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CHAPTER 2 Understanding Interests, Interactions, and Institutions

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which of the following was NOT a possible reason for the 2003 preventive war between the United States and Iraq?a. to forestall an Iraqi invasion of Kuwaitb. to assert American power in the Middle Eastc. to secure supplies of oil from the Persian Gulfd. to transform the Middle East by changing an authoritarian regime in the region into

an effective democracye. to prevent Iraq from using its alleged weapons of mass destruction

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Pages 41–42 KEY: 2003 Iraq WarNOT: Conceptual

2. Why didn’t the United Nations Security Council endorse the preventive war against Iraq in 2003?a. The members of the Security Council did not believe Iraq had any weapons of

mass destruction.b. The Security Council is unable to endorse military action against sovereign

countries.c. The United Nations General Assembly wanted the Security Council to consider a

new peace proposal.d. Since the Security Council oversaw humanitarian programs in Iraq, it decided to

remain neutral rather than risk a conflict of interest.e. Several permanent members of the Security Council opposed going to war against

Iraq and could veto any endorsement of the war.

ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: Pages 41–42 KEY: 2003 Iraq WarNOT: Conceptual

3. One result of the 2003 Iraq War was:a. a continuing insurgency by both Sunnis and Shiitesb. the discovery of stockpiles of chemical and biological weapons hidden in Iraqc. a minimal level of Iraqi casualtiesd. the restoration of secular government in Iraqe. the creation of a more homogenous society

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Page 42 KEY: 2003 Iraq WarNOT: Applied

4. Cooperation is:a. a type of institution that makes agreements easier for two actorsb. a type of institution that sets the rules for interactions between actorsc. a type of interaction in which one actor will receive more and the other actor less

of the desired outcomed. a type of interaction involving two or more actors working together to achieve


some outcome they prefere. a type of interaction in which no one is hurt

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Pages 43, 50 KEY: CooperationNOT: Factual

5. Successful cooperation depends upon all of the following EXCEPT:a. the number of actors involved in an interactionb. how quickly the actors can interactc. the number of times actors interactd. how much the actors value the futuree. the accuracy of the information they possess

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 43 KEY: CooperationNOT: Factual

6. Bargaining is a type of interaction:a. that involves the distribution of a fixed valueb. in which no one losesc. in which success is determined by individual actorsd. in which zero-sum calculations do not applye. in which new value is created

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Pages 43, 52 KEY: BargainingNOT: Factual

7. Institutions can be all of the following EXCEPT:a. a set of rules for cooperation among statesb. a prime minister declaring war on another countryc. organizations consisting of several sovereign statesd. nongovernmental organizationse. informal norms such as the norm against slavery

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Pages 43, 62–63KEY: Interests NOT: Factual

8. Why do countries comply with international institutions?a. International institutions can always force countries to fulfill their agreements.b. International institutions are always neutral and unbiased mediators.c. International institutions never have their own agendas to pursue.d. International institutions can reduce the cost of coming to an agreement.e. International institutions are easily manipulated by weaker countries.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Pages 43, 69–70KEY: Institutions NOT: Conceptual

9. If France’s top national interest were security, its first preference for a new Iraqi government would be:a. an authoritarian Iraq with a pro-Western dictator as its leader


b. an authoritarian Iraq with an anti-Western Islamic government holding powerc. a democratic Iraq in which an anti-Western Islamic government might be electedd. a democratic Iraq which might reduce the production and sale of oil to Western

countriese. a democratic Iraq with a continuing civil war

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Pages 44, 46 KEY: National InterestNOT: Applied

10. A state wanting to promote democracy in developing countries would be pursuing which kind of goal?a. powerb. securityc. normatived. economic gaine. material welfare

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Pages 44–45 KEY: InterestsNOT: Applied

11. In international relations, actors can be any of the following EXCEPT:a. individualsb. international organizationsc. groupsd. rulese. states

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Page 46 KEY: ActorsNOT: Factual

12. Which of the following is an example of a state?a. Iraqi Shiite militiab. Iraqc. Saddam Husseind. the Middle Easte. the Iraqi parliamentary government

