{ world humanities review crashcourse ms. d style!
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World Humanities Review
CRASHCOURSE MS. D STYLE!
Why study History?
Reformation and Scientific Revolution
Luther’s Teachings-Lutheran Church Salvation “through faith
alone” Bible was the source of
religious truth Common people should be able
to read the bible in their own language and study it for themselves
Fewer sacraments and a simple mass
Luther was Excommunicated
Galileo studied the earth’s rotation-confirming that the Earth revolves around the Sun The Catholic Church
threatened him to withdraw his theories
The new scientific method was based on observation and experimentation
Galileo and the Scientific Revolution
Exploration
Why explore? Sought a direct route to the
riches of Asia Cut out the “middle man”
of the middle east Who explored?
Columbus- Financed by Spain (though he was Italian)
Conquistadors They wanted new sources of
wealth (GOLD) They wanted to spread
Christianity (GOD)
The Search for Gold, God, Glory-and Spices!
Splitting up the New World
*Line of Demarcation: dividing line between Portugal and Spain
Absolutism
Absolute Monarchs had total (or Absolute) power over the country/peoples they ruled, similar to a dictator
Divine Right- the belief that a king/queen’s right to rule came directly from god.
They have absolute power because god ‘chose’ them to rule
Absolute Monarchs and Divine Right
Louis XIV-Sun King of FranceLouis took the sun as the symbol of his absolute power and was often quoted as saying, “L’etat, c’est moi”—“I am the state.”
Philip II of Spain came up with Divine Right
Henry IV of France laid the foundations for Royal Absolutism
Louis XIV of France built Versailles, had costly wars, and was religiously intolerant
Peter the Great of Russia westernized Russia but was an oppressive tyrant
Meanwhile in England… Parliament asserted itself against
royal power (James Stuart I and Charles I) in England while absolute power expanded in the rest of Europe
English Civil War resulted in a constitutional monarchy
Meeting the needs of the people or themselves?
“The most high and absolute power in the realm consists in the parliament”-English statesman in the 1560s“Kings are called gods, because they sit upon God’s throne on Earth”- James I
Enlightenment and the French revolution
John Locke Separation of Church and State Natural Rights (life, liberty,
property) Gov should have limited power,
with the approval of all citizens Voltaire
Goal: to target abuse and corruption within government
Against the slave trade and religious intolerance
Against torture and the death penalty
Enlightenment Thinkers
Estate System under the Old Regime
1
FIRST ESTATE (1%) SECOND ESTATE (>2%)
THIRD ESTATE (97-98%)
The CLERGY
Enjoyed enormous wealth and privilege
Owned about 10 percent of land, collected tithes, and paid no taxes
Provided some social services
The NOBILITY
Owned land but had little money income
Hated absolutism
Feared losing traditional privilege, especially exemption from taxes
The BOURGEOISIE (middle class) and PEASANTS
Peasants were 90 percent of French population
Resented privilege of first and second estates
Burdened by taxes
2. DISCONTENT-Many earned miserable wages and faced hunger and even starvation
Bourgeoisie wanted more representation!
FAIR?
Philosophers like Locke, Rousseau and Voltaire critiqued divine right and government oppression.
Locke even encouraged revolution!
Inspired by these philosophers and the American revolution
Enlightenment inspires democratic thinking and urges reform of Absolutism
Enlightenment Ideas lead to Revolution
With a starving people and a government deeply in debt Louis XVI calls the Estates General to meet and solve the problems
PROBLEM: These three estates voted as a whole group, each group received ONE vote.
Third Estate was constantly outvoted
Members of the Third Estate broke off to form the National Assembly and declare the Tennis Court Oath:
vowed not to stop meeting until they had drawn up a constitution for France
Storming of the Bastille- a military fortress and Prison.
the storming of the Bastille quickly became a symbol of the revolution, a blow to tyranny
Socioeconomic Problems lead to Revolution
The Declaration of the Rights of Man All men were born free and equal in rights
To deal with threats to France, the Convention created the Committee of Public Safety.
The Reign of Terror lasted from about July 1793 to July 1794. Under the guidance of Maximilien Robespierre, some 40,000 people were executed at the guillotine.
To end the chaos the people accepted Napoleon as leader. He overthrew the Directory and crowned himself Emperor of France Napoleon consolidated his power by strengthening the
central government. Order, security, and efficiency replaced liberty, equality, and fraternity as the slogans of the new regime.
While Napoleon did undo some of the revolutions reforms he developed a new law code, the Napoleonic Code, which embodied Enlightenment principles like equality before the law
From Revolution to Napoleon
Industrial Revolution
Time before the Revolution used what was called the
“Domestic System” Domestic means home- home
based system Small farming by individual
families Family involved in the
producing products by hand Factory System and
Mechanization Use of machines to increase
production Flow of innovation leads to
spinning mill Workers + Machines=Factory
System
Domestic System vs Factory System
Problems of Factory Life
While capitalism rewards hard work, with workers being motivated by profit, this motivator breeds GREED.
Capitalists argue that there should be classes, some rich, some middle, some poor-it was necessary for the system
The idea that the class system was inevitable was known as SOCIAL DARWINISM: only the strong will survive, the poor are poor for a reason-its their own fault
As problems mounted and factory life worsened many began to criticize capitalism and wanted to government to step in to fix the problems of the industrial revolution
Communism was offered as an alternative Communism calls for the complete and total control of the
economy and business activity According to the Communist Manifesto, the
“proletariat” (workers) would rise up in revolution against greedy Capitalists
The Ugly Side of Capitalism
Imperialism
Causes of Imperialism
ECONOMIC INTERESTS POLITICAL & MILITARY INTERESTS
Manufacturers wanted access to natural resources.
Manufacturers hoped for new markets for factory goods.
Colonies offered a valuable outlet for Europe’s growing population.
Merchant ships and naval vessels needed bases around the world.
Western leaders were motivated by nationalism.
HUMANITARIAN GOALS SOCIAL DARWINISM
Many westerners felt concern for their “little brothers” overseas.Missionaries, doctors, and colonial officials believed they had a duty to spread western civilization.
Many westerners viewed European races as superior to all others.
They saw imperial conquest as nature’s way of improving the human species.