© wolkenkuckucksheim18 - 2 volume, issue 1

7/27/2019 Wolkenkuckucksheim18 - 2 Volume, issue 1

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2 Jg, Issue 1May 1997

Hans Joachim Harloff / Raffaela Blink

THE ECOLOGICAL TURN IN THE CITY PLANNING -CLAIMS OF PSYCHOLOGY TO THE HOUSING ANDHOUSING DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL COMPANY

1 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND THE ECONOMIC CRISIS TIME RIPEECONOMIES

1.1 The global ecological crisis - causes and consequences -1.2 The economic crisis mature industrial nations

2 THE ECOLOGICAL TURN IN THE INDUSTRIAL NATIONS

2.1 General Requirements2.2 dual economic and social order

2.3 The task of psychology

3 LOANS AND URBAN PLANNING AND HOUSING

3.1 General environmental education for self-care structures3.2 basic right to housingeducation 3.3 "small networks"3.4 formation of "koquartieren"

4 Concluding remarks - THE HUMAN transformation of consciousness

1 In the following discussion, we present a model of social change. This will beprofound and varied, so that the knowledge from other subject areas, as werepresent them (Psychology and Economics), is required to complete the outlinedimage of a necessary and desirable social development and to make feasible. Theconsiderations that we present are thus not considered by us as a finished or evenmature. They are meant to criticize, to think further and complete. One thing,however, we are completely safe: changes in the direction indicated here are notonly required for international considerations, but also and especially becausenational. Just one reason for this was previously highlighted. The unemployment

rate is in continuation of the 40 hour week from now 10% (total German) increaseup to 30%. Can anyone imagine that our social system may persist unchanged, andthe country is governable, when in section and on time every three adults isunemployed and many people including all her life anyone?

1 Global ecological problems and the economic crisis period mature economies

1.1 The Global Crisis - Causes and Consequences2 "Population growth and technological advances bring us ever closer to the end ofhumanity, because both nourish the earth capital after the extinction of mankind, thesun will continue to the other creatures that of any ambition. are inspired, get withtheir lower entropy alive. " Wolfgang Fste wrote in an essay on the occasion of

the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. 1

3 It can not be the task of this paper to show the extent of the global ecological crisisin detail. Importantly, however, seems to us to point out the global context of


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environmental degradation, exploitation and industrialization of developingcountries: 4 The developing countries on the one hand, more and more degenerateinto mere suppliers of raw materials. They live mainly on the export of rawmaterials and agricultural products, which are very cheap due to the low labor costsin these countries. Moreover, developing countries are in a constant competitionwith each other. 5 On the other side there are the industrial nations. Mainly exporttechnologies, machines, etc.. Due to the high labor costs they are sold veryexpensive. Moreover, the competition is among the industrialized nations compared

relatively low, especially when one considers that in some cases even existingglobal cartels in mind, so that the high prices of their products may also be required.6 From these facts, there is an absolute imbalance of market power, that put itbluntly, the consequence is that the poor countries are getting poorer and the richcountries get richer. 7 But such exploitation is not only immoral, but alsodetrimental to the environment: for example, many in the industrialized nationsbased companies are relocating labor-intensive parts of the production in the so-called "low-wage countries" of the Third World and southern Europe. Theassociated transport costs are a lot of times lower than the saved wages. A gooddeal to say for the company, not least at the expense of the environment, will be

considerably impacted and actually unnecessary by the thereby caused increasedtransport. 8 results As a result of this comparison, that the industrialized countries,partly also the countries of the "Second World" responsible as the main cause forthe current GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT are: the first one is directlythrough industrialization as such - keywords such as global warming, wasteproblems, etc. may illustrate this - and also by the associated high consumption ofresources. 9 The example of the food finishing this may be apparent: Thus, in theproduction of wheat in intensive cultivation times more energy is used as produced.In free-living cattle, the energy used is at least twice as high as that produced. Incontrast, the usual in our intensive fattening cattle consumed 80 times more energy

than is generated. When breeding of vegetables in the greenhouse these highconsumption figure rises even to the six hundred times the value of the energyproduced to. 10 In addition to these direct Quelllen environmental impact but alsobear the industrialized nations indirectly responsible for the additional burden on theenvironment by developing countries, such as the above have identifiedexploitation contexts significantly. In addition, "... poverty polluted the environmentand creates itself ... otherwise pollution Those who are poor and hungry will oftendestroy their immediate environment in order to survive: they are clear forests, theircattle will graze on the grasslands. and they will use marginal soils excessively, andin growing numbers they will flock to the congested cities. " 2 11 The responsibilityfor the removal of this misery lies with the industrialized nations - in theindustrialized countries themselves rethinking including the appropriateconsequences of actions must take place. (See Chapter 4 3/und). Ekhart Hahn evendescribes the ecological reconstruction of industrial society as "the central task ofthe late 20th and early 21st century." 3 12 - The ecological change in the countries ofthe third and fourth world must be co-financed by the countries of the first world atleast. For example, the general demand for termination of deforestation in the worldlung Amazon must be accompanied by a financial collection for the economic lossto Brazil. 13 - In addition, only the industrial, rich world can opt for a setting of thelooting of the planet, the poor world has this not freedom of choice. 14 - In thiscontext, for example, calls the Norwegian peace researcher and sociologist Johan

