3. Determining rhe Rodicol

4. If there are many compounds listed under the same 2nd-clrnrnr,tlfcount, time can be saved by keeping in mind that, within such rr gr'urcompounds have been arranged in the following order: (a) 2-chntpounds, (b) 3-character compounds, (c) 4-character compounds, nrul (tl)lies" of compounds, i.e., a group of compounds whose 2nd clurrltrleltqas the 1st, are identical.

5. If you cannot find your compound, possible reasons andYou may have miscounted the strokes of the 2nd character. So lrxrkand down the adjacent stroke-count groups. (b) The 2nd charactcr ufpound may be in a variant form that differs in shape, and prr»lrrlrly ll1count as well, from the standard form used in the compounds ol' t lrlr r

For example, it may be a Töyö Kanii given in its older form, wlrih Inof compounds all Töyö Kanji appear only in their newer fortur, ( ltmay be a non-Töyö Kanji in which, according to the unauthorizcrl tprinters, one element has been simplified by analogy with thc nrttrtra Töyö Kanji, while in our lists non-Töyö Kanji usually appcnl ottlforiginal forms. To have included such variants in our lists worrlrlendless duplication of entries. But we do give the important varinnlr lllcharacter entries. Hence the surest remedy, which is unfortunalcly rtllrttime consuming, is to look up the 2nd character of your compottttrl lncharacter entries, there ascertain its standard form, and then look lirrard form in your list of compounds. But we recommend first tryirrg lW0short cuts: (1) Check quickly through the same stroke-coullt Hrotlltimmediately adjacent groups for a character that looks almosl lltnone you are looking for. This method will usually work whctr lltoslight. (2) I-ook up your character in the chart inside the bacl< covol'new form. This method will work in those many cases wlurrr yuqcountered the older form of a Töyö Kanji. That chart will prrrveparticularly when reading prewar publications. (c) Thc worrl truty ltlless frequently used ones which do not appear in this dicti«»rrrry, Httfor it in one of the large Japanese character dictionaries (thc If rrrrrrrlr:flready reference to Fuzambö's dictionary) or determine its prolrrtlrlolooking up the individual characters of which it is composctl rtrrrl I

a Japanese-English romanized dictionary like Kenkyüsha's. (rl) lrr lhrcompound of 3 or more characters, it may be a "compountl cotttprrtfor example in the case of 4 characters, looking for separato ctltof the first 2 and the last 2.

APPENDIX 3. HOW TO DETERMINE THE RADIEOF A CHARACTER-A NEW AND SPEEDIER WA

fHE RADTCAL PRIORITY SYSIEM. Those who are familiar willr t'lttttttr lol'aries know how difficult it often is to decide which is thc trruliliotrnlcharacter. This is due to the fact that ncarly cvcry chitritclct, t'about five, contains from two to seven or cight raclicals.'l'lrc t'lrrttgul0fexample, contains the following seven elements, cach <lf whiclr lrnlradical (the radical numbers are shown in parcnt.lrcscs) : - '(r), I (1, r

*<u>, *,Gz), ff.azz>. So it is anybody's gucss ils to whiclr «rl'llrnro htional radical under which this charactcr woultl bc listctl. 'l'lro prrcid.ing under which radical to scarch is litr t(x) ol:tt'tt rt titttr'couraging trial-and-error proccss. Iivcn thc sullstttntirrl t'otrlt'llInnes made toward standardizetion in his valusblo choräctor (anlrr nori wov

3. Determining the Rodicol

We belieoe we hale soloed the problem by arbitrarily arranging each character

tnuler thte first radical encountied by dripping down 1ux rwELvE staes of the

lltulical Priority System giaen below.lly arranginjthä characters in this way,88 percent of them fall in their tra-

,litional pla-ces any*ay. And this without any guessworkl Cross-reference entries

lrrr the other 72 percint of the characters, tirose that fall under non-traditionalrrrrlicals, make ii easy to locate a character by either the former traditional butäk)w system or the new and speedy Radical Priority System'

Wc have also made many " kindness " cross-reference entries to take care oftlrosc cases when the ,rr., *ho is not yet entirely familiar with the Radical Pri-,,r r(v System might look for a character under the wrong radical'

'litre new andäpeedier Radical Priority System is the essense of simplicity-ltr, rnain rule wiil save hours of time: Always take a tBpr radical in preference

Irt tt right when both sides of a character are radicals; always take a rOP in pref-

,,r,,ru"to a bottom whe,n ioth top and bottom are radicals. This rule alone takes

ilrt: of 75 percent of the characters. But the Radical Priority System, with its 12

Al(.1)s as däscribed below, has taken care of a// situations, making the choice ofd ('lraracter unmistakable in all cases.

,,lf 12 SfEpS. Here, then, is how to choose the radical automatically and, after a

Itttlt: practice, almost instantaneously by using the 12 steps' Drop down the steps

,,r,,1 ,top at the first question that can be answered in the affirmative. (The nu-

r,,,,,,,1s girren below in parentheses show the numbers of the radicals.)

