Level 3 Writing Grammar Focus: Relative clauses with which and who

We use relative clauses to add information to a noun without starting a new sentence. With which or who, the information is usually about what kind of person or thing the noun is. It makes your writing more fluent because you do not repeat ideas. Relative clauses can be in the subject or the object of a sentence.

Children watch a lot of TV. These children are often overweight.

repeated ideas

What kind of children are often overweight?

Children who watch a lot of TV are often overweight.

relative clause

Grammar:

Sentence structure: Children who watch a lot of TV are often overweight.

subject (noun with relative clause) + main verb

Relative Clause structure: Children who watch a lot of TV are often overweight.

subject + relative + verb + object pronoun

The students worked hard. These students passed the exam.

repeated ideas

What kind of students passed the exam?

The students who worked hard passed the exam.

relative clause

Grammar:

Sentence structure: The students who worked hard passed the exam.

subject (noun with relative clause) + main verb + object

Relative Clause structure: The students who worked hard passed the exam.

subject + relative + verb

pronounMark the subjects and verbs in the following sentences:

Students are studying the English language. These students have to work

hard in class.

What kind of word is ‘these’?

Who are ‘these students’ in sentence 2?

What are the repeated ideas?

What kind of students have to work hard in class?

Mark the subject and main verb in the following sentence:

Students who are studying the English language have to work hard in class.

Mark the subject, relative pronoun, verb and object in the relative clause:

Students who are studying the English language have to work hard in class.

Mark the subjects and verbs in the following sentences:

Students do regular revision. These students usually learn more.

What kind of students usually learn more?

Use a relative clause in the subject to join the ideas in these sentences together.

Write it below:

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Mark the subject and main verb in your sentence above:

Write your sentence again:

________________________________________________________________________________________

Mark the subject, relative pronoun, verb and object in the relative clause in your sentence:

Match the sentence pieces and write them below. The first one has been done as an example:

1. Doctors who watch absent too much are often overweight2. Students who are too much TV can’t take the final assessments.3. Children who do a lot of children is the best kind of friend.4. Parents who is operations must be very patient.5. A person who have honest need to be very experienced and

skilled.6. Drivers who are too fast can complain to the manager.7. Customers who grow unhappy about

serviceare strong and brave.

8. Farmers who drive dates can cause terrible accidents.9. Soldiers who protect good at acting can make better movies.10.Actors who are their country have to climb the date palms to pick

them.

1) Doctors who do operations need to be very experienced and skilled.

2) ______________________________________________________________________________________

3) ______________________________________________________________________________________

4) ______________________________________________________________________________________

5) ______________________________________________________________________________________

6) ______________________________________________________________________________________

7) ______________________________________________________________________________________

8) ______________________________________________________________________________________

9) ______________________________________________________________________________________

10) _____________________________________________________________________________________

Use a relative clause in the subject to join the ideas in these sentences together. Write it below:

1) People are tired. These people can have problems concentrating.

________________________________________________________________________________________

2) People have good jobs. These people can earn a high salary.

________________________________________________________________________________________

3) People do exercise. These people are healthy.

________________________________________________________________________________________

Television shows a picture of society. This picture is not real.

repeated ideas

What kind of picture of society does television show?

Television shows a picture of society which is not real.

relative clause

Grammar:

Sentence structure: Television shows a picture of society which is not real.

subject + main verb + object (noun with relative clause)

Relative Clause structure: Television shows a picture of society which is not real.

subject + relative + verb + adjective pronoun

Students can find information on the Internet. They need this

information.

repeated ideas

What kind of information can students find on the Internet?

Students can find information which they need on the internet.

relative clause

Grammar:

Sentence structure: Students can find information which they need on the internet.

subject + main verb + object (noun with relative clause)

Relative Clause structure: Students can find information which they need on the internet.

object + relative + subject + verb

pronoun

Mark the subjects, verbs and objects in the following sentences:

People like to eat restaurant food. This food is tasty and cheap.

What kind of restaurant food do people like to eat?

Use a relative clause in the object to join the ideas in these sentences together. Write

it below:

_________________________________________________________________________________________Mark the subject, main verb and object in your sentence above:Write your sentence again:

________________________________________________________________________________________Mark the subject, relative pronoun and verb in the relative clause in your sentence:

Use a relative clause in the object to join the ideas in these sentences together. Write it below:

1) Camels eat food. People can’t eat this food.

________________________________________________________________________________________

2) University graduates can get jobs. These jobs pay a high salary.

________________________________________________________________________________________

3) Yesterday he watched a movie. This movie was about a famous boxer.

________________________________________________________________________________________

Look at these examples and circle the right answers for the questions below:

Children who watch a lot of TV are often overweight. Children that watch a lot of TV are often overweight.Television shows a picture of society which is not real.Television shows a picture of society that is not real.