Galtung, not only that "the peripheral countries must guarantee a lower limit and aminimum in terms of food, clothing and shelter for all their people," but also "thecore countries are now gradually to an upper limit, or a maximum must think andact accordingly." 15 In summary, it can be quote again Wolfgang Fste: "Practical isrecognized in the rich countries of the North be that she for a peaceful


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compensation must share their wealth with the people, development aid is notenough that they have to leave the countries of the South to participate fairly in theglobal economy and that they must refrain from polluting industry goodbye. " 5

1.2 The economic crisis mature industrial nations

16 The consequences have to pull in the direction of ecological change theirsocieties from international consideration of the industrial nations cover, orcomplement, as will be shown below, with what their own economic crisissuggests. 17 Economic development and economic growth taking place notcontinuously but in steps. Implementation of technical and / or organizationalinnovations (rationalization) across the board lead to unemployment in themanufacturing sectors, where such innovations are introduced. It comes-oftenovershadowed by economic crisis to structural crises. In developing economies,however, these structural crises are not harmful, but even necessary for economicgrowth. While being released in declining sectors by streamlining labor, othersectors to expand, that they need additional manpower. In particular, it takesstrength to constantly develop new technologies and new industries emerge, whereworkers produce machines that replace the old branches of production workers.Thus, admittedly simplified terms, an agricultural machinery industry is only foundin a fully employed economy and expand, forces are released, which are used tobuild machines when the country in agriculture (or elsewhere). Such restructuringof developing economies do not last long (2-3 years). Afterwards there is fullemployment again. The economy produces henceforth effective, ie it is grown.Average incomes have risen and therefore prosperity. In growing economies,structural crises are therefore not a problem. Although rationalization investmentslead to release of labor, these are however - possibly after relocation and retraining

-. In other industries and / or locations again at 18 The rationalization investmentswith the corresponding increases in productivity began in the agriculture andmining (primary sector) continued to in industry (secondary sector) and are now upin the service sector (tertiary sector) penetrated, by definition, is the least accessibleof mechanization. In parallel with the industrialization and professionalredeployment took place partly because of the release of agricultural workers, aprocess of urbanization, which is largely complete in the developed economies ofNorth America and Northern and Western Europe. 19 The problem mature, highlydeveloped economies seems to be that in enterprises and administrations are indeedcarried out as before rationalization investments, but no or not enough replacement

jobs are available for the workers thereby released. While still creating newtechnologies that parallel to its introduction in the economy must increasingly bemade in new sectors of production, but extends the number of jobs created by it isno longer sufficient to compensate for the number of laid-off workers throughrationalization. Here there may be a tendency that still increases with increasing


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maturity of the economy. Jrgen Kromphardt (1995) in any case presented recentlysuccinctly that it will no longer be full employment in Germany. 6 The researchgroup Living in the City (1994) speaks in a future projection B for Germany in2020 from the fact that the proportion of unemployed "at a high level settles "or theso-called two-thirds society at a relatively high average income level stipulated"was; 7 and Schmachtenberg even claims based on calculations of Henzler andSpaeth, 8 that the unemployment rate of the German economy - assuming that allrationalization would be exhausted first - could already be up to 40%. 9 On the

other hand it is claimed by some experts that there would be in a developedindustrial nation like ours enough work for all. Meant here is to protect theenvironment or to the development and production of new technologies that can betraditional goods producing environmentally friendly than before. Germany, isrequired, can and should the leading provider of such technologies. 10 Thisrecommendation is, however, overlook the fact that the associated with their jobsonly arise if demand for the intentioned environmental protection measures or newproduction techniques is effective, however, because there is no evidence oftheoretically feasible and socially wnschbare work unfortunately does not createjobs before the Great Depression of the thirties there was a similar situation:..., the

presence of sufficient development opportunities, but the first were not seen.Nevertheless, at that time the economies of the leading nations have slowlyrecovered and then continued to grow more vigorously. So many might hope thateven now after a prolonged recession, our federal German economy will indeedevolve with full employment and ecological. 20 You have a long-term predictions tobe extremely cautious because economic developments of so many and sometimescounteracting influence factors are affected, that the final result of the reciprocalinfluences simply can not be estimated. Thus, for example, also the authors of"Limits to Growth" (Club of Rome, 19.) who had predicted a quick end to theeconomic growth in the industrialized nations, miscalculated thoroughly in several