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 46 KEY: StateNOT: Applied

13. What is a failed state?a. an area of the world that never became a consolidated stateb. a state in which the central authority has broken downc. a state that initiates a war that it then losesd. a state that experiences a major debt crisise. a state that is taken over by another state

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 46 KEY: StateNOT: Factual


14. Why is the concept of sovereignty an important component for the definition of a state?a. Having real sovereignty means other states will not invade the sovereign state’s

territory.b. Being a state presumes legal and political supremacy within a state’s own

boundaries.c. Without sovereignty, more powerful states will often interfere in the politics of

weaker states.d. Being a state presumes that only one group or sovereign entity makes decisions for

that state.e. Sovereignty is presumed and always expected by states.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 6 KEY: SovereigntyNOT: Conceptual

15. Which of the following would be an example of a state actor?a. President George W. Bush raising tariffs on steel imports to protect an industry

that has contributed to his electoral campaignsb. President Bill Clinton increasing sanctions on Cuba because of lobbying by Cuban

Americans in Floridac. President George W. Bush pursuing an invasion of Iraq because Saddam Hussein

attempted to assassinate his fatherd. President Bill Clinton improving relations between the United States and Europe

because he had studied in Great Britain during collegee. President George W. Bush pursuing an invasion of Iraq to safeguard the flow of oil

to the United States

ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: Page 47 KEY: ActorsNOT: Applied

16. The following are all examples of nongovernmental organizations EXCEPT:a. the Red Crossb. Amnesty Internationalc. the United Nationsd. Greenpeacee. Doctors without Borders

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Page 48 (Table 2.1)KEY: Institutions: Nongovernmental Organizations NOT: Factual

17. According to your text, Saddam Hussein’s top interest was:a. to fight a war with the United Statesb. to build weapons of mass destructionc. to avoid a war with Irand. to stay in powere. to go into exile in a friendly neighboring state, if this could be arranged safely

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Page 49 KEY: 2003 Iraq War


NOT: Factual

18. Why are some interactions considered to be strategic interactions?a. In strategic interactions, an actor has to prepare a strategy for the future no matter

what other actors will do.b. In strategic interactions, more than one actor is involved in a negotiation.c. In strategic interactions, actors have a set of preferences that determine what their

strategy will be.d. In strategic interactions, actors are unlikely to consider the future consequences of

their choices.e. In strategic interactions, each actor’s plan of action depends on what the other

actors are expected to do.

ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 49–50 KEY: InteractionsNOT: Conceptual

19. Which of the following is an example of cooperation?a. a group of friends contributing a little money each to throw a partyb. a corporation lobbying Congress for trade protection from foreign importsc. a country cutting back on its emission of greenhouse gasesd. media companies dividing up the limited radio spectrum among themselvese. two water districts agreeing that each should get half of a local river’s water

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 50–51 KEY: CooperationNOT: Applied

20. The Pareto frontier represents:a. the range of possible beneficial outcomes for two actors when they cooperateb. the possible outcomes of a bargaining problem when one actor will losec. the information threshold any actors need for successful cooperationd. the area of a border that is disputed by two neighboring countriese. the amount of power an actor needs to successfully coerce another actor

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 51–52 KEY: InteractionsNOT: Factual

21. Which of the following is an example of bargaining?a. a group of citizens agreeing to pay taxes to install new sidewalksb. the United States and Great Britain contributing to a joint effort to oust Saddam

Husseinc. two states fighting over a piece of territoryd. the government raising the price per bushel of corn after being lobbied by farmerse. teachers striking to get higher pay

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 2 KEY: BargainingNOT: Applied

22. Two actors facing a coordination problem:a. are unlikely to find a mutually acceptable solution to the problem


b. are likely to find a mutually acceptable solution only if one actor has more power than the other

c. are likely to find an acceptable solution that is much more beneficial for only one actor

d. are likely to find a mutually acceptable solution that is difficult to enforcee. are likely to find a mutually acceptable solution that can be self enforced

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Page 54 KEY: InteractionsNOT: Applied

23. All of the following are examples of solutions to coordination problems EXCEPT:a. drivers in the United Kingdom drive on the left side of the roadb. international airline pilots all speak Englishc. peacekeepers separate two armies in a civil war to stop the conflictd. all firms producing compact discs use a single compatible formate. countries allocate international flight paths to avoid midair collisions

