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* There are two major aspects * There are two major aspects of computerof computer

a. Hardwarea. Hardwareb. Softwareb. Software

a.a. Hardware:-Hardware:-All the physical components All the physical components

of peripherals or mechanical , electrical of peripherals or mechanical , electrical and electronics parts of the system is and electronics parts of the system is called Hardware. These are the things called Hardware. These are the things which we can touch , see, and feel is which we can touch , see, and feel is calledHardware. calledHardware.

eg:- Monitor, keyboard, Mouse, eg:- Monitor, keyboard, Mouse, Motherboard, Hard disk, Printer,UPS , Motherboard, Hard disk, Printer,UPS , voltgurd etc…voltgurd etc…

b.Software:-b.Software:-It is the set of instruction required to It is the set of instruction required to

make the Hardwareto perform the given task make the Hardwareto perform the given task to get desired result. The set of instruction is to get desired result. The set of instruction is also often referred to as a program.also often referred to as a program.

OR,OR,

A force which drives Hardware to perform a A force which drives Hardware to perform a task.task.eg:- Dos , Windows , Ms-office etc…eg:- Dos , Windows , Ms-office etc…

**Types of Software.Types of Software.Basically two types of software are Basically two types of software are

used in computer.used in computer.

i. i. Application softwareApplication software..ii. ii. System softwareSystem software..

i. i. Application Software:-Application Software:-It is such a program which It is such a program which

perform a specific function directly for perform a specific function directly for the user or it is specially prepared to do the user or it is specially prepared to do certain specify purpose.certain specify purpose.

-They can be classified in to two -They can be classified in to two categories.categories. a. Standard Application software. a. Standard Application software.

b. Tailored Application software. b. Tailored Application software.

a. a. Standard Application Standard Application software:-software:- Some application are Some application are common for many organization. Ready to common for many organization. Ready to use software packages for such use software packages for such applications are available from Hardware applications are available from Hardware and Software vendors.and Software vendors.

That type of software is called That type of software is called standard software.standard software.

Eg:-Eg:--Ms-excel, Lotus, etc…(for spreadsheet)-Ms-excel, Lotus, etc…(for spreadsheet)-Ms-word, Wp, Ws etc…(For word -Ms-word, Wp, Ws etc…(For word prossing)prossing)-Ms-access, D-base, Paradox, froxpro, etc -Ms-access, D-base, Paradox, froxpro, etc (for database) (for database)

-CAD-> Auto CADD ---(for engineering -CAD-> Auto CADD ---(for engineering designing)designing)-Ms-powerpoint, 3D-Max, flash etc…(for -Ms-powerpoint, 3D-Max, flash etc…(for animation)animation)

b. b. Tailor Application softwareTailor Application software:- There are :- There are situation where on may have to develop situation where on may have to develop one’s own programs to suit one’s Tailored one’s own programs to suit one’s Tailored Requirements once developed, They Requirements once developed, They come in to the category of unique come in to the category of unique application package.application package.

ii. ii. System Software :-System Software :-

The software that The software that manages the resources of a computer manages the resources of a computer system and schedules its operation is system and schedules its operation is called the system software .called the system software .

Types of software:-Types of software:-

a.a. Utility Software. (system support softwareUtility Software. (system support software))

b.b. Language Software.Language Software.c.c. Os Software . (Operating System Software)Os Software . (Operating System Software)

a. a. Utility Software:-Utility Software:-

It is called as service It is called as service programs which provides a useful programs which provides a useful service to the user of the computer service to the user of the computer by providing facilities for performing by providing facilities for performing common tasks such as data transfer, common tasks such as data transfer, search and measure of files , data search and measure of files , data recovery ,diskette management etc.recovery ,diskette management etc.

eg:- i. Norton Utility disk doctor.eg:- i. Norton Utility disk doctor.ii. Antivirus software.ii. Antivirus software.

b.b. Language Software :-Language Software :-

Computer can Understand Computer can Understand instructions only when they are instructions only when they are written in their own language called written in their own language called Machine Language. Therefore a Machine Language. Therefore a program written in any other language program written in any other language should be translated in to machine should be translated in to machine language. Processor are available to language. Processor are available to do this job. There special program do this job. There special program accept the user grammatically correct. accept the user grammatically correct. Language processor are also known as Language processor are also known as translators. translators.

**Types of language software :-Types of language software :-

- Compiler :- - Compiler :- It is changes the language It is changes the language directly to machine language and directly to machine language and gives output.gives output.

eg :- eg :- c, c++ c, c++ - Interpreter :- - Interpreter :- It is changes the It is changes the

language to the machine language language to the machine language one by one and perform task in serial one by one and perform task in serial order.order.