ways and new developments could not be predicted.11

In particular:21

(1), thereserves of certain raw materials (including petroleum) underestimated. (2) wasgrasping measures for birth control, not seen before dying due to drought disasters,wars and epidemics (AIDS) and the extent overestimated population growth. (3)the ability to save on material in the production, the Dodge skill to alternativeprecursors and the possibilities for recovery of used materials (recycling) is notseen. 22 In addition, those lies were punished, who believed it would come in therich nations to a decline in demand due to saturation effects and therefore to growtharrest. According to the motto "you can only . approached simultaneously in a carand as a result it makes no sense to have multiple cars, "Since cars can have verydifferent functions, it fulfills very well needs to have several: the SUV to play, thesmall car for commuting to work or for shopping in the city and the trip limousinefor the trip to the South. too, the demand for housing does not stop when everyonehas a home. because it's fun to have one or more apartments in addition to andbeyond a caravan or a motorhome for spontaneous travel without fixed goals andtimes. Moreover, Harloff has recently pointed out that housing is among otherthings a result of prosperity, as people will always need bigger apartments (andassociated ancillary rooms) to accommodate their belongings can. 12 23 Our cautiousconclusion in terms of employment and economic growth is thus: It is likely toremain in the highly developed industrial nations come to further economic growth(which also means that the situation of the exploitation of poor countries will

remain by the rich), the increase of wealth. However, not all populations will applyequally in the industrialized societies. There will be some possibility of increasingunemployment, a growing segment of the population, the unemployed who willhave no share in the increase of living standards, but on the contrary increasinglyimpoverished because with an increasing proportion of non-earners for the


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government benefits they can not be maintained at current levels. Same lot meetsthe pensioners and welfare recipients, as well as their compensation must always bepaid out of current national product. Would you want them to share in the risingprosperity, one would have the decreasing number of regular income earners withhigher and higher taxes burden, although the latter are so high right now that notonly tax avoidance and evasion, but also economic denial of service have become aproblem.

24 Thus, we have the highly developed industrial nations in addition to a secondgroup of unemployed people, pensioners and social assistance recipients, whose lot

will deteriorate and will eventually push for a change in the social system. Theproblem is exacerbated by the fact that the number of retirees relative to the numberof working age will increase for the foreseeable future due to the unfavorablepopulation pyramid.25 But not only the supply of the unemployed, pensioners and welfare recipients isbecoming increasingly difficult in economically mature countries. Also, the healthcare and the sick and the elderly are becoming more expensive and therefore theproblem, the misery here is a multiple: increase the treatment and care costs. Thismeans that the insurance rates must be continually raised. Here, the situationworsened in the extent to which this group of people is greater, for example, doesnot pay premiums for unemployment. The services of these people are provided bythe state, but nothing else is, as of the tax payments of those who still had income.

26 The rich industrialized countries, such as Germany, are thus in a situationrequiring in many ways for social change. Both of the described situation of thethird and fourth world and the developed countries thus arises a need for a globalecological change. We use it to "ecological change" primarily an end to theexploitation of existing relationships. This may relate to the exploitation of natureby man, as well as on the exploitation of man by man, it was - as shown above - inan international context, either within one's own country as between rich and poor,male and woman or apartment owners and tenants. 27 suggestions for the

implementation of ecological change in the industrial nation of Germany give thenext two chapters.

2 The ecological change in the industrialized nations

2.1 General Requirements28 already was in the late 70s, raised the question of how an environmental changemight look like in the industrialized nations.In this context, were always re-emerging demands, then as now:

- generally the reduction of resource consumption and consumption- resorting to their own resources- the restriction of transport systems- away from the centralization of production and trade chains= summarize: the idea of self-sufficiency- increased autonomy / democracy and basic


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- Education manageable units. 13

29 How can the implementation of such claims in a highly developed society of theFederal Republic look like and what people win like? 30 should first be noted thatecological change in industrial society was initially understood as a call-back to thecountry. The "new society" should begin in the minds of people (change inconsciousness) and this would be the easier to perform, the greater the distance -even geopgraphisch - would be rejected for the affluent society. Groups of

"dropouts" were in remote, mountainous regions, desert islands or otherwiseinfertile and therefore abandoned from other lands to there especially on thenutrition and housing sector spiritually and culturally to engage in self-care. 14 31Today we pursue in contrast and in accordance with psychological findings aboutthe enforceability of the necessary changes rather a policy of small steps. 15 It is nota complete departure from the existing social conditions required, as can the above-mentioned environmental objectives (at least gradually) achieved within theframework of the existing social order. Seek these goals at the same time, as weshall see, also solving the structural problems of our economy is. It would be botheconomically and psychologically nonsensical and ultimately unenforceable, the

cities want to depopulate and repopulate for the flat land. Moreover, does notinclude the requirement for an ecological turnaround consumption waiver orrenunciation of par economic growth, but consumption growth and to get adifferent character. Ecological economists call set qualitative rather quantitativegrowth. What does that mean? It is not required but even turning away turning towelfare society. The term prosperity and quality of life, however it is redefined.Prosperity and quality of life involves before everything else physical and mentalhealth. 16 We can also try the old-fashioned term happiness. To have happiness andto be happy means more than consumption of material goods - this is a way to bepassive economic share. Happiness is in addition to the satisfaction of basicbiological needs in addition to physical health and self-realization, especially in thesocial and intellectual areas and in productive (active) economically. The lattermeans that the person wants to make sense to contribute to their own social andlivelihood (do meaningful work). Self-realization in the social field is present if theindividual with his interpersonal relationships is satisfied. In the spiritual realm itmeans as much as life in accordance with their own moral and cultural valuesystems. 17 All these are, in economic terms, goods, however intangible, ie thosethat have no market value. Quality of economic growth (or perhaps one should say"growth company") means wealth creation both in physical as well as intangibleassets and possibly in economically developed countries, or even just the intangibleassets. The impression one can hardly help feeling that the aspiration of the people

