© van Marrewijk, 2005

France, share of income invested, 1950-2000 (%)

0

10

20

30

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000year

inco

me

sh

are

inve

ste

d (

%)

average

Data source: Penn World Table Version 6.1 (October 2002).

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40capital-labour ratio

outp

ut

Equilibrium

capital available from savings = investment

capital needed for depreciation and population growth

A

B

k*

© van Marrewijk, 2005

© van Marrewijk, 2005

TFP (ratio 1990 to 1971) and secundary school enr. (1971-90 av.)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0.25 0.75 1.25 1.75 2.25TFP

sec.

sch

ool e

nr.;

197

1-90

av.

Malta

Eq. Guinea

Data source: Coe, Helpman, and Hoffmaister (1997); the thin line is a trend line

© van Marrewijk, 2005

USA; per capita GDP (1990 G-K $), log scale

1000

10000

100000

1870 1900 1930 1960 1990year

per

capi

ta G

DP

Data source: Maddison (2003); the thin line is a trend line

© van Marrewijk, 2005

Japan and Indonesia; per capita GDP (1990 G-K $), log scale

100

1000

10000

100000

1870 1900 1930 1960 1990 year

pe

r ca

pita

GD

P

Japan

Indonesia

Data source: Maddison (2003); the thin lines are trend lines.

© van Marrewijk, 2005

Data source: Coe, Helpman, and Hoffmaister (1997); the thin line is a trend line

TFP (ratio 1990 to 1971) and import share of machinery and equipment (relative to GDP, 1971-90 average)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.25 0.75 1.25 1.75 2.25TFP

impo

rt s

hare

; 19

71-9

0 av

. Malta

Rwanda

© van Marrewijk, 2005

Singapore; current account balance (% of GDP)

23.96

-19.74-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

year

curr

acc

bal

ance

(%

of

GD

P)

Data source: World Development Indicators 2003 CD-ROM, The World Bank

© van Marrewijk, 2005

Data source: Coe, Helpman, and Hoffmaister (1997); the thin line is a trend line

TFP and foreign R&D stock; ratio 1990 to 1971

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

0.25 0.75 1.25 1.75 2.25TFP

For

eign

R&

D c

apita

l sto

ck

Guyana

Taiwan

© van Marrewijk, 2005

Figure 11.9 Dutch ship in Nagasaki Text: (right to left) A long time ago the Dutch already were very skilled in navigation, and Dutch ships sailed around the world. The Dutch are very well versed in shipbuilding and of how to use ships profitably for foreign markets. They chose good materials and worked like when building up stone walls; they used iron nails and filled up cracks with tar and hemp. In the fourth month they sailed from their country (from Indonesia, the journey from Indonesia lasted much longer) and in the sixth month they arrived here. When (the ship arrives) in Nagasaki and the cannons, which are placed side by side, are fired, clouds appear and make the ship invisible. When the smoke has risen, the sails that had been visible in large numbers suddenly appear to have been rolled up. Upon departure they also fire cannons, and before the smoke has risen they have already hoisted the sails, astonishing the spectators. Their manoeuvring is truly miraculously fast and mysterious. Oranda fune no zu, 1859. Art ist: Yoshitora, Publisher: Shimaya, Yokohama. 36.5 x 25.5 cm. Inv.nr.: NEHA SC 477 nr. 31, IISG.

© van Marrewijk, 2005

Japan: GDP and exports, percent of world total

0

3

6

9

1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

Portuguese landing

Dutch landing

treaty of Kanagawa WW II

end of shogun

era

Portuguese expelled

GDP

export

Data source: Maddison (2001); WW II = World War II.

© van Marrewijk, 2005

Number of ships sailing to Asia from Europe, 1500-1800

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

1500-99 1600-1700 1701-1800

Portugal Netherlands England France Other

Data source: Maddison (2001); “Other” refers to ships of the Danish, Swedish trading companies, and the Ostend company

© van Marrewijk, 2005a. Portugal; Estado da India (per cent by weight)

0

20

40

60

80

Pepper MoluccanSpices

OtherSpices

Textiles Indigo Other

1513-19

1608-10

b. Netherlands; Dutch East India Company (VOC,per cent by value)

0

20

40

60

80

Pepper Other Spices Textiles &Raw Silk

Coffee & Tea Other

1619-21

1778-801

c. England; English East India Company (EIC, per cent by value)

0

20

40

60

80

Pepper Textiles Raw Silk Tea Other

1668-70

1758-60

Data source: Maddison (2001)

Economic developments in China

0

4

8

12

16

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

7

14

21

28

GDP/cap (% of world average, left scale)

Export of goods and services (% of GDP, right scale)

GLF CR Mao ER SP&TS

© van Marrewijk, 2005

Data source: World Development Indicators 2003 CD-ROM; GDP per capita

measured in constant 1995 US dollar; GLF = Great Leap Forward, CR = Cultural

Revolution, Mao = Mao’s death, ER = Economic Reform, SP&TS = Student Protests

& Tiananmen Square

© van Marrewijk, 2005

China, 4 highest export markets in 1997 (% of total)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

Hong Kong USA Japan South Korea

Data source: Hinloopen and van Marrewijk (2004)