Eg :- Eg :- basic, foxprobasic, foxpro

c.c. Operating System :-Operating System :-

It is a program which helps to It is a program which helps to invoke the computer , without invoke the computer , without operating system the computer can operating system the computer can not run.not run.

It does :-It does :-

• To control and co-ordinate To control and co-ordinate peripherals device such as printer, peripherals device such as printer, Display screen and disk drives etc..Display screen and disk drives etc..

• To helps the application program To helps the application program execute its instruction.execute its instruction.

• To arrange the memory system.To arrange the memory system.• To deal with any fault that may occur in To deal with any fault that may occur in

the computer and information operator.the computer and information operator.

- Operating system is defined - Operating system is defined in two ways:-in two ways:-

a.a. Interface base.Interface base.b.b. Capacity base .Capacity base .

a. a. Interface base :-Interface base :-

- - It is also two types:-It is also two types:-

• CUI using OS. (Character User CUI using OS. (Character User Interface)Interface)

• GUI using OS. (Graphical User GUI using OS. (Graphical User Interface)Interface)

**CUI (Character User Interface) :-CUI (Character User Interface) :-

As operating system which As operating system which uses a set of character to uses a set of character to communicate between user and your communicate between user and your computer (Hardware) is known as computer (Hardware) is known as Character User Interface.Character User Interface.

eg. DOS , UNIX ETC…eg. DOS , UNIX ETC…

**GUI (Graphical User Interface):-GUI (Graphical User Interface):-

An operating system which An operating system which uses different kinds of Graphical uses different kinds of Graphical notations , pictures ,i-cons etc.. To notations , pictures ,i-cons etc.. To communicate between user and computer communicate between user and computer (Hardware) is called Graphical User (Hardware) is called Graphical User Interface based operating system.Interface based operating system.

eg. :- windows 95, win 98/2000/xp/NT etc..eg. :- windows 95, win 98/2000/xp/NT etc..

B.CAPACITY base OS

User at a time Task at a time

Single user OS

Multi user OS

Single Tasking OS.

Eg:- Dos

Multi tasking OS.Eg:- windows

******BOOTINGBOOTING

• Booting is the process to get the Booting is the process to get the computer start.computer start.

Steps of booting :-Steps of booting :-– Power onPower on– CU checks either all the peripherals are CU checks either all the peripherals are

truly connected to the (CPU) or not.truly connected to the (CPU) or not.– Then it checks for the system files.Then it checks for the system files.

• IO. sysIO. sys

•MS .sysMS .sys

•Command .com Command .com

• IO .sys :- it looks for the input and IO .sys :- it looks for the input and output part of the system.output part of the system.

• MS .sys :- it looks for rest all other MS .sys :- it looks for rest all other operation.operation.

• Command .com :-it contains all the Command .com :-it contains all the commands that are necessary for commands that are necessary for operation.operation.

*COMPUTER CONCEPTS*COMPUTER CONCEPTS

• Computer performs essentially the Computer performs essentially the following three operations in a following three operations in a sequence.sequence.

a.a. Receives data or text. (as input)Receives data or text. (as input)

b.b. Process data. (as processing)Process data. (as processing)

c.c. Emits or produce output. (as a Emits or produce output. (as a result.)result.)

*ALU- Arithmetic logic Unit*ALU- Arithmetic logic Unit

*CU - Current Unit*CU - Current Unit

*MU – Memory Unit.*MU – Memory Unit.

**Working of computer.Working of computer.

• Input device:-Input device:-

The device through which The device through which computer gets data , information and computer gets data , information and instruction are called input device.instruction are called input device.

Eg:- Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner etc..Eg:- Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner etc..

**Output Device:-Output Device:-

The device through which The device through which computers turnout the end product. computers turnout the end product. (i.e. Result, report or final (i.e. Result, report or final information) that types of device are information) that types of device are called output device.called output device.

eg:- Monitor , Printer etc..eg:- Monitor , Printer etc..

**CPU (Processing):-CPU (Processing):-

CPU means Central CPU means Central Processing unit . The CPU is the Processing unit . The CPU is the completely electronic parts of the completely electronic parts of the computer. It contains three sub units computer. It contains three sub units ..

a.a. ALU – Arithmetic and Logic UnitALU – Arithmetic and Logic Unit

b.b. CU – Control UnitCU – Control Unit

c.c. MU – Memory Unit (Main Memory)MU – Memory Unit (Main Memory)

a. a. ALU (Arithmetic and Logical Unit) :-ALU (Arithmetic and Logical Unit) :-

The Arithmetical and Logic Unit The Arithmetical and Logic Unit performs the actual calculations and performs the actual calculations and comparisons required data is comparisons required data is transferred from the main store to the transferred from the main store to the ALU upon receipt of the relevant signal ALU upon receipt of the relevant signal from the CU . Appropriate operations of from the CU . Appropriate operations of Arithmetical are Arithmetical are ( + ; - ; * ; / )( + ; - ; * ; / ) and and logical are logical are (> ; <; >= ; <= ; -ve ; +ve (> ; <; >= ; <= ; -ve ; +ve ).).