N .ll. In Steps 1 thru 1 1 , if there are two radicals in the same designated position,

ilrutys tahe the one with the GREATER stroke-count.

Hrr,r, 1. Arr? Is ett- the character a radical? For a complete listing, see Ap-

lrrrr,lix 13. Here are a few examples:

*;erl, )I<zot, ä(too), X(ue), *(roo), ffi1rael' ffi'120e1'

H,trr,2. I-oNr? Does it haae only one LONE radical? There are only five such

$luu lr(:tcrs in common use:

/!(/i, x('s), &.(l+),\(/ö, T(J6)'

F'r r,r, 3. ENcrosunn? Does it haoe a completely exterior ENCLoSURE radical? The

lprt rs whether the radical actually encloses 2 or more sides; if it protrudes into

llrr.rcsl of the character (as ;Q in the character ät) or merely sits on one side

lic t, in tja), it is not an enclosure. Thus the element r3, which is Rad.20 and

Irrrrrrliy *n enclosure radical, is not the radical in @ as it does not completely

llrr I r,rt. two sides, and this character falls under Step 8 below to give Rad. 4 ,/ .

I'r,rrrrrlrlcs of characters containing all the radicais that enclose two sides (the

l[rlrr rrls lnd their numbers being shown in parentheses):

l'l(Ls), bt(nd, IF.(f'd, l!(J.-tü' H(F+O' H(I-sr)' ffi(fi-'sd'

,r,,( tso), ,il(;t6r, H(Foi, W1fi-os), N,(Tzs), tL(t-sz)' fi,(äsa)'

llrl'r(/lLnz), fi[([-m), ffi(f w), E(E..rz), fr,(Fvi, @([rso), E(Ero,',,1,(.i-roz),1ü6(/.d,raz),14(furer), J4i(l#rcg), f&.(**pg), H(Fzm), ßE(E*zoo)

i

i l,t,rrrrlrlcs «rl'nll thc radicals that enclose three sides:

I l,,J(l'Jn), lxl(l hz), lA: (l-.2), llll(l'rjrcq), ffi(lfzrü, ffi(fi2rc)

] 1,,*n,n1,1.'ol tlrc ottc rtrtlit:rtl tlrnt cnr:/oscs/'tnr sirlasr lril (l llr)

3. Determining rhe Rodicol

Srrp 4. Lnrr? Is there a clearly defined txrr radical? By "clearly defincd"mean a radical that completely dominates the left side, i.e., one that is

structed both above and below, such as * i" t#r. It follows that in the

#, for example, neither f nor ff can be chosen as a left radical. Notothat the radical may touch the rest of the character bur may not protrudoit,Hence t (2) is the left radical not only of JE but also of ErF, Em' ü, ü,-H,, H, W, and ffi. Similarly, / (4) is the left radical of F, E, fuJ, E, W,E[, E, m], ffi, ßF, EP, and ffi, as well as being the left radical of ffi and

Other examples:

rtl--both left and right are radicals; take the left, 7§ (75).

fg-again both left and right are radicals, and in this case the right is tllcditional radical; but we still take the left,

^ (115).

ffi,-both left and right are radicals; take the left, (4) even tho it touchcrrest of the character.

Srrp 5. RIcur? Is there a clearly definedwctr radical? Again it maynot protrude into the rest. Hence [ (2) is the right radical of 1S1. Other1fr-left not a radical; take the right, § (181).

5f,-left not a radical; take the right, jq (76). Note that we ignore any slightterference with the left by a left-tapering stroke.

Srep 6. Top? Is there a clear rop radical? Examples:

*-take the top, x (116). Note that we take this in place of -'- (40)

our rule always to take the more complex of two similarly placed racliculr

Steps 1 thru 11.

ft-take .,- (40). Do not take f (38) as it is at the bottom.

S-take H (102). Do not take )1(19) as it is at the bottom.

§-take Jq (37).t)-take /\ (12). Note that Rad. 12 has three forms /\, A, and .r, the lart

a kind of inverted/\ which appearsinmanyof theToyöKanji.ThurRad. 12 is the radical of ä, .@., ffi, and ffi but not of S, for here it ir oul

two by the vertically protruding element.

$-take .r (1.2), not + as it protrudes into the bottom part of the,ff-take - (7).

Note that many top radicals are closed canopies like -, t, *, A, or 2\,

Srrr 7. Borrolr? Is there a clear BorroM radical? Note that this mny «lt'

resting under a canopy. Examples:

f$-top not a radical; take the bottom, - (1).

,€,-top not a radical; take the bottom, ,L' (61).

#-top not a radical; take the bottom, + (39).

*H-top not a radical; take E (30) at the bottom under the canopy,

H-top not a radical; take ' (3) at the bottom under the canopy.