of the industrialized countries to exclusively quantitative economic 32 growth, ie,has led to a maximum range of material goods to an imbalance in the quality of life.We will not necessarily critics of economic growth preach the word, because in thethird and fourth world this is undoubtedly necessary, but possibly also in terms ofthe "new poor" in the first world. Nevertheless, the concentration may have ledvirtually all social forces to increase the production of material goods to losses toshrink processes on the side of the intangible assets with us. We see this as apossibility, a question and not a statement. If the question to be answered with yes,it could be that macroeconomic zero growth or a decrease in the production ofmaterial goods opened even more opportunities for growth in intangible assets. No

matter - we hold: Ecological change in the industrial nation is striving for generalprosperity and quality of life improvement. This in turn means that there concerningthe equipment there with material goods in the industrialized nations abundance,focus on increased production of intangible goods. 33 One must try to put the socialconditions so as many people as possible - one of them recognized as meaningful,


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internally to perform satisfactory job - can achieve its full intellectual, culturally andin harmonious, satisfying social relationships live (This third point is a request thatchildren be given ideal conditions for development, adult good opportunities forbuilding partnerships and establishing friendships may grow old and die and findold people with dignity.) 34 These first three conditions would create goodconditions for the self-realization of the people and their mental health. At the sametime, the social context of human life is to be formed so that - physical health of allindividuals can be as comprehensive as possible to ensure - the basic biological

needs (especially hunger, thirst and protect against harmful climate effects) of all besatisfied , and finally -. everyone can live free of fear 18

2.2 Cooperative Economic and Social Order35 To implement the environmental change in the industrialized countries, wepropose the introduction of a dual economic and social order. For an explanation ofwhat is meant discussion of self-sufficiency, grassroots democracy and theformation of more manageable units in the following deepen. 36 First, the followingshould be strongly emphasize that we made to go from the continuing existence ofthe capitalist economic and social system, ie from the receipt of the marketeconomy drive and steering function our economy 19 . Thus should not changemuch in our previous economic system basically. An amendment to the currentConstitution, we keep working but for almost indispensable. As a rule, the half-timework should be introduced. This must be no compelling governmental regulation,but could also be achieved through tax provisions that a very high provide a lowload at half-time work and full-time work, so that the motivation more than 20h towork during the week, is low. Couples with children would also relieve, but againonly if both partners are working and that half day. 37 part-time job working as a

rule would help solve a number of problems in the first place, of course, theunemployment. In the second place, it would bring us to the goal of equalitybetween women and men a significant step closer. The women could be realized aswell as the men in their professional life and the men had to meet more reason andopportunity to their domestic duties and live out educational and nursing talents. 20

Third, the adults, as we shall see, for additional productive activities in theneighborhood needed. These are unpaid work, which are not recorded in thenational accounts. Yona Friedman has tried to introduce the concept for

"modernized Quaternalisation." 21 38 In addition to the market of production and asecond steering system is introduced that is best to identify with the concepts of

self-care and self-management. Here we imagine that the people who live in thesame neighborhood, independently organized and operated jointly interest. This isin addition and in addition to that supply, which is still made on themacroeconomic, controlled by the market, rather anonymous manufacturing anddistribution processes. What additional production is carried out on neighborhood


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level, which will decide the groups themselves. It offers itself, however, provide forsuch "goods" and activities that can be produced particularly good at the level ofknowing themselves and adjacent living. This applies to child care, preschooleducation, for the care of sick and disabled people but also for many craft workpertaining to the care and preservation of apartments, houses and outdoor spaces ofthe neighborhoods. Conditionally can also imagine that food production (eg, herbs,fruits, vegetables) and preparation (community kitchens), and changing and makinggarments is made. All these proposals are less spectacular basically and most of it

has already existed in one form or another in other contexts. 22 is new is theproposal comprehensively introduce such a second supplementary, neighborlyorganized production structure and try in this way, while 39 to redress imbalances ofthe current social order (unemployment), relative impoverishment of pensioners andwelfare recipients, Unbezahlbarkeit of health care, as well as professional nursingand elderly care) and - - to contribute to global environmental change.

