1.1 Block language . It appears in such function as messages in most cases No sentences , consisting of noun , noun phrase or nominal clause in isolation in a verb which is needed because it is necessary for understanding the message that is furnished by Here are some examples: . the context

Entrance 50 mph limit

No entry no dogs without leash

Notional forecast Danger :falling rocks

English department the new York times

Fresh today pure lemon juice

For sale all the news that's fitte print

A comprehensive grammar of the English language the first luxury Bound collector 's edition of Agha Christie's work to be a reliable in this country.

Some forms of block language have recognizable clause structures. These forms deviate from regular clause structures in omitting closed- class items of low in formation value, such as the finite forms of the verb( be) and the articles in other words

that may be understood from the context.(Quirk et l,1985:845)

Newspaper Headlines 1.2

Newspaper headlines commonly contain block language because of pressure on space. They can generally be analyzed in

terms of clause structure, though frequently scrutiny of the text below a head line obliges us to reinterpret the structure: MARRIES-PRIET [SVO STAR] FILM

OIL SPILL THREAT DECREA SING [SV]

PRESIDENT GALL. SFORGALM [SVA]

SHARE PRIGES NOW HIGHER THAN EVER [SAC]

STUDY LINKS DEATHS TO CROWDING IN PRISONS [SVOA]

THREE JOCKEYS HURT [SV]

CAMP HELPS ADULTS REDIS COVER WILDS [SVOC]

The regular structure of the last two examples, for instance, would be three jockeys are hurt and the camp helps adults rediscover the wilds. In addition to those mentioned above for block language in 11.45 certain other syntactic feathers are characteristics of newspaper head lines

1 .The simple present is used instead of the present, perfect, which are used in other styles. for example in conversation( (

) Ibid:846(

Would be normal for recent news:

MEAT PRICE SRI SEACAIN [Meat price share risen again]

2).To (is commonly used to express the future or a predicted arrangement (cf : be to, 345f):(:

SENATOR TO SEEK REELECTION

] The senator is to seek reelection[

3.Asyndeton (cf 13.1 ) is more common: WOMAN CLAIMS DRUG CAUSED CANCER, SUES( woman has climbed that a drug had caused her cancer

and she has sued some body)[

UTILITY POLE FALLS, KILLS PHONE COMPANY WORKER

]A utility pole has fallen and has killed a phone company worker[

Intransitively: 4.Verbs that are generally transitive are used BRITISH VICTORY SURPRISES

]The British victory has surprised (?) Experts[

- Note -[a]the use of past caused in the head line /WOMAN/CLAIMS/DRUG CANCER SUES Follows the normal back shift rule in indirect speech(cf 14.30 substitution of present cause changes the time reference of the verb to habitual .

]b[the example in (4) is structurally ambiguous. In addition to the interpretation given above which presupposes a noun phrase as subject with surprises may be a noun head of the noun phrase that comprises the whole of the title.(ibid) .

1.3 Personal letters, cables, diaries Block language is commonly used on past cards, where space is restricted and is also often used in informal personal notes .The

first person pronoun and perhaps also an obvious auxiliary are often omitted: Sorry about Jane [I'm sorry about the news about Jane] wish you were here [I wish you were here ] having wonderful time [I'm having a wonderful time ] weather marvelous [The weather is marvelous ]

Know who I saw? [Do you know who I saw? ]Elliptical sentences like the last example are also common in informal conversation. The sender is likely to omit whatever can be

understood by the receiver from a knowledge of the situation :NO MONEY SEND HUNDERD [I have no money. Send me a hundred dollars]

NEGOTIATIONS PROGRESSING RETURNING END JULY STOP LETTER FOLLOWING .

]The negotiations are progressing well. I am returning all the end of July. A letter will follow this cable[

MANUSCRIPT RECEIVED CHANGES ACCEPTED PRINTING JANUARY [your man script has been received and

your corrections have been accepted. Printing of the book will take place in January ]The language used in diaries/ is also

abbreviated :Got up at 6 phoned Bill. Bill said he was ill, so had to cancel meeting .

Went to office instead. Worked till 12 on government contract

) Ibid :847(

Note [a] Stop is used on cables in place of punctuation to indicate the ends of sentences if there is a danger of ambiguity .

