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Name _____________________________________________ Date ________________ Period ________________Honors Living Environment

Scientific Method 1

1) What is science?

2) What is the “heart” of science?

3) What is a scientist?

4) Important scientific terms:

a. Observations-

i. Qualitative-

ii. Quantitative-

b. Inference-

c. Evidence-

d. Assumption-

e. Opinion-

5) How do scientists solve problems?


Identify the following as an: Opinion, Inference, Observation, or Assumption: 1) Ms. Nersesian is the best science teacher in the world.

2) After many careful observations, Isaac Newton claimed that objects fall to the ground due to the force of gravity.

3) John has blue eyes.

4) The Yankees have better uniforms than the Mets.

5) Research indicates that cigarette smoking increases the risk for developing lung cancer.

6) I will get a 100 on my next test because I studied for an hour.

For each picture below, list four observations and two inferences.

Observations

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Inferences________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Observations


_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ _______________Inferences

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Scientific Method 2

Steps of the Scientific Method1) Problem

2) Observation

3) Research

4) Hypothesis

Hypotheses should always be stated as “If…then…”

Examples:

The Scientific Method

1. Identify the Problem2. Gather Information3. Conduct Research4. Form a hypothesis5. Experiment and collect data6. Analyze data: Hypothesis confirmed or

rejected?7. Communicate Results (Conclusion)


5) Experiment

6) Results

7) Conclusion


Base your answers to the following questions on the information below and on your knowledge of Biology.

Louis Pasteur was a famous French scientist in the late 19th Century. He helped prove that most infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms. This was known as the Germ Theory of Disease. He is particularly renowned for his discovery of a process named after him. This process is called pasteurization and is still used today. Pasteurization is a heating process that kills germs that normally spoil milk and wine. Milk and wine are heated to a specific temperature for a specified period of time. This process kills these germs.

Pasteur conducted experiments where he compared the shelf-life of wine that wasn’t heated to wine that was heated. The table below illustrates the results.

Unheated Heated Wine # of Days until

SpoilageWine A 4Wine B 6Wine C 4

1. What was the problem?

2. What was observed?

3. What did Pasteur research? (Hint: Think of Movie Clip)

4. What was the hypothesis?

5. Explain his experiment.

6. What were his results from the experiment?

7. What conclusion can be made?


Base your answers to the following questions on the information below and on your knowledge of Biology.From http://www.biologycorner.com

The Strange Case of BeriBeri

In 1887 a strange nerve disease attacked the people in the Dutch East Indies. The disease was beriberi. Symptoms of the disease included weakness and loss of appetite, victims often died of heart failure. Scientists thought the disease might be caused by bacteria. They injected chickens with bacteria from the blood of patients with beriberi. The injected chickens became sick. However, so did a group of chickens that were not injected with bacteria.

One of the scientists, Dr. Eijkman, noticed something. Before the experiment, all the chickens had eaten whole-grain rice, but during the experiment, the chickens were fed polished rice. Dr. Eijkman researched this interesting case and found that polished rice lacked thiamine, a vitamin necessary for good health.

1. State the problem.

2. What was the hypothesis?

3. How was the hypothesis tested?

4. Should the hypothesis be supported or rejected based on the experiment?

5. What should be the new hypothesis and how would you test it?


Scientific Method 3

A Valid Experiment!

I. Utilizing the steps of the Scientific Method

1) What is our problem?

2) What are some of our observations?

3) Where can we find research to our problem?

4) What is our hypothesis?

5) What is the purpose of an experiment?

II. Procedure1) Half the students will measure their heart rate for 1 minute during rest and write it on a

piece of paper.2) Half the students will be instructed to complete 30 Jumping Jacks.3) Those students who completed the Jumping Jacks will measure their heart rate for one

minute and write it on a piece of paper.

III. Sample Size and Variables

1) What is Sample Size? Does a small sample size or a large sample size give better results?

2) What is the difference between a control group and an experimental group? Identify them in our experiment.

3) What is a constant? Identify some in our experiment.


4) What is a variable?

5) Variables:

a) Independent Variable-

b) Dependent Variable-

c) Controlled Variable-

IV. Identify the Dependent and Independent Variable

1) In an experiment studying the effect of sleep on student achievement.