2.3 The task of psychology40 In addition to the development of concrete ideas to reshape the industrial societytowards greater environmental sustainability, the task of psychology is certainlyalso to contribute to the implementation of such models by focusing on the positivesof the models for "the physical and mental well-being of the people "indicates, andthus initiate the necessary change in consciousness in society. On that point, can itinclude that people live healthy only in a healthy ecosystem and can stay healthy,that healthy and sustainable living conditions coincide so. 41 This concerns both thephysical health: for example, the relationship between environmental toxins andcancer have been 200 years known: already in 1775, as was demonstrated in thecontext of England scrotum cancer among chimney sweeps and the use of tar andsoot. More important in our context, however, the mental health, the ability to feelhappiness. It must be clear that no consumer promises happiness, but that happinesscan arise in social relations, in high-effectively unused spare time, as well asSkinner in his preface to "Futurum II" emphasizes (1976). 23

42 The introduction of the quaternary structure of self-sufficiency and grassrootsdemocracy in the just described approach can succeed only if the requirements ofpsychological insights. So it was a pschologischer error if the ecological change ofthe industrialized nations in the seventies often described as a "back-auf's Country!"

and "Back-to-simple-labor-intensive production methods!" described or has beenspoken by the compulsion to use waiver and renunciation of economic growth inthe rich countries. 43 No one wants to return to quasi-medieval living conditions, noone wants to miss and no one can force you to like something, not even for his ownhappiness. Therefore, it is very important to emphasize that material wealth is notdiminished, but that the standard of living by the addition of intangible assets (seeabove) is set to increase. It is important to emphasize that it is not possible todispense with quantitative economic growth, but qualitative social growth is to beobtained. 24 is just this aspect also emphasized, for example, Joan Davis (1994)when she asks, "emphasizes the current discussion on the changes in our lifestyle

usually the role of renunciation. This is waiving often automatically equated withloss, without that we would have considered ourselves whether we, what are we todo without ever want. (...) When we talk about a new way of life, caused it to dropThis ballast, which is our quality of life in the way. Is probably the waiver? " 25 44 Itis important that the people full-time work is not prohibited (because prohibitions


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produce reactance), but the tax framework must be set so that the income from full-time work is barely higher than in half-day work. Nobody omitted something (eventhe men!) If he works only half-time in the anonymous and often alienated marketstructure, but he gains the ability to provide meaningful work for themselves andmembers of their own group in the quaternary self-care structure, that is, it canrealize themselves productive. To succeed, however, is required to work in the self-care structure made jointly, organized on a democratic basis (ie, that each have asay and can mitbeschlieen) and the tasks to be distributed because of the

individual tastes and interests of the individuals involved. On the other hand, it ispsychologically important each be given the opportunity to work part time to workin the alienated basic market structure, because it will still be connected in the longrun with much more prestige than someone, because "unemployed", exclusively inthe supplementary is self-supply structure operates. 45 For the attention ofpsychological insights in the introduction of the quaternary structure of self-sufficiency also heard that no one is forced to join. Everyone can stay away fromthe to the groups (see below). The only downside is he has to do without thebenefits that membership offers.

46 Let people decide to join the quaternary structure complement, it also requires theconsideration of psychological insights. So we know for example from residentialpsychology and sociology, that in the housing industry grant from the participationof tenants in the management and maintenance of the housing stock by no meanssufficient tenants to smaller repairs of apartment additions (eg replacing a bulb inthe stairway u..m or for the care of Community Greens to move.) to the apartmentbuilding around. Such a thing only works when granting material benefits such asreduction in rent or granting of long-term job protection while protecting againstunfair rent increases. 26 Or, to even give a second example, we know that a highlevel of environmental awareness is not enough to generate individual ecologicalbehavior, but it need additional incentives in the form of time - and cost savings aregiven to retraining and conversion take place on environmental practices. 27

Therefore, it will be necessary to give rather high material incentives for joiningquaternary self-care structures, at least in the initial phase. This would for examplebe that the services and benefits of self-care structure can indeed be used only bymembers and free to complete, while non-members will continue to rely on theexpensive commercial craft and service companies. The next section furthersuggestions for material incentives are given.

3 Concrete demands on city planning and housing

3.1 Fundamental to the formation of ecological self-care structures

47 The formation of the recommended self-care structures builds on the familiar andthe present, and is based entirely on a voluntary basis. Can join together, it buildson, first, to the traditional families and single-person households, which for thepurpose of self-sufficiency to neighborhood groups ("small networks", see below)and "koquartieren" (see below). 28 Second, it is based on the encountered in therespective districts construction and settlement structures.

48 So we go with our model, the supplementary quaternary self-care structure fromthe living area of the people (as opposed to labor and leisure) and there has alwaysbeen present in the context of the diverse living acts self-sufficiency (for example,food preparation, child care and education) facilitate or add this to productions thatare suitable for community care at neighborhood basis. 49 Therefore, this attaching


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the living area is recommended, because we know from the social andUmweltpsycholgie that the factor of proximity, the development of goodneighborly or even friendly relations among people can support very strongly. 29 50homeownership, small networks and koquartiere form the cornerstone of thequaternary structure of self-sufficiency. These three elements are described belowand justify its necessity.