1) Which relative pronoun do you use for people? which / who

2) Which relative pronoun do you use for things? which / who

3) Can we also use that instead of who or which? Yes / No

Use a relative clause in the subject or the object to join the ideas in these sentences together. Write it below:

1) The UAE has a lot of oil. This oil is around 2 – 3 km below the surface of the desert.

________________________________________________________________________________________2) Mecca is a city. All Muslims believe this city is holy.

________________________________________________________________________________________3) Dr Stephanie Kwolek invented a material. We make bullet-proof vests for soldiers from this material.

________________________________________________________________________________________4) Sheikh Zayed was the man. He had the idea to unite the 7 emirates.

________________________________________________________________________________________5) An iPad is a tablet computer. This computer is made by Apple.

________________________________________________________________________________________ 6) Instagram is an app. People share photos and videos on this app.

________________________________________________________________________________________7) The man works in reception. He is very friendly.

________________________________________________________________________________________8) Al Ain is the city. This city has the third-largest population in the UAE.

________________________________________________________________________________________9) Burj Kalifa in Dubai is a famous tower. Almost 2 million people visit this tower every year.

________________________________________________________________________________________10) Samsung Note 7s had bad batteries. These batteries exploded and caught fire.

________________________________________________________________________________________

Class Survey: Relative Clause Practice

Think about the answers to these questions for yourself. Your teacher will give you a survey question to ask the class.

1. How many siblings do you have?2. How many people live in your family home?3. Do you have any pets? How many?4. Would you like to get married in the future?5. How many countries have you been to?6. How many times a week do you eat healthy food?7. Have you ever met anyone famous?8. How much is your most expensive pair of shoes?9. How many mobile phones do you have?10.Have you been to Mecca? How many times?11.How many children would you like to have?12.Have you been to all 7 Emirates in the UAE?13.Have you ever broken a bone?14.Do you have a Twitter account?15.Do you play a musical instrument? How many can you play?16.Have you ever been overnight camping in the desert?17.Did you study over the weekend?18.Have you ever visited the Writing Center? 19.Do you prefer using iPads or computers?20.Do you prefer eating Arabic food or Western food?21.Do you prefer camels’ milk to cows’ milk?

Once you have done your survey, write a sentence using a relative clause to explain what you found. Use the prompts below. The first one has been done as an example.

1. The student __who has the largest number of siblings is Fatima.__________________________________(largest number of siblings)ORThe students who have the largest number of siblings are Fatima and Salwa. _____________________

2. The student ____________________________________________________________________________(largest family)

3. The student ____________________________________________________________________________(most pets)

4. The student ____________________________________________________________________________(not like to get married)

5. The student ____________________________________________________________________________(most countries)

6. The student ____________________________________________________________________________(eats healthy food most often)

7. The student ____________________________________________________________________________(met someone famous)

8. The student ____________________________________________________________________________(the most expensive pair of shoes)

9. The student ____________________________________________________________________________(the largest number of mobile phones)

10.The student ____________________________________________________________________________(has been to Mecca the most)

11.The student ____________________________________________________________________________(would like the least number of children)

12.The student ____________________________________________________________________________(has been to all 7 emirates)

13.The student ____________________________________________________________________________(has broken a bone)

14.The student ____________________________________________________________________________(not have a Twitter account)

15.The student ____________________________________________________________________________(plays the most musical instruments)

16.The student ____________________________________________________________________________(has camped overnight in the desert)

17.The student ____________________________________________________________________________(studied over the weekend)

18.The student ____________________________________________________________________________(has visited the Writing Center)

19.There are more students __________________________________________________________________(prefer using)

20.There are more students __________________________________________________________________(prefer eating)

21.There are more students __________________________________________________________________(prefer drinking)

Review of vocabulary from Listening and Reading class. Complete the following sentences with a relative clause:

1) A quarter is a fraction __________________________________________________________________

2) A century is a period of time _____________________________________________________________

3) A discovery is something ________________________________________________________________

4) A unique feature is a feature _____________________________________________________________

5) An ancient building is a structure _____________________________________________

6) A complicated theory is an idea ___________________________________________________________

7) A common outcome is a result ____________________________________________________________

8) Roots are the parts of trees _______________________________________________________________

9) The mobile phone is an influential device ___________________________________________________

10) Your imagination is the part of your mind __________________________________________________

Complete the gaps which are part of relative clauses.

Why students should work in groups

The first reason why students should work in groups is that they can help each other. For

example, students who ________________________________________________ can ask their classmates

to explain things ________________________________________________ not understand. As a result,

they can understand better and learn more compared to students who

_______________________________________. Consequently, they may do better in the exams

______________________________have to take at university.

Answers

Mark the subjects and verbs in the following sentences: Students are studying the English language. These students have to work hard in class. What kind of word is ‘these’? PronounWho are ‘these students’ in sentence 2? Same as subject of 1st sentenceWhat are the repeated ideas? Subjects of 1st and 2nd sentencesWhat kind of students have to work hard in class?