2) In an experiment studying the effect of caffeine on worker performance.

3) In an experiment studying plant growth in different colors of light.

Read the following descriptions of a biology experiment. Identify the control, the dependent variable, and the independent variable.

An ecologist wants to investigate the effects of pollution on soybean plants. The scientist grows five groups of plants and exposes four groups to various pollutants. The fifth group is not exposed to any pollutants. The ecologist observes the condition and growth of all the groups of plants over a period of time.

Control _________________________________________________________________________________

Dependent Variable ___________________________________________________________________

Independent Variable _________________________________________________________________


Regents Practice Questions1. Base your answer to the following question on the information below and on your

knowledge of biology.You are the head of the research division of the Leafy Lettuce Company. Your company is experimenting with growing lettuce using hydroponic technology. Hydroponic technology involves growing plants in containers of growth solution in a greenhouse. No soil is used. The growth solution that the company uses contains water, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The company wants to know if adding iron to this formula will improve lettuce growth.

Briefly describe how to test the effect of the formula with iron added. In your description be sure to:

State a hypothesis to be tested in the new experiment. State how the control group will be treated differently from the experimental

group. Identify two factors that must be kept the same in both the experimental and

control groups. State what type of data should be collected to support or refute the hypothesis.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. A television advertisement claims that a certain brand of cough drop reduces coughing for 8 hours. Describe an investigation that could be used to determine if this claim is valid. In your answer, include a description of:

The treatment to be given to the experimental group. The treatment to be given to the control group. The data to be collected When the data should be collected One observation that would lead to the conclusion that the claim is valid.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Many people who are in favor of alternative medicine claim that large doses of vitamin C introduced into a vein speed up the healing of surgical wounds. Describe an experiment to test this hypothesis. Your answer must include at least:

The difference between the experimental group of subjects and the control group.

Two conditions that must be kept constant in both groups. Data that should be collected An example of experimental results that would support the hypothesis.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Scientific Method 4I. Data Collection

1) What do scientists do during experiments?

2) What is data?

3) Data Tables:Independent

VariableDependent

Variable

II. Back to our ExperimentProcedure:

1) Half the students will measure their heart rate for 1 minute during rest and write it on a piece of paper.

2) Half the students will be instructed to complete 30 Jumping Jacks.3) Those students who completed the Jumping Jacks will measure their heart rate for one

minute and write it on a piece of paper.

III. Graphing1) Why do scientists utilize graphs?

2) Label the following types of graphs:


IV. Rules for Constructing GraphsRule 1: The dependent variable is plotted on the vertical, Y-Axis.Rule 2: The Independent Variable is plotted on the horizontal, X-Axis.Rule 3: The spacing between the numbers on both axes must be in equal increments.

Group A Group B

What are our results?

What is our conclusion?

Students after JJs

HR

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15Average

Students at Rest HR

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15Average


Technique for Constructing a Line Graph1. Identify the variables to be plotted

Independent variable the variable manipulated by the experimenter is plotted on the x-axis (horizontal axis)

Dependent variable the factor responding to changes in the independent variable plotted on the y-axis (vertical axis)

2. Determine the scale of the axes Determine each axis individually May easily be determined by taking the largest value to be plotted and dividing

by the number of blocks and then rounding up to the nearest convenient number The graph should be spread to occupy the most available space.

3. Number and label each axis indicating the appropriate units.4. Plot each data value on the graph with a point.5. Draw a line that best fits the data points.

Do not connect data points to the origin unless there is data to support this Only connect the points if the directions tell you to do so.

6. Provide a title which clearly indicates what the graph is about.7. If the graph has more than one set of data, provide a key to indicate what is represented

by the different lines.


Graphing PracticeBase your answers to the following questions on the information below and on your knowledge of Biology.

A student performed a laboratory investigation to determine the effect of temperature o the heart rate of Daphnia (water flea). The following temperatures and heart rates were recorded:

20°C - 270 beats/min 15°C - 180 beats/min 5°C - 108 beats/min 10°C – 150 beats/min 25°C- 300 beats/min

1. Organize the data by filling in the data table below. Complete both columns in the data table so that the temperature either increases or decreases from the top to the bottom of the table.