3.2 basic right to housing51 adults or families have a basic human right to housing. This should be enshrinedconstitutionally. It is fully taken into account only through home ownership, whichis why the tenants have the right and opportunity through implementing legislationshould be allowed to buy their rented housing, if they so wish. Homeownershipeliminates the fear of loss of accommodation and gives the former tenant the right tomake the living space according to his needs and desires. Homeownership rates ofall previous tenant can get one by giving them the right to lease. The current rent issplit into an appropriate return on capital employed, which removes the hire-purchaser against the previous owners gradually, and an amount for maintenance of

the house (and the corresponding pro rata home outdoor spaces). This "saves" thehire-purchaser and is henceforth responsible for the condition of the apartment, andthe community of owners of the house, made up of all Mietkufern and apartmentowners, ensures the preservation of the house as a whole and its outdoor spacesincluding related buildings (eg garages, storage rooms and .m.).

3.3 Education "small networks"52 Twenty to a maximum of thirty families (including residential communities) andhouseholds, who live adjacent to each form a "small net." 30 Harloff (1988) definedbased on Rust Wood (1981): "Small networks" ( KNe are connections /associations of the various households that are located in close proximity andoperate its inhabitants in any form communal self-catering. The planned andpracticed self-sufficiency may be more likely in the material ... it can be a socialsupport system ... or it may be common spiritual and cultural activities act (egrecreational activity or meditation). " 31 Depending on the construction andsettlement structure type, a CN from the residents about twenty neighboring housesare, at block and block development and in-line design with six and fewer storeys isit be a house to the residents of 1-3 houses and row development with more thansix floors and with point-and wheel houses in the structures around the residents ofa house or possibly only one or more floors., the CN can thus larger or smaller orbe identical to the previously described community of owners of Geschobaues

with previous rent. 53 The CN is the self-sufficiency first-order structure., at itslevel, the forms of self-care and self-help are taking place that is not a self-well-know and at least one good-neighborly if even friendly relations are bound. Thiscan be something like psychological assistance in emergency situations, commonleisure activities, to be helping out with materials, equipment, etc. and a sharedchild care or for other shopping Go up to the sick and elderly. This was already inclassical KNn way. 32 In addition, now come easy maintenance in the apartmentsand common maintenance and repairs of semi-public rooms in the house andaround the house / houses around. The KNe (possibly in conjunction with ownerassociations), control over the use of the housing belonging to semi-public spaces

such as hallways, stairwells, parking spaces, yards, etc. 54 Much terms of self-sufficiency in the CN is run informally, as in traditional functioning neighborhoodsas well. For long-term and recurring tasks, however, it needs a formalorganizational structure, such as a club, a civil partnership, cooperative or similar.Importantly in this context, that the inhabitants of the KNS have a large multi-


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purpose room where everyone can meet.

3.4 Formation of koquartieren55 koquartiere are the second-order self-catering units. They consist of twohundred to five hundred and fifteen to thirty neighboring households belongtogether KNn. Again, this figure is only a rough estimate. The group must still bemanageable. They know each other still, but many only by sight. In koquartieren

those services are provided for members / member networks that can not be createdat the level of individual network. To think, for example, to major repairs andrenovations to the houses. The technical know-how of the individual networks andthere vorfindliche specializations are summarized at the level of koquartiers andexchanged. It may also go to social services or recreational area. With a highproportion of children in the neighborhood as the child care at the level of thenetworks is carried out. There are but few children, you will create one or two carefacilities for the district. 56 koquartiere caused by ecological transformation anddevelopment of existing neighborhoods. As with the KNn is to start from theexisting architectural structures also with them; existing space developments are

taken into account. This Recommendation takes into account the recognition thatthe physical building structures encourage the formation of groups. People who livein the same multi-storey apartment building, know as a rule. They meet by chancein the doorway, on the stairs, at the mailboxes in the garbage cans, etc. Theserandom contacts and the knowledge to live in the same house, creates loyalty, senseof unity and thus a loose group. Then you would build if you want to create KNeand koquartiere. The same relationship is created as loose with the residents at theend of a residential street to a turning circle around, or in larger neighborhoods inthat one, etc. meet in the shops of daily needs at the doctor, at the pharmacy.However, the bond among residents of an entire city quarter is really very loose.Most people can not speak. The existence of a bond can be seen, however, the factthat many of the people in question occur spontaneously in contact when theysurprisingly meet in an unusual place (eg abroad). Because the self-knowing andliving-together is also important for the residents of koquartiere, even at thishigher (second) level, the building structure should support the emergence of a we-feeling among the residents of the same neighborhood. Is there a problem, wherestructurally clearly prominent units of appropriate size are available - for example ahigh-rise "slice" with 500 apartments or suburban settlement that clearly stands outby style and / or by a green belt of the rest of the building mass. Where this self-removal from the rest of the building mass is not present, it should be created bylong-term reconstruction and deconstruction.