ä-top not a radical take )J (18) at the bottom under thc canopy.

}.-top not a radical; take the bottom,

^ (75)

N.B. The foregoing seven steps will determinc the radical for ntxrut 97

cent of all characters. For the remaining 3 percent we turn ncxt t(, tlrc lirrtrners of an imaginary square around cach cl'rarnctcr, clesignnting thtrno wlllt

3. Determining the Rodicol

two outer directions to qualify. The size of the corner space they occupy is im-material. It may be large or small. To illustrate, ' (3) is the r.IonrHEASr cornerradical of ft and 5[ is the sourHwEsr corner radical of q].

SrEr 8. NW? Is th.ere a radical in the No*tttwnsr corner? Examples:

{fl-Going down our table of twelve steps, we find this is neither ALL, LoNE,

ENCLoSURE, LEFT, RIGHT, ToP, nor BOTTOM. So we start around the corner clock-wise beginning in the NoRrHwESr, and there sits f (32). This is our radical.There is also + (24) in that same corner; but remember, in Steps 1 thru 11

we take the more complex of two possible radicals.

äi-the character referred to on page 1002 as having 7 possible radicals. Thetraditional one is ;[ (62), and you will of course find the character so listed inthis dictionary with a cross reference. But it will be rnuch quicker to go unerr-ingly to the main entry for the character by the Radical Priority System,which quickly gives + (2+) in the NW corner. Note that it could not be theenclosure radical *. (62) because this protrudes into the rest of the character;nor, for the same season, could it be the NW * (32).

One will soon be able to go thru this process of picking thc radical muchmore quichlythat it takes to say it!

Srnp 9. NE? Is there a radical lz täe Nonrnnlrsr corner? Example: ft-Thereis nothing in the NW, so we quickly move on and find ' (3) in the NE.

Srnp 10. SE? Is there a radical in the soursx+sr cornq? Example: fr-Hereagain we find that tr (30) is the radical in the SE corner. Note that this is notthe case ofa lone radical because we also have radicals ) (4), - (1), f (44), and+ (58).

Srrp 11. SW? Is tlere a radical in the sov"ruwtsr corner? Example: frl-For a

moment we might think this is a case of an enclosure, but by consulting eitherthe chart inside the front cover or, better still, the list of enclosure radicals inAppendix 13, we soon discover the enclosing element is not a radical and areleft with the SW radical, E 042). Note again that a corner radical may occupyany amount of space as long as it has two free sides.

Srrp 12. Hlcn? In those rare cases where you have not yet encountered a rad-ical, you have a case of crossed radicals or, rarely, of radicals in unusual posi-tions, and one of these three rules will apply:

(a) In nearly all cases, choose the radical that protrudes the highest or, if thzre is

no highprotruding radical, the highest in the charactef. This rule gives the twelfthand final key word-nrcu. Examples:

$-Here we quickly see that it is a case of crossed radicals, in which case we

choose the one that protrudes the highcsr, J (6).

ft-Here there is no high protruding radical, so we simply take the highest,

which is - (1).Were it not for that little back flip at the SW corner, a flipthat often is tied to the vertical line above it, we could have chosen [ (2) as theleft radical. As a matter of fact, this perplexing character is also listed under

t (2) as well as under - (1) and the traditional radical f (83)'

ly'.--Similarly wc takc thc highest radical, a short -(1). We do not take the rad-ical = (7) for tlrc rcuson cxplaincd in (b) below.r:onvr:rtti<ltltl (:()nlt)itss rlirt.r:lions. ('ornt'r r':ttlicltls ttttt,;( lrt' tutul»;lt trt lcrl ltt

4. More About Rodicols

{-While both J( (29) and , (3) are radicals, we take l( because it lrhighest.

;Q-crossed radicals again, take the highest Z (4).(b) In case two radicals are equally high, take the simpler, which is usually

of one stroke. Examples:f|-Take / (4) rather than fl (13) since they are equally high and 4 ie thr

pler.

ffi-Take [ (2) rather than [ (13) for the same season.(c) In case tzoo radicals are both equally high and equally simple, tahe the

the left. Examples:

ff-Take the left, / (4), in preference to the right, I

$-Take the left, / (4), in preference to the right, J

,/.-Take the left, . (3), in preference to the right, /

APPENDIX 4. MORE ABOUT RADICATS

MrSCEIIÄNEOUS EXAMPLES OF RAD,CÄ[S. The following table, arrangedTwelve Steps of the Radical Priority System, shows how easy it now is tothe radicals of characters, even in those cases which have been soheretofore. In each case we show: (a) the character and its entry number, (b)traditional radical and its number, and (c) the radical and its numberto our Radical Priority System.

STEP '.