Mark the subject and main verb in the following sentence:Students who are studying the English language have to work hard in class.Mark the subject, relative pronoun, verb and object in the relative clause:Students who are studying the English language have to work hard in class.

Mark the subjects and verbs in the following sentences: Students do regular revision. These students usually learn more.

What kind of students usually learn more?Use a relative clause in the subject to join the ideas in these sentences together. Write it below:Students who do regular revision usually learn more.Mark the subject and main verb in your sentence above:Students who do regular revision usually learn more.Mark the subject, relative pronoun, verb and object in the relative clause in your sentence:

Match the sentence pieces and write them below. The first one has been done as an example:1. Doctors who do operations need to be very experienced and

skilled.2. Students who are absent too much can’t take the final assessments.3. Children who watch too much TV are often overweight. 4. Parents who have a lot of children must be very patient.5. A person who is honest is the best kind of friend.6. Drivers who drive too fast can cause terrible accidents.7. Customers

whoare unhappy about

servicecan complain to the manager.

8. Farmers who grow dates have to climb the date palms to pick them.

9. Soldiers who protect

their country are strong and brave.

10.Actors who are good at acting can make better movies.Use a relative clause in the subject to join the ideas in these sentences together. Write it below:

1) People are tired. These people can have problems concentrating.

People who are tired can have problems concentrating.

2) People have good jobs. These people can earn a high salary.

People who have good jobs can earn a high salary.

3) People do exercise. These people are healthy.

People who do exercise are healthy.

Mark the subjects, verbs and objects in the following sentences: People like to eat restaurant food. This food is tasty and cheap.What kind of restaurant food do people like to eat?

Use a relative clause in the object to join the ideas in these sentences together. Write it below:People like to eat restaurant food which is tasty and cheap.Mark the subject, main verb and object in your sentence above:People like to eat restaurant food which is tasty and cheap.Mark the subject, relative pronoun and verb in the relative clause in your sentence:

Use a relative clause in the object to join the ideas in these sentences together. Write it below: 1) Camels eat food. People can’t eat this food. Camels eat food which people can’t eat.2) University graduates can get jobs. These jobs pay a high salary.University graduates can get jobs which pay a high salary.3) Yesterday he watched a movie. This movie was about a famous boxer.Yesterday he watched a movie which was about a famous boxer.

Look at these examples and circle the right answers for the questions below:Children who watch a lot of TV are often overweight.Television shows a picture of society which is not real.1) Which relative pronoun do you use for people? which / who2) Which relative pronoun do you use for things? which / who 3) Can we also use that instead of who or which? Yes / No

Use a relative clause in the subject or the object to join the ideas in these sentences together. 1) The UAE has a lot of oil. This oil is around 2 – 3 km below the surface of the desert.The UAE has a lot of oil which is around 2 – 3 km below the surface of the desert.2) Mecca is a city. All Muslims believe this city is holy.Mecca is a city which all Muslims believe is holy.3) Dr Stephanie Kwolek invented a material. We make bullet-proof vests for soldiers from this material.Dr Stephanie Kwolek invented a material which we make bullet-proof vests for soldiers from.4) Sheikh Zayed was the man. He had the idea to unite the 7 emirates.Sheikh Zayed was the man who had the idea to unite the 7 emirates.5) An iPad is a tablet computer. This computer is made by Apple.An iPad is a tablet computer which is made by Apple. 6) Instagram is an app. People share photos and videos on this app.Instagram is an app which people share photos and videos on.7) The man works in reception. He is very friendly. The man who works in reception is very friendly. 8) Al Ain is the city. This city has the third-largest population in the UAE.Al Ain is the city which has the third-largest population in the UAE.9) Burj Kalifa in Dubai is a famous tower. Almost 2 million people visit this tower every year.Burj Kalifa in Dubai is a famous tower which almost 2 million people visit every year.10) Samsung Note 7s had bad batteries. These batteries exploded and caught fire.

Samsung Note 7s had bad batteries which exploded and caught fire.

Review of vocabulary from Listening and Reading class. Complete the following sentences with a relative clause:

1) A quarter is a fraction which is equal to 25%.

2) A century is a period of time which is 100 years long.

3) A discovery is something new which people find or learn.

4) A unique feature is a feature which is not the same as anything else.

5) An ancient building is a structure which is very old.

6) A complicated theory is an idea which is not simple.

7) A common outcome is a result which often happens.

8) Roots are the parts of trees which grow down into the ground.

9) The mobile phone is an influential device which has changed the way people

communicate.

10) Your imagination is the part of your mind which is creative.

Complete the gaps which are part of relative clauses.

Why students should work in groups

The first reason why students should work in groups is that they can help each other. For

example, students who study together can ask their classmates to explain things which they

do not understand. As a result, they can understand better and learn more compared to

students who study by themselves. Consequently, they may do better in the exams which

they have to take at university.