~

.

One man replied in English [so heavily accented as to be almost unintelligible], We come to hear you play piano. Please play piano.

[ ] English . so ~ as to ... ~ .

02 Topic

Translation

. (C) .

,

,

. (A) ,

.

,

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. (B)

.

Solution Guide

,

(C) , (A) , (B) .

Structure in Focus Common experience tells us [that an object {that is

moving at constant speed} will eventually slow down and come to a stop unless there is something to keep it moving at constant speed].

[ ] that tell . [ ] { } an object . slow down come to a stop and eventually .

The problem here is [that there is a friction force between the wheels and the road, {acting backwards}, and it eventually acts to bring the bicycle to a stop if the cyclist stops pedaling].

[ ] that is . [ ] { } a friction force .

03 Topic

Translation ()

.

.

(B) .

() (

)

. (C) , qamutik . ,

qimmiq . (A)

.

.

.

Culture Note the Inuit( )

, , .

,

(Inuit)

.

Solution Guide

. (B) these groups . (B) .

(C) .

. (A) These sleds .

Structure in Focus Groups of Inuit, [usually all related one way or

another], would form a group or band and move together from place to place in search of food.

[ ] Groups of Inuit . would ~ .

They never hunted for land animals and sea creatures on the same trip, [as they believed {that would anger the spirits}].

on the same trip never . [ ] as. { } believed .

04 Topic

Translation

,

. (B) ,

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. (A) , ,

,

. (C) , ,

.

Solution Guide

(B) ,

(A) ,

(A)

(C) .

Structure in Focus Economics of Happiness is a label [often used to

refer to a recent approach to assessing welfare {which combines the techniques typically used by economists with those more commonly used by psychologists}].

[ ] a label . { } a recent approach to assessing welfare .

By happiness is meant something rather peculiar, that is, the subjective state of mind of well-being [that people are asked to self-report according to the qualitative or numerical scale {proposed in the survey question}].

[ ] the subjective state of mind of well-being . { } the qualitative or numerical scale .

05 Topic

Translation Frederick Mathias Alexander

Alexander .

. (B) .

.

(C)

.

. (A) .

Alexander .

Solution Guide Alexander ,

(B) ,

(C) Alexander (A) .

Structure in Focus He frequently lost his voice [while on stage] a

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