ALL STEP 1. LEFI Wrnrr'R to -" /X

SIEP 6. TOP

H ,nrn -' *, tzo ' 11'

# ror. - --F r, '' l:'E ruur* .l- +a ' Tt

H ,ru, + f-l ,o -> rr

B'tJ sss - lJ ra -"'*rrur-4r, " Ä+.E'ttts-'IIro 'l..#zrr * -l-n -'' 4

&.zss-9x-'-"sift rro * Jl- 55 + 'rfr zzs -' fl ro * -1r{t rrr^ *' '( ,, ' "rffi orr, -'lll roz ' X

STEP 7. EorrOAt

Wrrn 'l'ti,n. ' )) nlk ,nn* ' -* ,,u, ' ,}. u

(2).

(2).(4).

Hu, -Ero *-1Fets *Ef rsr*/\rzErroo*4rzr*Tgoffrg]*/ss*tzr

SIEP 8. NONIHWESI

*sz -1tz+ *' t*tts-Xtz*)+#roz*tz+-/c*rsr-f.zs*/t&zsz'Ear **af,)no * lJ re *f ,rHrr+ -9-ze *' s

tk,zoo**,,02*)qftr,'!Ln +-t

SIEP 12. HIGH

*ror * )ln - ) +

4rzz * I o - J o

tlrcs -12 - / +

#rzr * 's - ) c

,firas * F)n - ) +

*sz -f,v - ) t#rcq *tx * ) +

1o *Elts+*_..r.Aaso * 9-zs -9-zc

*roz t*rs * I z

4. tlore About Rodlcols

täoso*4sz -VsXnz -*rs * ) t

SrEP9. NORIHEASI *zoz - )\c - ) +

*rez *2ßss * 'I*ä-l:,R' rssc - ,Ei rco - \ s0

Brm'*o+-)q

STEP '0,

SOUIHEASI

Esss -\zs -\r,EssgtEro*Erofflrrs *#es'I z

fflus *#rrrt J,

STEP II. SOUIHWEST

Et nrru - .H r+z * -&, r+z

-ß rrro* t rs * t r, fitJ rro+* U rs * ft rrs

Hrrnr* H ras- Hre,'&)l orrs*JJ ß - 4 145

Rrnor-Rzos'Rzor lEsg, - E ßo-( s

Rrnrr* R zo - R to'l-Wruor- H zot* 1 60

srEp 2. r.oNE W rrro* ä us * ,EI rao

/tzo - ) t -' : ,IIF'nto*H"l-)ll+t

l! r+s - ) + - ) t.

W ouon-' Ätsz * # roo

E s+ *Xr, - ) ) ffl|:aus- Ero-ftu'-lzos*Je *Jl lü"'3-Eror*i 85

A.rst-)+ -)'o Ht' -EEI roz*lz' '&. ,,,nor * R.oz * ä rso

SfEP 3. ENCLOSUßE 4E ssr * ,H ,so * E ro

EJ u,' E zz - /7 zo tlrrnr- El ros*truHrrru-Ero *l"sr Erat * Ex * ) +

Efl orr, * 4 rze - F5 ros tlF'rn * ill so * [ ,d§ouur- (( rz *Lrcz E zrg - H rccn ) tlElors -Ero -flrs[rL.', - -k § -, *, oz SIEP 5. frcHI

E-erz *Xzs * lzz W.rnur**,,0''*.7)W.,rru '' fi loz-' PU r*r IL,r, -' f,{ ,*, ' II ,*,

NOIES ON fHE ,-SIROKE R.ADTCAIS. The 1-stroke radicals play a larger part and

are used more under the Radical Priority System than under the traditionalsystem. That is, more characters are now listed under them than under the

oid system. Hence a few additional examples and notes concerning them are inorder.

Rodicol l, - -1. It occurs as a clear rop radical under Step 6: T, 3, T, fr, E, .8, <, 6,8,H.,6.2. It occurs as a clear BorroM radical under Step 7; *., 4' E, H. N.B. Inchoosing _. (1) as the bottom radical in the last example, it is important tonote that the lower left-hand corner of the element El is not continuous.3. It occurs as a clear NoRTHwEsr radical under Step 8, this radical being thefirst encountered in the 12 steps: ft, *.

Rodicol 2, | 1

1. It occurs as a clear rrrr radical under Step 4: lEl, ffi, H, F, _8, W, qH, fr.N.B. (a) Remember that there is no objection if a rrrr radical touches therest of the character just as long as it does not protrude into it. (b) In all butthe first and last examples, it is important to note that the lower left-handcorner is not a continuous stroke.2. It occurs in its short form as a LEFT radical under Step 4: +, *., H.N.B. In the following characters this Rad. 2 is the radical whether you takeit as a trrr, or whpther, missing that, you go on and choose it as a Hrcnprotruding radical: F, H, H.3. It occurs as a RrcHT radical under Step 5: /'1.1. N.B. Note that the smalltittle on the left is not a radical: it is neither ' (3) nor ,/ (4).