57 While the KNe the semi-public spaces of their home and between their homesdetermine the koquartiere have, of course, limited by the powers of the city andcounty government may, on the public spaces of their territory. Even more than inthe KNn is a permanent organizational and administrative structure of thekoquartiere required. This is reminiscent of the political structure in ruralcommunities, although the tasks are varied and sometimes differently in ecodistrict.The latter is always a priority to production management and coordination of needsbetween the KNn. These are used to supply and increasing prosperity of themember population. Less it comes to the exercise of public functions, but it is a

"Quartiersrat" and may require an administrator. 4 Concluding remarks - Thechange of consciousness of the people

58 It may be conceded that one can overcome the economic crisis and the economic


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imbalances of the highly developed society with the help of the proposed measures.In particular, it seems certain that that unemployment stops, prevents the uncouplingof pensioners and social welfare of the social wealth creation and Unbezahlbarkeitof sick, disabled and elderly is (because largely returned to the responsibility offamilies and neighborhoods) counteracted. However, one may wonder where allthe talk about protecting the environment, regardless of the third and fourth worldcountries, the ecological consciousness and thinking of future generations remains.That is to say that these goals were still not forgotten. We have quite deliberately,

provided the aspects of crisis management and wealth creation through meaningfulwork in the quaternary structure and self-realization in his group and leisurereferences to the fore. The above objectives are, as we are sure, as a kind of by-product fall off. 59 The relationship is as follows to see: Many, especially singleswho have previously worked forty hours per week, are in the proposed dualeconomic and social order less deserve, because they are only half-day "busy" (thebasic structure) or because they are higher than previously taxed. Although theyhave on self-sufficiency when they join a CN and this is a ecodistrict, somecompensation, but they may still have reason to be frugal. For some but not theother may be true as well for others. Pairs, for example, which has only one

"worked", zBweil small children had to supply, it should not be worse off becausethey now relate two half-time income after the introduction of the dual society.Because of the quaternary supplementary benefits also their material wealth is morelikely to improve. The latter also applies for welfare recipients and pensioners, aslong as the state benefits will not be reduced to them.

60 More importantly: About the Group KNe developments of the "pressure" is also,in a way from the center of the group out to save. Imagine, for example, the carpark in front of a KNS: Twenty cars, motorcycles, scooters, mopeds, bicycles forty.Each of the motorized vehicle tax and insurance costs (possibly rent for the garage),whether it is moving or not. And many vehicles are more "standing" as vehicles.Since one in CN constantly in order to organize the self-sufficiency and thecorresponding quaternary "production" meet and thus the foundation of trust, senseof belonging, friendships, etc. grow, it would be almost a miracle if you do notwould begin to save on fleet by him to and use of communal. This relationshipapplies generally, not only for the vehicles. Thus, it is expected that parallel withthe enhancement of mental bond within the KNS more impetus will come to seethemselves as a real group, and all the economic benefits (ie savings in supply anduse of material goods!) To use. 61 Something third is added: Using the Hash drawscloser firstly decreases the consumption attitude, because parts of consumption arenot a substitute for existing social relations in today's society. Second is the

opportunity for the enforcement of environmental objectives in a society in whichindividuals and small families are united in KNn and koquartieren, much higherthan if the individuals and small groups are anonymous. This is due to pull andpush effects of the group. This three part. 62 (1) positive role models are betterperceived. (2) cause commitments (kologischerem it with another behavior to tryagain) that have been released into the group much more than private first namesthat you can throw overboard again without loss of face. And (3) that must not beignored, there is pressure on dissenters in the foreseeable communities. This meansthat compliance with calmer environmental group objectives is enforced by socialpressure.

63 This last remark about the social pressure manageable communities motivates usto point out that this pressure in a city will never be comprehensive. This is just thebeauty of the introduction of ecological community structures in the city. There are


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countless KNe and many, many koquartiere (in addition to the overarchinggeneral urban leisure activity facilities such as theaters, sports stadiums, etc.), all ofwhich are so close together that the individual lots and own individual interests,spiritual and cultural about participation in the activities of various groups can live.Unlike in the village or very small communities he can thus escape the pressure ofmanageable communities to exploit their advantages over again partially and thusreach a maximum of individual self-development, in fact.64 Thus, we hope to have shown that the introduction of a dual economic and social

system not only of the economic crisis our country is taken into account, but isparticularly long-term environmental goals also served. The proposed dual socialorder may not be easy to achieve, but we are almost certain that they consideredpolitically and long term, not around it is to go in the direction indicated.

Comments

1) Fste, Wolfgang (1992): Courage to human scale. In: Green Special 6-pin of the BerlinConservation magazine, 6/1992 p.22) from the REPORT OF THE COMMISSION OF THE WORLD ENVIRONMENT ANDDEVELOPMENT, and references therein. from green pin 6/92 (see above) p.93) HAHN, Ekhart (1991) Ecological Urban Restructuring - theory and concept. Science CentreBerlin for Social Research FSII91-4054) GALTUNG, Johan zit . from green pin 6/92 p.95) Fste, Wolfgang ibid p.26) KROMP BERNHARDT, J. (1994): Macroeconomic Control: Matching and divergent interestsof the SPD and the trade unions. In: Langkau, Jochem, Matthfer, Hans & Schneider, Michael(ed.) SPD and trade unions - a necessary alliance, Volume 2 Bonn: JHWDietz successor. P.155KROMP BERNHARDT, J. (1995): Why and to what extent we need a Labour Market Policies.Presentation held on 04.02.1995 at a meeting of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation in Potsdam7) COMPOSITE RESEARCH CITY HABITAT (1994): Mobility and Communication in theconurbations of today and tomorrow. Berlin: Ernst & Sohn Verlag. S.67f.