2. Mark an appropriate scale on each labeled axis. USE PENCIL!

3. Plot the data from your data table. Surround each point with a small circle and connect the points. USE PENCIL!!

Data Table

Temperature (°C)

Heart Rate

(beats/min)


More Graphing Practice…


And Some More Graphing Practice…

Interpreting a line graphThe following graph shows how the size of bacteria population changed over an eight-hour period.

Using the Growth of Bacterial Population graph, answer the following questions:

1. What does the scale on the x-axis represent?_______________________________________________________________________________

2. What quantity does one unit on the horizontal scale equal?_______________________________________________________________________________

3. What does the scale on the Y-axis measure?_______________________________________________________________________________

4. What quantity does one unit on the vertical scale equal?_______________________________________________________________________________

5. What can you learn from the graph?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. How large was the bacteria population at the end of the fifth hour?_______________________________________________________________________________

7. At what point were there 3 million bacteria per milliliter?_______________________________________________________________________________

8.


Scientific Method 5 1) What is meant by the term Scientific Literacy?

2) Why is it important for us to be scientifically literate?

3) Suppose you see a commercial for a weight loss pill that claims you will lose weight if you use it. Before rushing out to buy this product, what are some things you should think about?

4) Where can you find some answers to these questions?

5) Define the following:a) Inquiry-

b) Reliability-

c) Relevance-

6) How do you know whether you can trust the information from a research study?

7) What is a Theory?


8) What is a Scientific Law?

9) Are scientific theories permanent or are they subject to change? Explain.

Applying Concepts

A study shows that a new pesticide is safe for use on food crops. The researcher who conducted the study works for the pesticide company. What potential biases may have affected the study?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Measurement in the LaboratoryThe most common system of measurement used by scientists is the ______________________________________. This system is based on multiples of ______________. Distance (length) is measured in units called ________________ (m); mass is measured in ___________________ (______); and volume is measured in ___________________ (______). Temperature is measured in ___________________ (______).

What is the advantage of using one measurement system in science?

Metric Prefixes & ConversionsPrefixes are words that are used with the basic units of the metric system. Prefixes are placed in front of the unit to show how large or small the unit is.

What is an easy way of remembering the order of the metric prefixes?

How would you convert from one measurement to another?

Practice: Try these conversions using the ladder method.

1) 1000 mg = ________ g2) 160 cm = ________ mm3) 109 g = ________ kg4) 1 L = ________ mL5) 14 km = ________ m

Chart works around the ones place

To Convert Down-MULTIPLY by 10

To Convert Up-DIVIDE by 10

Milli – means 1/1000 or 0.001

Centi – means 1/100 or 0.01

Deci – means 1/10 or 0.1

e.g. 1 meter, gram or liter

Deka – means 10

Hecto - means 100

Kilo - means 1,000

Compare using <, >, or =

1) 56 cm ________ 6 m

2) 7 g ________ 698 mg


6) 250 m = ________ km Tools of Biologist 1

1) How can you make more detailed observations?

2)

What is the International System of Units (SI)

3) How do we measure length? A B C

Point A= _____ cm or _____ mmPoint B= _____ cm or _____ mmPoint C= _____ cm or _____ mm

4) How do we measure volume of a liquid?

Measure Definition Unit(s) Symbol(s) Instrument(s)

Distance Length, Width, Height Meter m

Mass The amount of stuff (matter) Gram g

Liquid VolumeThe amount of space it takes

upLiter L

TemperatureHow hot or

cold something is

Degrees Celsius °C

Time How long it takes Seconds s


5) How do we measure temperature?

6) How do we measure mass?

Let’s Practice Reading Measurements!

I. Measuring Length

II. Measuring Liquid Volume


III. Measuring Temperature IV. Measuring Mass

Tools of Biologist 21) What is a compound microscope?

2) Why is a compound microscope better than a magnifying glass?

3) What are the parts of the microscope?


4) How do objects appear under a microscope? What would the letter “F” look like under the microscope?

5) How do we measure with a microscope?