4. It occurs as a NoRTuwESr radical in its short form in 1[ under Step 8.

5. It occurs as a sournEAsr radical under Step l0: ffi.'6. It occurs os the lllclrrsr «rf crossed radicals under step 12: ffi.

4. lllore About Rodicots

Rodicol 3 'l/.8. This is always a short stroke and is written downward from theleft.1. It occurs as a LoNE radical under Step 2: ;.2. It occurs as a rop radical under Step 6: 7ft.3. It occurs as a BorroM radical under-Stef"i: ft.4. It occurs as a NoRTHwEST radical under

-Stepg-: +, X, #, H, #.5. It occurs as a NoRrHEAsr radical under Step s, 4, *,- A-, fii, f,

1. It occurs as a L.NE ,"dij"l'fi:: , ""o

r!n, N.2. It occurs as a LEF"r radical under Step 4: W., tr, &, F, Ffi, E, W, M.,N.B. The elements f and J-] are,rot enclo.iri" radicals h"r.. '' --3. It occurs as a rop radical under Step 6, E, E, -8, E, E, *,,H, E, *,ffi, E,-8.4. It occurs as a NoRTHwEST radical under Stepg: *, 18, *,,f.,.4,fu,W,t.5. It occurs as a NoRTrrEAsr radical under Step 9, f;.-.

'6. It occurs as a sourHwEsr radical under Step 1i:- fr, 4, R, X, *, X.N.-8. The long mark in the southeast corners;f these chara"i".. i. ,rot

" ,ad.

dical. It is neither . (3) nor / (4).7. It occurs as a HrcH radical under Step 12: ft, ,, N-, #, #, H, (,N.B. t is not a corner radical in ff as it i. "rt Uy urrotn",

"fä*"rrt. -

1. It is e, a radical ""d", Sf:;?:,.2

2. It is an ENCLosuRr radical under step 3: fl. Here it encloses two sidcr.3. It is a Rrcur radical under Step 5: $[,.4. It is a HreH radical under Step 12 1.

1. It is a L.NE radical .,rra"" sr"l"ä+?ri , This is reauy a one-strokeacter but we cut it to get a radical.2. It is a BorroM radical under Step 7: f. N.B. We iof the rittre hook in .rä::;:ilix";*;. flf; ffi :ruil§.'acter with a L.NE radical as the little Radical 3 ( . ) is also found here.3. It is urcn radical under Step 12: $.

, '{PoßrANr RÄDrcAts. Here are the 67 radicals that you will most oftenl11h:y,"* classifi ed by. stroke-"ount a,J;;;öJü;;ffi ä;bä::definitely be.worth your while to mem.r;;h"ir-;;;;r;äd;qru Lrrs I suvtllttaE

-:::*"f:., "y-lt:! .accompany them. Note.that onty tn" p"r""i f"i* ofradical is shown here; consurt-the chart i"riä" in"'ä"* ä; f;ivariant forms.

ONE STROKE

1-one| 2-rod' 3-dot,t 4-hana no

TWO STROKEi 8-lid

^ 9--rnan

LL

/\ 12-eightJl 18-sword7) l9-strongf 24-crossf 27-clitr

THREE STROKE

tr 3O-mouthfl 31-box

f 32-carthf 3tl -womrrrr* 40 hanu rty'. 42 littk.f' +4 l)rrg

tlt 46 ,rt()lurtnurtlt.50 r:Lrtlr,'' .53 tkrttr.tl r:lilt, 1 57 lrow

4. fllore About Rodlcolry' 60-going man

FOUR STROKES

,L. 61-heartg 64-hand{ 66-folding chairfi 72-sun7ft 75-tree/q {i,S-u'atery'1 tl6-f,rezp 93-corvf 94-dog

FIVE STITOKES

[ 96-lewelffi 102-rice fieldf l(}l-sicklm 108-dishfi 109-eyeg 772-stone

fr 113-showingft 115-2-branch tree5f 1l7-standing

SIX STROKES

fuy 118-bamboo;{< 119-riceg 12O-threadf 128-earft1 130-meatf 137-ship!t{t 14O-grass& 142-bugfi 145-clothing

SEVEN STROKES

fi, 147-seeing§ 149-speakingfi 154-small shell[ 157-foot

S 159-car/4 162-road[ 163-right village

IiI(;II'I'S'TRoKESg. 167 rnclal1tt1 l(r1) rt;rl(,-fÄ 170 lt.lr villrrgc18172 .ltl lrirtlffi 173- rairr

NINE 51'ROI(Ii\

fl 181-big shcllf; 1ft4-food

TEN STROKES

f9187-horse

ELEVEN STROKES

ft 195-fish,S 196-bird

srsnota

WAßNTNGS ON UNUSUAT RADTCAI.S. It is well, occasionally, to look over theStep-l table of the last appendix in the book to refresh your memory as to whichcurrent characters are their own radicals.