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Page 54KEY: Interactions: Coordination NOT: Applied

24. What kind of problem does the Prisoner’s Dilemma story illustrate?a. coordinationb. linkagec. coerciond. collaboratione. free ride

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Pages 54–55KEY: Interactions: Prisoner’s Dilemma NOT: Factual

25. The most likely outcome for both participants in the Prisoner’s Dilemma is:a. both keep quiet so that both prisoners go free and split the lootb. both provide evidence against each other and go to jail, then split the loot after

serving their sentencesc. both provide evidence against each other, but avoid a jail sentence when they

return the lootd. one prisoner keeps quiet, while the other provides evidence and avoids jail and

gets all the loote. one prisoner keeps quiet, while the other provides evidence and avoids jail, but has

to give back the loot

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Pages 54–55KEY: Interactions: Prisoner’s Dilemma NOT: Factual

26. How was the nuclear arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union analogous to the Prisoner’s Dilemma?a. Both sides ended up with fewer weapons than they wanted but still had enough to

defend themselves from the other.b. Each side kept quiet about the number of nuclear weapons they had, so that they


could more easily defect.c. Both sides provided evidence of nuclear weapons and cooperated in creating an

arms agreement.d. The United States provided evidence of nuclear weapons, while the Soviet Union

remained quiet and thus defected instead of cooperating.e. Collectively each side would have been better off if both had fewer weapons, but

each side had an incentive to defect.

ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: Pages 55–56KEY: Interactions: Prisoner’s Dilemma NOT: Applied

27. Which is the best definition of a public good?a. It is a benefit that is always paid for by the government.b. It is a product created by public agencies for the use of all citizens of a country.c. It is a product that cannot be withheld from anyone and whose use does not

prohibit anyone else from enjoying it.d. It is supplies that governments provide for infrastructure projects.e. It is any benefit that governments provide.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Page 56 KEY: Public GoodsNOT: Factual

28. The following is an example of a public good:a. a free lunch provided by a soup kitchenb. the clean air resulting from laws reducing pollutionc. a tariff protecting an important national industryd. electric cars that reduce smog for everyonee. government tax credits for companies that make safer cars

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Page 56 KEY: Public GoodsNOT: Applied

29. A state wanting to free ride with regard to ozone depletion would:a. sign an agreement to reduce greenhouse gases, but continue to produce such

ozone-depleting emissions while other states decreased their own emissionsb. sign an agreement to reduce greenhouse gases, but would reduce emissions only if

all other signatories also reduced their emissionsc. refuse to sign an agreement to reduce greenhouse gases because it would not want

to pay for reducing ozone-depleting emissionsd. sign an agreement to reduce greenhouse gases, and then reduce its emissions only

as much as the other signatories reduce their emissionse. freely reduce emissions without signing any entangling agreements

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: Page 56KEY: Interactions: Collective Action NOT: Applied

30. In which case is an agreement most likely to be successful?a. Over 180 countries sign an agreement to reduce pollution in oceans.b. Twenty Mediterranean countries agree to reduce pollution in the Mediterranean


Sea.c. Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, and Ukraine sign

an agreement to reduce pollution in the Danube River.d. Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania sign an agreement to reduce pollution in Lake

Victoria.e. The United States and Mexico sign an agreement to reduce pollution off the

Pacific coast.

ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: Page 57KEY: Interactions: Cooperation NOT: Applied

31. Why are countries more likely to cooperate when there is iteration?a. Countries are better able to threaten reciprocal punishment in the future.b. Countries that are closer together are also more likely to cooperate.c. Countries are more likely to comply with treaties when their commitments are

clearly specified.d. Countries are more likely to cooperate when no country is more powerful than the

other.e. Countries can more easily coerce cooperation when they have full information.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 57–58KEY: Interactions: Cooperation NOT: Conceptual

32. How does iteration differ from linkage?a. In iteration, agreements are specifically enumerated rather than being combined or

linked to other agreements.b. In iteration, all actors share all relevant information rather than strategically

withholding key information.c. In iteration, an actor makes the first move in negotiations rather than waiting to use

information from other sources to get a better outcome.d. In iteration, an actor waits for others to set the agenda for bargaining rather than

promising cooperation in the future.e. In iteration, an actor can punish another by withholding cooperation in the future

rather than withholding cooperation on other issues.

ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: Pages 57–58 KEY: InteractionsNOT: Applied

33. In 2003, why did Saddam Hussein keep it a secret that Iraq had destroyed its weapons of mass destruction?a. Saddam Hussein thought Iran might attack if the Iranians knew he did not have

any weapons of mass destruction.b. Saddam Hussein thought that the United States would be deterred from invading if

it thought Iraq still had weapons of mass destruction.c. Saddam Hussein had been lied to by Iraqi scientists and thought that Iraq really did

have weapons of mass destruction.d. Saddam Hussein thought that Russia would approve of an invasion if it knew Iraq

did not have weapons of mass destruction.e. Saddam Hussein thought that inspectors from the United Nations would be able to


find out for themselves that Iraq did not have weapons of mass destruction.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Pages 59, 72 KEY: 2003 Iraq WarNOT: Conceptual

34. All of the following statements about power are true EXCEPT:a. power is the ability to not have to make concessions when bargainingb. power is the ability to get another to do what that actor would not otherwise doc. power is the ability to get the other side to make concessions when bargainingd. the actor with more power always gets the outcome it prefers when bargaining

with otherse. the more power one has, the better the outcome one can expect from bargaining

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Page 59KEY: Interactions: Power NOT: Factual

35. If after several months Chile and Bolivia fail to sign a free-trade agreement, the reversion outcome is:a. tariffs will immediately riseb. an appeal will be made to the World Trade Organizationc. Bolivia and Chile will impose more sanctions on each others’ importsd. there will be no trade agreemente. a new trade proposal will be presented

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Page 59KEY: Interactions: Reversion NOT: Applied

36. If the United Nations Security Council decides not to intervene to stop genocide, the reversion outcome would be:a. the Security Council members would return (revert) to more negotiationsb. the genocide would be endedc. the genocide would continued. economic sanctions would automatically be enactede. a thirty-day cooling off period would begin

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Page 59KEY: Interactions: Reversion NOT: Applied

37. When bargaining with others, one actor will have an advantage if:a. there are many other actors to bargain withb. the actor is more satisfied with the reversion outcome than the othersc. the actor begins bargaining after the other actorsd. the actor needs to end the bargaining process quicklye. the actor has no other options but to come to an agreement

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Page 59KEY: Interactions: Reversion and Bargaining NOT: Factual

38. Imposing some cost on others to reduce the value of the status quo is known as:


a. coercionb. reversionc. linkaged. enforcemente. collaboration

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: Page 60KEY: Interactions: Coercion NOT: Factual

39. One means with which a country can coerce other countries is:a. walking away from negotiationsb. setting the agenda for negotiationsc. threatening or using military force against the other countriesd. withholding information from the other countriese. having an international organization mediate the dispute

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Pages 60–61KEY: Interactions: Coercion NOT: Factual

40. In the disagreement between the United States and the United Nations Security Council over the 2003 war with Iraq, the United States felt it had less need of Security Council support because:a. the United States usually did not get Security Council approval for its actions and

considered the Security Council an “outside option”b. the Security Council had the reputation of being an irrelevant actor or “outside

option”c. although the United States could not attack Iraq on its own, it could exercise its

“outside option” by pressuring outsider countries to lobby members of the Security Council

d. the Security Council had an “outside option” (little chance) of using military forces to prevent the United States from attacking

e. the United States had the attractive “outside option” of successfully attacking Iraq on its own

ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: Page 61KEY: Interactions: Outside Options NOT: Factual

41. An actor using agenda-setting power during bargaining:a. makes the last and decisive move (like the setting sun)b. uses knowledge of the agenda to create coalitions with other actorsc. links items on the agenda to other issues in order to coerce other actorsd. acts first and therefore changes what choices are available to the other actorse. keeps the official record of the proceedings and uses this to promote its own

description of the agreement or treaty

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Page 62KEY: Interactions: Agenda Setting NOT: Applied

42. If not resolved, all of the following can hinder cooperation EXCEPT:


a. incentives to defectb. large numbers of actorsc. nonrepeated interactionsd. coalition buildinge. imperfect information