]b [Notes taken from lectures, books, or articles are likely to be abbreviated, the from and extent of the abbreviation varying with the individual writer .

]c [The increasing use of telex instead of cable has rendered the extreme condensed from of cable language less common .

(Ibid)

]Abbreviated sentences in instructional writing[2.1

Abbreviated structures are typical of instructional writing, such as technical manuals, consumer leaflets on assembling or using products, instructional labels on products, and recipes. As in newspaper headlines, articles are often omitted, it is characteristic of this style to omit direct object that can be understood from the context.

Tighten to hold bracket snugly against wall, but without excessive tightening of screws.

Disconnect cleaner from electrical outlet before replacing belt.

Add on can of cold water to the contents of this can.

Heat to boiling point. Allow to simmer a few minutes and serve when mixing is finished, turn mixer off, unplug cord from outlet and subject beaters.

Cook to golden brown.

Beat egg lightly with fork.

Keep away from heat.

Just heat and serve.

Lay flat.

Occasionally the subject is omitted:

Makes four servings, cupful each contains whiteners and brighteners.

Note [a] Ostens 's identification indicates that a direct object has been omitted and that it refers to the article on which the sentences is written:

Refrigerate after opening [1]

Keep cool [2]

Keep out of reach of children [3]

Standard upright [4]

Out of context, sentences [1-4] would be interpreted to refer to the addressee's keeping cool, etc.

]b [spoken demonstrations, for example of cooking, sometimes adopt these characteristics of instructional writing. (ibid)

6

2.2 Abbreviated Sentences in Informal Conversation

Initial word in a sentences are frequently omitted in informal conversation:

Don't know where they are [" I don't …"]

Want another cup? ["Do you …?"]

Lost something? ["Have you …?"]

Serves them right! ["It serves …"]

Good to see you again ["It good …"]

Anything wrong? ["Is anything …?"]

Hot? ["Are you (feeling) …?]

The pronouns and auxiliaries to be understood are partially cued by the words that begin the sentence in case of ambiguity are dependent on the situational context for example, Hot? Could be interpreted as either Are you hot? or Is it hot?

For further discussion of such sentences in conversation. ibid:848((

2.3 Abbreviated Sentences in Broad Cast Commentaries

Commentaries on radio and television often contain abbreviated sentences, usually with the omission of there is, it is, or a form of the verb BE:

The first lap is over. Five more to come.

Sport, and we have the latest from Wimbledon.

Another batsman out

Two players wounded

And now a band of the marines

And again the sound of bugles

3.1 Elliptical Sentences in Dialogue

In conversation and in written dialogue, it is common to find ellipsis in sentences that respond to, comment on, or question previous sentences spoken by another speaker. The ellipsis is interpreted from a preceding sentences; it avoids repetition so as focus on the new material. There sultant fragmentary sentences can be analyzed for clause functions through a reconstruction, based on preceding sentences, of the full forms:

A: Is your daughter at home?

B: Probably. [A-She is probably at home.]

A: Who sent you?

B: The manager. [S-The manager sent me.]

A: I'm leaving.

B: Why? [A-Why are you leaving?]

A: I can't play baseball.

B: I know. [SV-I know you can't play baseball.]

A: No body is here.

B: Obviously. [A-Obviously, nobody is here.]

A: When will you leave?

B: With luck, on Tuesday. [AA-With luck, I'll leave on Tuesday.] (ibid)

3.2 Examples of Block Language

Get full - Text online!

)Journal of Gerontological Nursing for Nursing care of older adults – 2007:29(

Smoking and aging:

Breaking through the barriers (ibid:32)

Three essential for successful fall management (ibid:42-43)

Yoyo … carry me everywhere an advertisement for a stroller (Madame Magazine-2013)

Paris empty (ibid:16)

Committed to care (care for life-hospital services: care information: 16)

Always on call (ibid: 58)

Beyond fashion

Think style…

Think unique (Madame Magazine-2013: 97)

Vital nutrients

Vitamins and Minerals (care for life-hospital services: information: 72)

ated sentences in in

3.3 Elliptical Sentences Without Change of Speaker

Fragmentary elliptical sentences may also occur without change of speaker or writer.