It rvill also be well to reread the "Notes on the l-Stroke Radicals" beginningon page 1007, as they play a larger part now than under the traditional system.

Remember that li is a variety of ] (Rad. 58).

Note the distinct difference between Rads. 71 and92 as shown on the chartinside the front cover.

Note that $1 (114) is a S-stroke, not a 4-stroke, radical and is alwayscountedas 5 wherever it appears in any character.

Remember that 4 is a 6-stroke variant of the 7-stroke fi (152).

Glance over the chart inside the front cover beginning with Rad. 187 and notethe many radicals in the 10- to 17-stroke categories. You will encounter themmore or less frequently.

Let us repeat that it is very important to be able to recognize a radical whenyou see one, even tho you may not be able to recall its name nor its number.

When you are not sure whether an element of a character is a radical or not,consult the chart inside the front cover or the tables in the last appendix.

Remember that ft is a S-stroke variant of the 4-stroke ft (92) and that it iscncountered more often than the parent.

Ilemember that ft, is a S-stroke variant of the 4-stroke ft, (71) and that it isalso encountered more often than the parent.

Note that the vertical members of radical + (140) are short. The followingt'luracters have similar top elements but the vertical strokes are longer. Whilethcy have cross references under 140, as well as under 55, their main entriesrvill be undcr their bottom elements: -Ä, #, *.IOSI RÄDrCAl.s. In thc recent simplification of characters by the Japanese Gov-('r'nmcnt, somc havc actually lost thcir traditional radicals, mal<ing them most,liflicrrlt to lincl in orclinarl' dictionaries.'fhe Iladical Priority System of choosingtlrc rirtlical «rl a clraractcr aut()rtlaticnlly tnkcs carc of thcsc cascs as wcll.

I

upper

5. Counting Strokes

The following table gives a representative list of characters that havetheir radicals together with our simple solution of the problem presented.entry shows, first, the original form of the character followed by itsradical (now lost) and radical number; and then, following an arrow, arethe present simplified form of the character, the number under which itentered in this dictionary, the radical and radical number under which wesify it, and the applicable step of the Radical Priority System by meanswhich the radical is determined.

ft A«,,ffi Ä1ruH E rror

Ee [J lror

# t«rrr@ A <rrt

H 7k rr.rffi * (gz)

H FEI rrozr

# IIII «ro8)

W /A<rrotH 4 <,ro

& H rrrnr

ffi F@»W * <rrrt

W E 1ru.r

il -E,1,rnr

APPENDIX 5. HOW TO COUNT STROKES

Nothing will so much speed up your dictionary work as skill and accuracycounting strokes, whether ofwhole characters, radicals, or non-radicalTherefore every effort has been made in this dictionary to make thisfree of guesswork. In this connection, some knowledge of how to writeters is needed; such a study is outside the scope of this dictionary, but ancellent treatment can be found in A Guide to Reading and Writing Jredited by Florence Sakade (Tuttle, 1959).

ACCURACY. The general rule is: No matter how a line may twist and turnhow complex its printed form, if it is written without lifting your pencil,it as a single stroke. Examples:

2 strokes: )!, L, ß , 2.3 strokes: k,4, L, E.

Exceptions to this rule are as follows:1. The character J, tho generally written with I stroke, is divided so as to

a radical ( J , 6). But it is counted as 1 stroke when a part of other chsrnctcrt,2. Similarly, ;l is divided to get a radical (*, 8), but is written and

as 2 strokes when a part of other charactcrs.

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

* por',

ffi rr,H 1rn,

ffi rrrofr agqt.1\6 (381)

H rrort

A «rrrr\I2=J (135e)EI,rl\ (tsgO)

R rrrurr

F lrooey

lE «r+r

fu <rrurt

=.J (271)

E gurl

=\ tszl

/ 1+y Step 11. sw

-- ru SteP 6. ror' (a) St"p 8. Nw

/ 1ly Step 4. rrrt/ 1+y Step 12' ntcnA ,ey Step 6. roP

E 1ro1 Step 7. rorrolr' 1ry St"p 8. Nw

4\ «nrl Step 6.

F 60 Step 3.

{r lrzl Step 7.

t «rzl Step 6'

I 121 Step 4.

fr- p+) step 3'

J 16; SteP 7.

Z <rrt Step 3.

* 1ry Step 8.