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Page 63 KEY: InstitutionsNOT: Factual

43. In international relations, when one refers to anarchy one is referring to:a. the chaos of interactions between countriesb. groups of people who conspire to overthrow governmentsc. the fact that a small group of powerful countries controls relations between statesd. the fact that there is no formal global governmente. the amount of power of the strongest states

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Pages 63–64 KEY: AnarchyNOT: Factual

44. Why is enforcement by institutions actually “self-enforcement”?a. Institutions can force their own members to comply with their agreements without

outside help.b. There is no central international authority capable of forcing actors to cooperate.c. To force members to cooperate, actors pay dues to their institutions to

create their own enforcement agency.d. Each institution is defined as a sovereign entity or “self.”e. Conflicts are resolved by a rotating panel of members who punish those who

violate the rules.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 64 KEY: InstitutionsNOT: Conceptual

45. Institutions facilitate cooperation by doing all of the following EXCEPT:a. by forcing actors to collaborateb. by setting standards of behaviorc. by verifying complianced. by reducing costs of joint decision-makinge. by resolving disputes

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Pages 64–67 KEY: InteractionsNOT: Factual

46. Which of the following is an example of an institution helping to verify compliance?a. the United Nations banning the use of satellites and planes to spy on other

countriesb. United Nations resolutions clearly banning Iraq from possessing weapons of mass

destructionc. the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) having twenty two chapters

of detailed rules on trade and investment between the member countries


d. International Atomic Energy Agency inspectors searching for nuclear weapons in violation of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

e. the United Nations Security Council approving the use of military force to remove Iraqi troops from Kuwait in 1990

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Pages 65–66KEY: Institutions: Verifying Compliance NOT: Applied

47. Some organizations, like the World Trade Organization, have created dispute settlement procedures that:a. include a policing agency that can force states to comply with any court rulingsb. help resolve disputes by interpreting ambiguous rulesc. write new rules when the members of the organization disagree with the old rulesd. create a court with the power to subpoena and fine members who violate the rulese. have not helped resolve disputes between members

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Page 67 KEY: InstitutionsNOT: Factual

48. The best example of institutional bias reflecting the history of its creation is:a. the one country-one vote procedure in the United Nations General Assemblyb. the unanimous consent of the Council of Ministers of the European Economic

Community before 1986c. the veto power of the five permanent members on the United Nations Security

Councild. the qualified majority voting rule of the European Unione. the consensus procedure in the World Trade Organization

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Pages 68–69 KEY: InstitutionsNOT: Applied

49. Why do some institutions continue to have biased voting procedures that privilege some states?a. Weaker states prefer that more powerful states make and carry out important

decisions.b. The powerful states that benefit from the bias resist changing the procedures.c. Formal institutions are easy to change and states constantly create new procedures

for their own benefit.d. The members of the institutions know that rules and procedures do not really

matter.e. Powerful states want weaker states to think they can contribute to important

decisions.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Page 69 KEY: InstitutionsNOT: Conceptual

50. Why don’t powerful countries ignore World Trade Organization rules that hurt their own economic interests?a. The World Trade Organization dispute arbitration panel can effectively enforce


punishment of rule violators.b. The World Trade Organization can take powerful countries to court in their own

country.c. Powerful countries would rather follow the rules than cause harm to poorer

countries.d. Powerful countries fear that they will have to pay fines if they violate the rules.e. Powerful countries benefit from the whole system of trading rules and do not want

others to also violate the rules.

ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: Page 70 KEY: InstitutionsNOT: Conceptual

51. When would Mexico be likely to defect from a trade agreement?a. after other member countries frequently violate the rules of the agreementb. while other member countries export more goods than Mexicoc. after other member countries experience more economic growth than Mexicod. before the trade agreement can be enforced by an arbitration panele. after Mexico’s economy becomes more integrated with other member countries’

economies

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: Pages 70–72 KEY: InstitutionsNOT: Applied

52. The outcome of the case of Costa Rican underwear illustrates that:a. countries with economic and military power do not always prevail in trade disputesb. setting the agenda in trade disputes can sometimes succeedc. trade dispute resolution is biased in favor of developing countriesd. unfair import restrictions are often allowed to expire before they are adjudicatede. a system of rules can be rendered inoperative by widespread cheating