In writing, they appear especially in certain styles of fiction and advertising:

Two stranger figures approached. Martians!

Janet felt uncomfortable. Yes, very uncomfortable.

It has a very distinctive taste. Crisp and fresh.

Designed in Sweden, this teak desk is a terrific buy.

Shown with our exceptionally priced desk chair.

Note:

These fragmentary sentences are to be distinguished from the sentence fragments that are merely the result of a punctuation device to indicate a dramatic pause for emphasis. They are also common in fiction and advertising:

He was drunk. And penniless

We have all kinds of contemporary furniture.

For every room in the house .

)Quirk etal,1985: 849(

4.1 Non Sentences

Non sentences, usually but not exclusively noun phrase, occur frequently in speech, mostly in informal conversation we can do no more than give some examples with their illocutionary force.

An optional vocative can frequently be added(

Exclamatory noun phrases modified by a restrictive relative clause ( in most instances with the zero relative )

The clothes she wears! [ cf: what clothes she wears! ]

The things they get up to!

The fuss they made!

Also expressing scornful disapproval are exclamatory phrases consisting of a noun phrase, generally a pronoun, followed by [ and ] and [ another noun phrase with a matching possessive pronoun.

You and your statistics! [ ' I deplore the way you so frequently resort to statistics.' ]

Him and his malicious gossip !

Pat and her childish hobbies !

The subject case is less commonly used for the first pronoun. He and his malicious gossip!

))Ibid

)3 (Exclamatory prepositional phrases beginning with [ of ] all express strong disapproval:

Of all the impudence! Of all the stupid, thing to say!

)4 (Exclamatory noun or adjective phrases may express approval or disapproval:

Charming couple! Dirty place! Stupid! Excellent meal!

Very interesting! Poor thing! (A) good idea! Disgusting !

Big baby! [ ' what a helpless person you are! ' ]

Notice that articles are often omitted .

If the phrase is directed at the person addressed, it may be prefaced by you, eg: You angel! [ You are an angel. ]

Your poor thing! , You idiot! To express a more familiar and more affectionate relationship my is used; eg: My poor baby!,

My silly boy !

)5 (Noun phrases may have the force of commands or requests. Where appropriate, an adverbial such as please may accompany the noun phrase:

Attention! Patience! A pound of butter, please .

Action stations! Lights! Another coffee, if you

Taxi! Phone! Don't mind .

Your turn. Just a drop more The letter, please .

Scalpel! My hat, please. The door .

Scissors, somebody! Next slide, please.

)Ibid: 85(

In some sentences ,the interpretation depends on the situational context .for example, the door!might mean 'shut the door! 'watch the door! ' open the door! or even 'leave the room! for other verbless commands

) 6(Noun phrases may have the force of offers or invitations, particularly when they are spoken with rising intonation:

Cigarette my apart ment ?

More coffee ,anyone? Another round ?

Again the interpretation may depend on the situational context. Alternative questions may have the same force:TEA or COFFEE? MY PLACE or YOURS?

) 7(Noun and adjective phrases with intonation may have the force of inquiries. They may function as yes/No questions:

New hat? Good flight? Broing ?

Your book? Any luck, Ron? Tasty?

Next slide? False alarm ?

In place of these questions ,it is possible to use a noun phrase followed by a tag question, e.g .Too hat, are you? New hat, is it? ,Good flight, was it ? They may also function as alternative questions:

Your car your mother's Hot or cold ?

Inquiry having the force of wh -questions:

م 03:49األحد Your Name [your name is...?]Your age? Your Rank?

Can be analyzed as corresponding to (for example ) what is your name ?

Your name, could you tell me your name ?

)8(Noun phrases may make assertion, conveying information:

False alarm No news

No luck That way [they went that way]

Business call [The phone call was a business call]

)9(Exclamatory noun phrases may convey a writing fire! [noun] The police Timber! Avalanche

)10(Exclamatory negative noun phrases may convey a prohibition:

No smoking! No more noise! No pushing !

)11(Noun phrases(with possible expansions may merely convey society:

Nice day again. Good weather we are having lovely evening

)12(Exclamatory (noun phrase ) may be self-addressed ,expressing the alarm or frustration after a period of forget fulness

) ibid:85 (

The cake [I should have taken the cake out of the oven] My husband's birthday![I have forgotten my husband's birthday. ]

My interview !