Part FunctionA. where you look through to see the image of your specimen (ocular lens)B. the long tube that holds the eyepiece and connects it to the objectivesC. used for low power magnification of the specimen

used for high power magnification of the specimen (not labeled)D. source of light usually found near the base of the microscope; makes the

specimen easier to seeE small, round knob on the side of the microscope used to fine tune the focus of

your specimen after using the coarse adjustment knobused for focusing on low power only (not labeled)

F. part of the microscope that is grasped when one carries the microscopesupports the microscope (not labeled)controls the amount of light going through to the specimen (not labeled)holds slide for viewing specimen (not labeled)on top of the stage which hold the slide in place (not labeled)the rotating part of the microscope at the bottom of the body tube; it holds the objectives (not labeled)


Microscope Measurement

To make possible the measurement of cells and cell parts through a microscope, the metric unit, the micrometer (μm) is used.

1 micrometer – 1/1000 millimeter1 micrometer = 0.001millimeter

1 millimeter = 1000 micrometers

MILLIMETERS MICROMETERS

MULTIPLY BY 1,000

This will swing the decimal 3 places because there are 3 zeros- to the RIGHT!

NOTE: notice the letters in miLLimeters and micRometers (L to R)- let this help you to remember to swing the decimal to the right!!!

Practice: The width of a human hair is 0.1 mm. The width of this hair in micrometers will be ________________ μm.

MIRCOMETERS MILLIMETERS DIVIDE BY 1,000

This will swing the decimal 3 places to the LEFT!

Practice: The width of an onion cell is 250 μm. Convert this to millimeters. ____________mm

Cells are typically found to have diameters of between 10-50 micrometers.


Microscope Measurement WorksheetShow your work!

1. Which group of measurement units is correctly arranged in order of increasing size?a. micrometer, millimeter, centimeter, meterb. meter, micrometer, centimeter, millimeterc. micrometer, centimeter, millimeter, meterd. millimeter, micrometer, centimeter, meter

2. A student was using microscope with a 10x eyepiece and 10x and 40x objective lenses. He viewed the edge of a metric rule under low power and observed the following field of vision.

What is the diameter of the low-power field of vision in micrometers?a) 1 μm b) 2μm c) 1,000 μm d) 2,000 μm

3. The diagram below represents the field of vision of a microscope. What is the approximate diameter of the cell shown in the field?

a) 2,000 microns b) 1,000 microns c) 50 microns d) 500 microns

4. A student using a compound light microscope estimated the diameter of a white blood cell to be 12 micrometers. What is the diameter of this white blood cell in millimeters?1) 12mm b) 0.120 mm c) 0.012 mm d) 1.2 mm

5. A student was observing cells with the microscope and noted that one cell occupied one-fourth of the diameter of the field of view. If the diameter of the field was 1.5 millimeters, what was the approximate length of the cell?a) 1.5 μm b) 1,500 μm c) 375 μm d) 38 μm


6. If the microscope’s field of view represented by the diagram below measures 1,400 micrometers (μm) in diameters, what is the approximate length of the microorganism within this field of view?

a) 150 μm b) 600 μm c) 1,000 μm d) 250 μm

7. A student determined that exactly 10 pollen grains could fit along the diameter of the field of view of a microscope. If each pollen grain has a diameter of 200 micrometers, what is the diameter in millimeters of this microscope’s field of view?a) 2 mm b) 5 mm c) 2,000 mm d) 500 mm

8. If the diameter of the low power field of your microscope was fond to be 2 millimeters and the ratio between the low power and high power fields was 10, what would the diameter of the high power field be in micrometers?

a. 0.2b. 20c. 40d. 200

9. A student observes a cell which just fills the field when he is using the high power objective of his microscope. If the diameter of the field is 0.5 millimeters, the diameter of the cell is

a. 0.5 micrometersb. 22.5 micrometersc. 450 micrometersd. 500 micrometers

10.A microscope has a 10x low power objective and a 40x high power objective. The low power diameter is measured to be 1200 micrometers. What is the high power diameter in micrometers?

a. 100b. 200c. 300d. 400


Tools of Biologist 3

LABORATORY TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES1) How do we prepare a wet-mount?

2) What is an electron microscope?

o How do they improve images?

