Water reabsorption Diuretics

3 parts to water reabsorption: 1. reabsorption of salt 2. establishment of solute gradient 3. reabsorption of water

Sodium (Na) and water is filtered through at glomerulus however, about 99% of is reabsorbed back into the blood stream

Hormones help regulate the reabsorption of salt at the distal convoluted tubule Renin

Secretes aldosterone Aldosterone

Excretes Potassium ions (K+) and reabsorption of Sodium ions (Na+)

Na that isn’t reabsorbed at the PCT is reabsorbed at the Loop of Henle Descending limb

Permeable to water Filtrate is more concentrated

Ascending Limb Impermeable to water Filtrate becomes more dilute Here medulla salty

Collecting Duct 1. If the body needs water (dehydrated) it

releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) collecting duct becomes permeable to water Water diffuses out of the collecting duct

Less urine, and more concentrated

2. If the body is hydrated it will not release ADH

diuretic means increase amount of urine Collecting duct remains impermeable to water

More urine, more diluted expelled from the bladder

Alcohol suppresses ADH production by the pituitary

Without ADH, higher amounts of water stay in the urine

Urine with high concentrations of water leaves the body

Examples of diuretics Coffee Tea Energy drinks Supplements/pills

Benefits Help lower blood pressure Reduce bloating

Risks Frequent urination Electrolyte abnormalities Extreme tiredness or weakness Muscle cramps or weakness Dizziness, lightheadedness Dehydration Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting

Acid-base balance Normal pH 7.4 If we have a pH above this it is called

alkalosis If we have a pH below this it is called

acidosis

Too much base in blood Can be caused by:

High altitude (less oxygen) Sweating/vomiting Lack of potassium

Symptoms: nausea, numbness, muscle spasms, tremors

Prevent Healthy foods, drinking enough fluids

Too much acid in blood Can be caused by:

Dehydration Diet (high fat, low carb)

Can cause fatigue, headaches, lack of appetite, funny breath

Prevent Foods

There are a number of different mechanisms that try to keep our blood at 7.4pH level 1. Acid-Base Buffer System 2. Respiratory Center 3. Kidneys

Buffers try to counter act a base or an acid Chemical or combination of chemicals that

try to take up excess hydrogen ion (acid) or excess hydroxide ions (base)

When there is too much acid (H+) it will combine with a weak base buffer (HCO3) The weak base “soaks” up the stronger

acid to try and neutralize it When there is too much base (OH-) it

wil combine with a weak acid buffer (H2C03) to neutralize it

If there is too much H+ in our blood our breathing rate increase

This causes excess of H+ to be released Breath out C02 and H20

Kidneys are our best mechanism for removing large amounts of acid or base from our blood Excess acid in blood

H+ ions are excreted OH- reabsorbed

If excess of base in blood H+ are not excreted OH- is not reabsorbed This is because urine is already very acidic

when it is excreted the excess of OH will follow

Ketosis Happens when your body resorts to fat for energy

after your stored carbohydrates have been burned out

It occurs in people who eat low-carb, high-protein diets

Atkins Ketogenic diet

Diets work by using fat stores as primary source of energy you may lose weight. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0N3iwMak-SU

20:35-28:00

Ketosis What is it?

buildup of a substance known as ketones, in your blood. They are released when your body’s carbohydrate stores run out and you have to break down fat stores for energy

What causes it? This can typically happen when the body

is lacking insulin and blood glucose levels become high Often associated with being on a high protein,

low carb diet A low level of carbohydrate will lead to low

levels of insulin, body will produce ketones which do not rely on

insulin to get into and fuel the body’s cells. Can also be related to diabetes Excessive alcohol consumption

Effects on the kidney Extra strain on Kidneys

In processing higher amounts of protein, your kidneys work harder

Frequent urination Increase in sodium, calcium and potassium

excreted Kidney stones Kidney failure

Other side effects Low blood pressure

another function mediated by your kidneys due to extra fluid and electrolyte

Increase acidity in blood Osteoporosis Headaches Dizziness Muscle cramps Nausea Bad breath

Treatment Prevention

Healthy diet that has a balance of carbohydrates, fats and protein

Insulin therapy along

Other facts Dr. Atkins invented the atkins diet in 1972 Became very popular in 2000’s and was

one of many low carb diets Ketosis can cause bad breath that is often

described like smelling like nail polish remover

Create a poster about a disorder of the kidney or bladder Your poster should have the following:

Brief description of the disorder Causes of the disease or disorder Symptoms of the disease or disorder Treatments for the disease or disorder Any other Important Information for the disease or disorder Reference List (minimum 3 sources)

You will also be graded on: Visuals (include pictures) Neatness Creativity

Rubric to follow

TopicsAcute Renal Failure

Bladder Cancer

Enlarged Prostate

Enuresis (bed-wetting)

Hematuria – blood in the urine

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome – blood clots in kidney

Incontinence (urinary) – urinary leakage

Nephritis – inflammation of kidneys

Nocturia – wake up ofen to go to the bathroom

Over Active Bladder

Polycystic Kidney Disease

Prostate Cancer

Renal Calculi (Kidney stones)

Ureteritis

Urinary Cystitis (bladder infection)