8) HENZLER, Herbert A., Spath, Lothar (1993): Are the Germans still save? Mnchen: C.Bertelsmann9) Schmachtenberg, Rolf (1995): Strategies for a policy of full employment - illusions?.Presentation held on 04.02.1995 at a meeting of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation in Potsdam10) see Schmachtenberg Rolf ibid.11) MEADOWS, D., MEADOWS, D., DENTAL, E., MILLING, P. (1972) Limits to Growth - theClub of Rome report on the world situation. Stuttgart: German publishing institution12) Harloff, Hans Joachim (1994) The transactional approach to residential Psychology -Transactions of the people living in and with his environment. Presentation held on 08.09.1994at the conference "Living Handicapped - Handicapped Housing" in Cologne13) Harloff, Hans Joachim (1978) Matching characteristics and futurological utopian models ofsociety. In: Harloff, HJ (ed.) Conference Documentation - conditions of life in the future and the

implications for education (International Labour Conference, Berlin, 23 - 26.11.1978). TUBdocumentation currently 6/7814) see also: Greverus, Ina-Maria (1985) abodes of being. For spatial orientation in alternativeprojects. In: Lead, Edward (ed.) Wiesbaden and Berlin: Bauverlag. . Pp. 42ff15) BELL, PA, Fisher, JD, BAUM, JD, GREEN, TC (1996) Environmental Psychology, 3rd edChicago: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. (Chapter 2)16) BELL et al. (1996) cited above (Section 10)17) Harloff, Hans Joachim (1986) The Behavior-setting concept Barker in the service ofenvironmental design. In: Kaminski, Gerhard (ed.) Order and Variability in everyday life.Gttingen, Toronto, Zurich: Publ ishing of Psychology, Dr. CJ Hogrefe. S.230ff. (See note # 17above, p.247)18) see also the basic needs of Maslow's need to model eg: FLADE, Antje (1993) Housing andhousing needs in focus. In: Harloff, HJ (Eds.) Psychology of housing and settlement construction- Psychology in the service of architecture and urban planning. Gttingen, Stuttgart: VerlagApplied Psychology19) Harloff, HJ (1972), Economic Order and participat ion. In: Yearbook of Social Science Volume23 . S.355ff20) see also: KENNEDY, Margrit (1981) Gyn-Eco-Logical relationship to the woman-nature-space. In: Lutz, Rdiger (eds.) Gentle alternatives. Weinheim, mountain road: Beltz. . P.73ff


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21) FRIEDMAN, Yona (1978) Quaternalisation - A Utopia. In: Harloff, HJ (ed.) ConferenceDocumentation - conditions of life in the future and the implications for education. Berlin. TUBdocumentation currently 6/78 S.2ff22) FRIEDMAN, Yona (1978) ibid23) SKINNER, Burrhus Frederic (1976) Walden Two Reissued. New York: Macmillan PublishingCo.24) HALF KNIGHT, G. (1994) Equality of arms of economy and ecology. In: Political EcologySeries # 39: Light prosperity? - Prospects for a sustainable Germany. 11/9425) DAVIS, Joan (1994) lifestyle or life goal - Bypass does not lose. In: Political Ecology SeriesSpecial lifestyle or life style - life change through changing values 2.Auflage26) SELLE, Klaus (1990) to reach and requirements of residents engagement in the living area -Twelve theses. In: Material Collection - Reports and materials from the working group inventoryimprovement projects (GTC) Issue No.12, October 1990. Institute for Space Development andplanning Sociology, University of Hannover, Institute of Spatial Planning, University ofDortmund. S.2ff.27) DIEKMANN, A. (1993) The limits of behavioral effectiveness of environmental awareness. .To: Hrning, K. (ed.) Environment and Society28), see also the concept of "ecological station" of HahnHAHN, Ekhart (1991) Ecological Urban Redevelopment - Concept and Theory. Science CentreBerlin for Social Research FSII91-405thHAHN, E. & Simonis, Udo E. (1994) Ecological Urban Renewal - A new mission statement.Science Centre Berlin for Social Research FSII94 403-

29) BELL et al. (1996) cited above (Section 12)30) Trnkle, Margret (1978) from the isolation cell for communicative living. In: Jungk, R., Lutz,R., Mllert, NR, Ziegler, B. (ed.) Encyclopedia of the Future - An incitement to future practicaldesign, Volume I. Tbingen: iva-verlag GmbH amber polke S.169ff.31) Harloff, Hans Joachim (1988) "Small network" as a field social and environmental learning.In: Simonis, Udo E. (eds) Learning from the environment - learning for the environment. Berlin:Edition Sigma32) Harloff, Hans Joachim (1988) ibid
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