TOP

ENCLOSURE

BOTTOM

TOP

LEFT

ENCLOSURE

BOTTOM

ENCLOSURE

NW

5. Counting StrokessrRoKE DErÄrts ro 8E ,cNoRED. Because of variations in type fonts and otherpractical considerations the following details are ignored in-counting strokes:

7. Ignore the little flip at the bottom of the elemänt , as found in-such char-acters as the following, thus giving them the stroke-counts shown in parentheses;in handwritten characters, such a little flip is a mere continuation oithe verticaimember above it and even in printed form it seldom touches or cuts thru then€xt element to the right:- R.O, gp<rr, H<rol, D)(t, p)<ol, E«ul, and especially incharacters traditionaltv belonlingiö thä3-sio["iädiaT'e,§;h as ft110;, {fl1,y,#(rr),.and *.oz» rt also follows logically not to count tlre similarlyfri;;;;aäiöin such characters as ft1s1, H(rr), or ftg. Howeaer, we do count a si.rrila..t.oklin the ft-,llowing three pairs of charactäis as the said strokc either cuts thru ortakes a firm grip on the next element to the right: p{ or [r!.1oli fi or ft11; andf,{ or fi{1r;.

2. Ignore the little protrusion in the elements - and fo in such characters asthe following, counting these as 7 and2 strokes respectively, especially so sincein some type fonts the protrusion is scarcely visible: *<O, W,<rrt, E«+1, and!!<g21. Hozaeoer, we do count the protrusion in the characi"i'g i!iüi. d ä ""*Töyö Kanji and almost invariably appears with this strong pätrusion, makingthis a 6-stroke character.

3. Ignore the downward protrusion of p as found in characters like the fol-lowing in some fonts: ffi, qH, ffi. we still consider the left member the radical,i.e., [ (30). The clemcnt ,[: is i«runtccl as thrcc strokcs, as in fi (Rad. 178).

4. Ignore any interference with another member of a character lusually ä leftradical). by a left-tapering stroke as such vary in length. These usually involvethe radical E anc examples follow: W., Ul, pk, s)^, pA., W ü8, @, fr-.This latteris an example of a character with such a läft-tafÄring Jtiät

" ?r,".e inrer-

ference with the left radical | (2) is ignored. 1It will be noted that this radicalis a part of the element kuchi p, which is also a radical but not in this case asit is cut by other strokes.

_ S._Ignore the slight left interference with a left radical of anichi(-) strokeat

the bottom of such characters as ü8, pE, ffi, and fft.6. Ignore any interference of any slighily hooked stroke like the horizontal

element in the character f , where we take J (6) as the radical, or the hooked leftQ element in the character s§, where we täke ), (15) as the southwest radical.

7. Remember that the lower left corners in such characters as Bf, E, p., etc.,are continuing strokes, and hence ignore any protrusion th.re *rren cäuntingstrokes.

COUNI'NG STROKES OF PAßENI RAD'C,AI.S ÄND IHEIR YÄR'ANIS.1. The stroke-count of a parent radical is always that shown in the chart in-

side the front cover. Thus the following radicals whose stroke-count, at least inthe printed form, appears to differ from that historically assigned to them arealways given the stroke-count indicated in the following examples: .i_(r), A(z),ft«sl, f,1.tot,^{t(9. Thus when the element /. appears in the charactei 6 iiiscounted as 2 and not 3 strokes, making this character one of 7 strokes, not g.

2- Radical uariants, however, always carry their naturar stroke-count wher-cver they appear. Thus the parent radical 7ft is always a 4-stroke element butit.has the following variants which carry the indicatecl stroke-counts: y (r), X(sl.Similarly:

]{ad 92, a parent radical of 4 strokes ()f), has a S-stroke variant in ff.l{acl. 64, a parent radical of 4 strokes ($), has a 3-stroke variant in i .Il.acl. 61, a parcnt radical <-rf 4 strokes (,L.), has a 3-stroke variant in ,i .Ratl. 125, a parcnt radical of 6 strol<cs 1,[-;, has a 4-strokc variant i, *.l{,d. 152, a l)arcnt rudical of 7 str.l<cs (,ä\), has a 6-strol<c varir.t i,.{q.

6. Hinrs for Speed

Rad. 140, a parent radical of 6 strokes (ftt[) has a 3-stroke variant in t,a 4-stroke variant in ++. The latter, however, is always counted as 3it is often impossible to detect the space betweet the two crosses.

APPENDIX 6. HINTS FOR SPEED

Much has been done in the arrangement of this dictionary to speed rrp thoess of finding a character. But much will also depend upon the uscr, lntla little effort will pay great dividends. When one is reading a Japanenomagazine, speed in looking up a new word is of the essence if thcthought is not to be interrupted. Several suggestions to this end:

Thc Radical Piority System, as explained in Appendix 3, speeds up tlrosion as to which radical to look under to find your character. In a nutrlrnll,system may be crystallized around the rwrr,vr KEy woRDS of the twclvr rlfollowed in picking the radical, as follows:

Steps 1 to 3: ALL-LoNE-ENCLosuRE.Steps 4 to 7: LEFT-RTGHT-Top-BorroM.Steps 8 to 11: Nw-NE-sE-sw.Step 12: HrcH.