b. b. CU (Current Unit) :-CU (Current Unit) :-

It control ‘s the flow of data It control ‘s the flow of data with in the cpu. The passes of data and with in the cpu. The passes of data and information from the input devices to information from the input devices to main storage fetching the data , that is main storage fetching the data , that is to be processed to the ALU, storing back to be processed to the ALU, storing back the result in the main memory and the result in the main memory and directing the information to be printed to directing the information to be printed to the output devices are the functions the output devices are the functions totally under the control of the control totally under the control of the control unit. unit.

c. c. MU – (Memory Unit):-MU – (Memory Unit):-

Input data , programs , Input data , programs , intermediate results and final results intermediate results and final results ready for output are stored in the ready for output are stored in the main memory. The data and main memory. The data and instructions are passed from the instructions are passed from the main store in to ALU or, CU to and main store in to ALU or, CU to and from the backing storage decices from the backing storage decices under the control of the CU.under the control of the CU.

*Generally memory is two types .*Generally memory is two types .

a.a. Primary Memory. (Temporary storage)Primary Memory. (Temporary storage)

b.b. Secondary Memory. (Permanent Storage)Secondary Memory. (Permanent Storage)

a.a. Primary Memory :-Primary Memory :-

It is also two types.It is also two types.

i.i. RAM (Random Access Memory)RAM (Random Access Memory)

ii.ii. ROM (Read Only Memory)ROM (Read Only Memory)

i.i. RAM (Random Access RAM (Random Access Memory):-Memory):-

It is Temporary Memory of It is Temporary Memory of computer in here we can read and write computer in here we can read and write information. When we can read and write information. When we can read and write any information or data it can store any information or data it can store temporary and when power is cut off all the temporary and when power is cut off all the information and data will be lost and it can’t information and data will be lost and it can’t reuse. So, it is also known as volatile reuse. So, it is also known as volatile Memory.Memory.

Generally there are two types of Generally there are two types of RAM.RAM.

* SRAM* SRAM * DRAM * DRAM

* * SRAM (Static Random Access SRAM (Static Random Access Memory):-Memory):-

• Made of Transistors chips.Made of Transistors chips.

• Four times faster than that of DRAM.Four times faster than that of DRAM.

• Don’t need refreshing.Don’t need refreshing.

• Larger capacity.Larger capacity.

* * DRAM (Dynamic Random Access DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory):-Memory):-

• Made of capacitors.Made of capacitors.

• Less capacity.Less capacity.

• Needs refreshing.Needs refreshing.

• Slowest type of memory.Slowest type of memory.

* * ROM (Read Only Memory) :-ROM (Read Only Memory) :-

It is the memory from where It is the memory from where the information’s can only be read . It can the information’s can only be read . It can not be written . It has stored some utilities not be written . It has stored some utilities programs at the time manufacture, stored programs at the time manufacture, stored in this memory are not lost as soon as the in this memory are not lost as soon as the power is cut off.power is cut off.

Types of ROM :-Types of ROM :-• PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)• EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM)EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM)• EEPROM (Electronic Erasable Programmable EEPROM (Electronic Erasable Programmable

ROM) ROM)• EEEPROM (Electrically Electronic Erasable EEEPROM (Electrically Electronic Erasable

Programmable ROM) Programmable ROM)

b. Secondary Memory (Permanent b. Secondary Memory (Permanent Storage):-Storage):-

i. i. Hard Disk:-Hard Disk:-It is an air – tight sealed. It is an air – tight sealed.

Unit, consisting of a number of metallic Unit, consisting of a number of metallic disks (platters) mounted an spindle, which disks (platters) mounted an spindle, which Rotates at a speed of about 3600 RPM Rotates at a speed of about 3600 RPM (Revolution Per Minutes) data is stored on (Revolution Per Minutes) data is stored on that of both sides of each disk in the same that of both sides of each disk in the same manner as that of floppy disk. Storage manner as that of floppy disk. Storage capacities of Hard disk range from 10 MB capacities of Hard disk range from 10 MB to 120 GB.to 120 GB.

ii. ii. Floppy Disk :-Floppy Disk :- It is permanent storage It is permanent storage device -device -

which store the information or data which store the information or data for future use it is made of magnetic for future use it is made of magnetic material coated with plastic cover.material coated with plastic cover.