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: Page 71 KEY: InstitutionsNOT: Applied

53. How many cases has the United States brought to the World Trade Organization?a. fewer than 5b. between 5 and 20c. between 20 and 200d. between 200 and 400e. more than 400

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Page 71KEY: Institutions: World Trade Organization NOT: Factual

54. Game theory is:a. an approach to understanding human behavior derived from studies of statistics

and gamblingb. an approach to studying international relations that assumes actors do not take

negotiations seriouslyc. the use of role-playing to understand the actions of world leaders


d. a tool for analyzing strategic interactionse. the use of war games to prepare for negotiations with other countries

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Page 75 KEY: Game TheoryNOT: Factual

55. Which of the following is an example of a game of Chicken?a. a trade agreement in which each side wants more concessions from the other

countryb. a nuclear crisis in which each side wants to take a tough stancec. a peacekeeping mission for which countries are reluctant to send their troopsd. a conference in which countries negotiate over setting international standards for

encoding CDse. an invasion of a small country by a large coalition of countries that did not want to

attack alone

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Pages 77–78 KEY: Game TheoryNOT: Applied

56. A major difference between the Stag Hunt and the Prisoner’s Dilemma is that:a. in the Prisoner’s Dilemma the best strategy is to stand tough while in the Stag Hunt

the best strategy is to back downb. in the Prisoner’s Dilemma the best strategy is to do the opposite of what your

opponent does while in the Stag Hunt the best strategy is to do the same thing the others do

c. mutual defection is the equilibrium result in the Prisoner’s Dilemma, but in the Stag Hunt it is only one of two expected outcomes

d. mutual defection is the equilibrium result in the Stag Hunt, but in the Prisoner’s Dilemma the expected outcome is mutual cooperation

e. in the Stag Hunt there is an individual incentive to defect, while in the Prisoner’s Dilemma the barrier to cooperation is a lack of trust

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Page 79 KEY: Game TheoryNOT: Applied

ESSAY

1. Describe the different types of actors in international relations and explain why the state is more prominent than the others.

ANS:Answer will vary.

KEY: Interests: Actors

2. A state is presumed to have national interests. What is a state, and how can we explain why a states’ national interests are power and security?



KEY: Interests: National Interest and the State

3. Assume that former U.S. president Jimmy Carter brokered a peace agreement between Israel and Egypt in 1978 to reduce conflict in the Middle East. Explain how in this case President Carter can be presumed to be a state actor pursuing a national interest.


KEY: Interests: Actors and National Interest

4. What are public goods and why are public goods often provided by governments rather than private individuals or groups?


KEY: Interactions: Collective Action Problems

5. How does bargaining differ from cooperation?


KEY: Interactions: Cooperation and Bargaining

6. How might states use coercion, outside options, and agenda-setting to exercise power when bargaining with other actors?


KEY: Interactions: Bargaining

7. What are coordination problems, cooperation problems, and collaboration problems and how do they differ?


KEY: Interactions: Game Theory and Cooperation

8. What is the Prisoner’s Dilemma game, and why is mutual defection the expected outcome of the game?



KEY: Interactions: Game Theory

9. Under what conditions are both hunters likely to cooperate in the Stag Hunt game?


KEY: Interactions: Game Theory

10. Explain how the number of actors, iteration, the importance of the future, and information contribute to successful cooperation.


KEY: Interactions: Cooperation

11. Explain how access to information affects the probability of successful cooperation.


KEY: Interactions: Cooperation

12. Why would it be in the interest of sovereign states to comply with institutions?


KEY: Interests, Institutions: Cooperation

13. How can institutions enforce cooperation between states, given that the world is anarchic?


KEY: Institutions: Cooperation

14. Using examples of international organizations, explain how and why the procedures of some institutions are biased in favor of more powerful states.



KEY: Institutions: Institutional Bias

15. Explain how relatively weak Costa Rica was able to win a case against the United States in the World Trade Organization.


KEY: Institutions: Cooperation

16. Why did the interests and interactions of the United States and Iraq lead to the 2003 Iraq War?


KEY: Interests, Interactions, Institutions: 2003 Iraq War

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