Each person will probably gradually develop his own way of remcmbcrirrgimportant key words, but here is a little jingle that may be of hclp:

ALL the LoNE ENclosunrs have been r.rrt RIGHT herc,Floating on Top of a sorroN.{less mere.But box the compass clockwise round,With west for best when north's been found,And they'll finally end on HrcH dry ground.

The process of deciding on the radical will quickly become automnlic,these 12 steps in making your decision and you will be surprised at yout'

Spinning thc pages of this book, which has been made strong arrrl llcthis very purpose, will often get you to your character almost iMany of you will soon have memorized many radicals numbers ancl yorrquickly to the correct radical area. Some of you will prefer to spin to tlroradical string and locate your radical there. Having located your lrr,lir'{lproper string, you will now spin again, and perhaps more slowly, ulltil tlrnbrackets scurrying up and down the strings crawl around your radicnl,further and a bit more slowly, you will see the tiny numeral bcsi«ltr tlrochange to the stroke-count of the non-radical part of your charnctcrcompound will not be far away. For you have now arrived at thc l)r'oltorcount group, wherein the characters are arranged in the ascclrrlittg,rt',llt'number of their compounds.

Quick stroke-counting is important in the speeding-up proccss. \'ort wllllearn the stroke-counts of the commoner radicals as you will bc rrrrirtgfrequently, and you should also make an effort to nremorize th(! $lr(of other elements which, tho not radicals, reoccur frequcntly. '['lrcrt rrruho tt

of counting the strokes by mentally adding up thc numbcr ol'sll'okt'r ttllarger components. For examplc, in 1[[ 1,ou shottlcl ttot litlroriott'ilv ,lltrlstrokes one by one but as follows: 2( l-) t 4(JL)-l fi(1ii) 14

A good magnifying g/ass is most hclpftrl itt cottrttirrg stl'()li('s, t':igrrr'tttllvreading typc that is small or not clcar.

All r;ro.s.s references arein tlrc Anthit rutlaliott lrrrtl lt'lt'r' l() llr('rr('ttnl rrrol thc -54'16 rtrunbcrctl clutLlrctcl errlrit's. 'l'lrt'st' tlrirr':rt lt t rrtrtrrlrrt', ,rl,rr r

7. Thr l(ono §Yrtcmr

conveniently at the lowcr outer corners of thc l)ltl{u., n rurrlrtlrullorr to ttgrt't:rl.Whenever you are not surc whether an element of rr clrurr( lr,r lt rr ru,lir'ul or

not, consult the chart inside llrc front cooer or the last appcntlix.By all means familiarize yoursel.f zaith the 214 historic radicals as givcn insiclc

the front cover so that you can ulwflys rccognize a radical when you sec one.And if you wish to quadruple your spt:rrrl in dictionary work, memorize theirnumbers. Missionaries in China usc«l t<» <lo tlris as a matter of course duringtheir first year of language study. A fcw lrruvc s«»rrls in Japan have also done so.Why not be among the brave? You shoultl ut lt'rrsl rrr«:m«rrizc the 67 more im-portant radicals as given on pages 1008-9.

APPENDIX 7. THE KANA SYSTEMS

'There are two syllabaries in Japan, called hana. One of these is thc hatahana, orthe squared form, and the other the hiragana, or the cursive. They are arrangcdin two ways, one the A-I-u-E-o, or systematic, arrangement and the other theI-Ro-HA arrangement, which forms a poem on the Buddhist theme of the transi-toriness of life. This latter arrangement is still occasionally used in indexes,outlines, and the like, much as the alphabet is used in the West; but it is rapidlygiving way to the easily remembered A-r-u-E-o arrangement.

The use of hatakana is largely limited to domestic telegrams, foreign names,and foreign words that have entered the Japanese language. Hiragana, howevcr,are widely used, particularly as ohurigana to indicate the inflexions of vcrbs antlcertain words, the stems of which are written in characters. With the limitationof the use of the characters, many words are now written in hiragana. Iiormcrly,and to some extent today,hiraganahave been used along thc side of the text toindicate the pronunciation of the characters, When used in this way they arecalled furigana.

rHE H'RAGÄN A A-I.U.E.O .ARRANGEMENT

iJha

(r)(v)i

1 Pronounced as a sirnple vowel, A repetition of the corresponding kana inthe first column.

2 Pronounced as a simple vowel. It{ot used in approved postwar orthography,having been replaced by the correspondin g kana in the first column.

8 Pronounced as a simple vowel. In approved orthography, now used onlyfor the particle o.

]cl

ü

ü)

U)

)

L

J,to

hrka

I

I

I

II

I

I

t)ua

h(w

)(w

0

äru

P

1,9yu

r

(v

L.J-

ü5me

6mo

ohi

ä:

iaile he

a

-tC

sa/t

ta/l J

maö

ra

,t,

shb

ch,

l7((-ni

h-mi rt

(hu

-+-

su2

tsu&ä

nutI

mu

e

tse te

nfe

oa

koL

toa

nol*

ho72

ro,\,

n