3) What is a stereoscope?

4) What is a centrifuge?

5) Why do we stain cells?

6) Why do we use indicators?


Life Processes 11) What is the science of biology?

List and define 4 characteristics of life:1. ____________________________2. ____________________________3. ____________________________4. ____________________________

2) Give an example of how our body maintains homeostasis:

List and define the 8 Life Processes:

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

8)

Life Processes Review

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://galeon.hispavista.com/reflexoterapia/img/Homeostasis.jpg&imgrefurl=http://reflexoterapia.galeon.com/productos633533.html&h=601&w=596&sz=39&tbnid=puOkHdmT9-sJ:&tbnh=132&tbnw=131&start=26&prev=/images?q=homeostasis&start=20&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&sa=N


Directions: Complete the following acronym with the appropriate life process and tell what each one is. An example has been completed for you. (Try to do it without looking at your notes!)

MR. R SARGENTM _____________________:

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

R _____________________:_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

R _____________________:_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

S _____________________:_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

Assimilation___________: The incorporation of materials in the body of an organism

(growth and

repair)___________________________________________________________

R _____________________:_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

G _____________________:_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

E _____________________:_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

N _____________________:_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

T _____________________:_________________________________________________________________


Life Functions WorksheetDirections: In the spaces to the right of each definition, write the name of the life process defined and the number of the proper example.

Definition Life Process Example No.

Examples

A. The removal of metabolic wastes.

1. The synthesis of glycogen from glucose

B. The process that occurs by an increase in cell size or cell number.

2. Glucose in the intestine reaches a muscle cell

C. The production of complex substances within an organism.

3. The breakdown of proteins into simple amino acids

D. The absorption and distribution of substances within an organism.

4. The exhaling of carbon dioxide and water vapor.

E. The production of new organisms that are essentially the same as their parents.

5. Body temperature is maintained at 37°C regardless of outside temperature.

F. The release of energy in an organism as a result of the oxidation of food materials.

6. A child grows 4 cm in a year.

G. Maintenance of a constant internal environment

7. The deer population of an area doubles over a period of time.

H. Changing food materials from the environment into a usable form.

8. Glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water.


The Martian and the CarMarty Martian was sent to Earth by the Martian government

to find life. While on Earth, Marty captured a car and brought it back to Mars. He thought he'd found a good example of life on Earth. The Martian government does not believe that the car Marty brought back is alive. Marty must stand trial for failing to perform his Martian duties.

At the trail, Marty spoke in his defense. "l first saw these life forms rolling along roads in great numbers. They were giving off thick clouds of poisonous waste as they moved. They seemed to exhibit herding behavior, as many of the cars moved in the same direction. They appeared to have a great deal of energy, some of them moved faster than 60 kilometers per hour. When one of these life forms stopped or slow down, the others behind it responded. They slowed down and gave off a reddish light from the back, and sometimes they would make honking noises. I observed that they would stop to feed on a liquid substance."

Take the part of Marty's defense attorney and make a good case for the car's being alive. Then be the prosecutor and show that the car is a nonliving thing. List as many reasons as you can.

Defense Attorney Prosecutor1. _______________________________ 1. _______________________________2. _______________________________ 2. _______________________________3. _______________________________ 3. _______________________________4. _______________________________ 4. _______________________________5. _______________________________ 5. _______________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________Life Functions RAFT Assignment

Directions: Choose 1 of the following assignments to complete. Be creative and have fun!!!!Remember, your eight life functions are: nutrition, excretion, transport, regulation, growth, synthesis, respiration & reproduction

Role Audience Format TopicSong writer 2 or more life function Jingle (musical) How do you work together to

maintain homeostasis?Tour guide Visitors to a cell Map or brochure (visual) How do cells perform life

functions? What organelles are involved?

Talk show host Viewers Interview with Mr. Metabolism (body)

How do life functions help to maintain homeostasis?

One life function Another life function Debate (verbal) Why are you the best or most important?

Life function Body system or cell organelle

Love letter (interpersonal) Why I need you to be successful…

Cartoonist Sunday newspaper Cartoon/comic strip Life function super hero


readers (visual) Mission: MetabolismMust show how life function is part of metabolism.

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