)13(Vocatives are used alone for a variety of purpose: for example to summon, to rebuke, to question whether the person addressed is or to remind of an order or a request

)14(Names or noun phrases referring to persons are used in verbless introduction, generally with a vocative:

Ladies and gentlemen, the next president of the United States of America![I present the next president....!] My mother and father, Susan. [These are my....]

DAD -Jhon Tobin, a good friend of mine. [Dad, let me introduce. ...]

)15(Two or more persons may be introduced to each other, gestures perhaps indicating the different persons:

JOAN, my sister -John, a good friend of mine

Other examples of verb less sentences appear in the list of formulae .

Verb less clauses appear as the first clause in coordinated constructions that express a conditional relationship

]a[The construction may have the force of a directive:

One more step and I will shoot. [cf:Take one step more and I'll shoot ] Twenty pounds and you can have the ridio [cf: give me twenty pounds and you can have the radio]

Another drink or I'll die of thirst. [cf: give me another drink or I'll die of thirst]

Astereo typed sentences has verbless clauses in both parts your money or your life! [cf:Give me your money or I'll take your life ]

Trick or treat ! <AME<

]Give me a treat or I'll play a trick on you[

)b(The construction my have the force of a statement:

Aminute more and we would have missed the train. [If we had arrived Aminute later, we would have over flowed it's bank

Afew more feet and you would have gone over the cliff .

Notice the use of [would have ]

Typical in conditional sentences .

) I bid :852(

4.2 Formulae

Most formulae used for stereo typed communication situations are grammatically irregular .

Only in a very limited way can they be analyzed into clause elements. In the following list, we give a few examples of the major types:

GREETINGS: Good morning, Good afternoon,

Good evening < all formal <

FAREWELLS: Goodbye, Good night, All the best <informal<

Cheers, cheerio <BrE, familiar>, See you<familiar>, Bye (-bye) <familiar>, So long <familiar<

INTRODUCTIONS: How do you do? <formal>, How are you?, Glad to meet you, Hi <formal<

REACTION SIGNALS :

assent, agreement : Yes, Yeah / je /, Alright, OK <informal> Certainly, Absolutely, Right, Exactly, Quite <BrE>, Sure

<espAgmE <

denial, disagreement: No, Certainly not, Definitely not, Not at all, Not likely.

-Thanks: Thank you (very much), Thanks (very much),

Many thanks, Ta <BrE slang>, Thanks a lot ,

Cheers <familiar BrE<

TOASTS: Good health <formal>, Here's to you ,

Here's to the future, Here's to your new job .

Ibid

-SESONAL GREETINGS: Merry Christmas, Happy new year, Happy birthday, Many happy returns (of your birthday), Happy anniversary

-ALARM GALLS: Help! Fire

WARNINGS: Mind, (Be) careful! , Watch out, !

Watch it! <familiar<

-APOLOGIES: (I'm) sorry, (I beg you) pardon <formal>, My mistake.

-RESPONSES TO APOLOGIES: That's OK <informal>, Don't mention it, No matter <formal>, Never mind, No hard feelings

<informal <

-CONGRATULATIONS: Congratulations, Well done, Right on <AmE slang> EXPRESSIONS OF ANGER OR DISMISSAL (familiar; graded in order from expressions of dismissal to taboo curses):

Beat it <esp AmE>, Get lost, Blast you <BrE,<

Damn you, Go to hell, Bugger off <BrE.<

-EXPLETIVES (familiar, like wise graded in order of increasing strength): My gosh, (By) Golly, (Good) Heavens, Doggone (it) <AmE>, Darn (it), Heck, Blast (it) <BrE>, Good lord, (Good) God, christ Almighty, Oh hell, Damn (it), Bugger (it) <esp BrE>, Shit, Fuck (it).

-MISCELLANEOUS EXCLAMATIONS: Shame <familiar>, Encore, Hear, hear, Over my dead body <familiar>, Nothing doing <informal>, Big deal <familiar, ironic>, Oh dear, Goal check mate.

)Ibid(