© the mcgraw-hill companies, inc., 2002 slide 19-1 mcgraw-hill/irwin 19 managerial accounting...

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002

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McGraw-Hill/Irwin

19 Managerial Accounting Concepts and Principles


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Managerial accountingprovides informationfor managers of anorganization whoplan and controlits operations.

Financial accountingprovides information

to stockholders,creditors and others

who are outsidethe organization.

Managerial and Financial Accounting


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PlanningFormulating Long- and

Short-Term Plans

Controlling1. Measuring Actual

Performance

Implementing PlansDirecting

andMotivating

Controlling2. Evaluating ActualPerformance versus

Planned Performance

BeginF

EE

DBACK

MONI

TO

RIN

G

Planning and Control


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Financial Accounting Managerial Accounting

1. Users Investors, creditors and Managers, employees and other external users other internal users

2. Purpose of Making investment, credit Planning, decision information and other decisions making and control

3. Flexibility Structured and often Relatively flexible of practice controlled by GAAP (no GAAP)

4. Timeliness of Often available only Available quickly without information after audit is complete need to wait for audit

5. Time dimension Historical information Many projections with some predictions and estimates

6. Focus of Emphasis on Projects, processes and information whole organization segments of an organization

7. Nature of Monetary Monetary and information information nonmonetary information

Nature of Managerial AccountingExh. 19-2


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Increased Relevance ofManagerial Accounting

Customer Orientation

GlobalEconomy

LeanBusiness

Model

Eliminationof Waste

Satisfy theCustomer

PositiveReturn


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Lean Practices

CustomerOrientationin a GlobalEconomy


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on

Quality throughoutthe production process.

Rewards for employeeswho find defects.

Employees encouragedto try new methodsto improve quality.

Company emphasizesvalue of quality through

quality awards.

Total Quality Management


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Complete productsjust in time to

ship to customers.

Complete partsjust in time for

assembly into products.

Receive materialsjust in time for

production.

Scheduleproduction.

Receivecustomer

orders.

Just-In-Time (JIT) Manufacturing


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New ways to improve

operations

Continuous Improvement


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LaborCosts

Variable Costs

Use ofTechnology Automation Overhead

FixedCosts

Increase

Decrease

Implications of ManufacturingManagement Principles


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Behavior

Traceability

Controllability

Relevance

Function

Cost Accounting Concepts


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Cost behavior means how a cost will react to changes in the level of business activity. Total fixed costs do

not change when activity changes.

Total variable costs change in proportionto activity changes.

Classification by Behavior


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Activity

Cos

t

Activity

Cos

t

Classification by Behavior

Cost behavior means how a cost will react to changes in the level of business activity. Total fixed costs do

not change when activity changes.

Total variable costs change in proportionto activity changes.


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Direct costs Costs incurred for the

benefit of one specific cost object.

Examples: material and labor cost for a product.

Indirect costs Costs incurred for the

benefit of more than one cost object.

Example: maintenance expenditures benefiting two or more departments.

Classification by Traceability


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The degree of control depends on thelevel of management in the organization.

More C

ontrolM

ore

Con

trol

Very little control

Classification by Controllability


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The potential benefit that is given up when one alternative is selected over another.

Example: If you werenot attending college,you could be earning$20,000 per year. Your opportunity costof attending college for one year is $20,000.

Classification by Relevance: Opportunity Costs


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All costs incurred in the past that cannot be changed by any decision made now or in the future.

Sunk costs should not be considered in decisions.

Example: You bought an automobile that cost $15,000 two years ago. The $15,000 cost is sunk because whether you drive it, park it, trade it, or sell it, you cannot change the $15,000 cost.

Classification by Relevance:Sunk Costs


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TheProduct

Classification by Function:Product Costs

DirectLabor

DirectMaterial

Manufacturing Overhead


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Period costs are expensesnot charged to the product.

Classification by Function:Period Costs

Administrative Costs

Nonmanufacturing costsof staff support and

administrative functions –accounting, data processing,

personnel, researchand development.

Selling Costs

Costs incurred to obtain customer orders and todeliver finished goods

to customers –advertising and shipping.


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Period Costs(Expenses)

Product Costs(Inventory)

Inventory Not Sold in 2002

OperatingExpenses

Cost ofGoods Sold

Raw MaterialsGoods in ProcessFinished Goods

Cost ofGoods Sold

2002 CostsIncurred

2002 IncomeStatement

2003 IncomeStatement

2002 BalanceSheet

InventorySold in 2002

Period and Product Costs in Financial Statements

Exh. 19-8


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Cost Item Behavior Traceability Function

Material Variable Direct Product

Assembly Wages Variable Direct Product

Advertising Fixed Indirect Period

Production Manager's Salary Fixed Indirect Product

Office Depreciation Fixed Indirect Period

Potential Multiple Cost Classifications

Exh. 19-9


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I suppose these samecost concepts apply to

service companies.

Cost Concepts forService Companies


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Merchandisers . . .Buy finished goods.

Sell finished goods.

SaleMart

Manufacturers . . .Buy raw materials.

Produce and sell finished goods.

Reporting Manufacturing Activities


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ManufacturingInventory

Classifications

Balance Sheet of a Manufacturer

RawMaterials

FinishedGoods

Goods inProcess


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Completedproductsfor sale.

Materialswaiting to beprocessed.

Partially completeproducts.

Material to whichsome labor and/or

overhead havebeen added.


RawMaterials

FinishedGoods

Goods inProcess


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MERCHANDISER

Current Assets Cash Receivables Merchandise

Inventory

MANUFACTURER

Current Assets Cash Receivables Inventories

Raw MaterialsGoods in ProcessFinished Goods

The only difference is inventory.



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Beginning Merchandise

Inventory

Beginning Finished Goods

Inventory

Cost of Goods Purchased

Cost of GoodsManufactured

Ending Merchandise

Inventory

EndingFinished Goods

Inventory

Cost of Goods Sold

Merchandiser Manufacturer

+

_

+

==

_

The major difference

Income Statement of a Manufacturer


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Manufacturing Company

Cost of goods sold: Beg. finished goods inv. 14,200$ + Cost of goods manufactured 234,150 = Goods available for sale 248,350$ - Ending finished goods inventory (12,100) = Cost of goods sold 236,250$

Merchandising Company

Cost of goods sold: Beg. merchandise inventory 14,200$ + Purchases 234,150 = Goods available for sale 248,350$ - Ending merchandise inventory (12,100) = Cost of goods sold 236,250$

Cost of goods sold for manufacturers differs only slightly from cost of goods sold for merchandisers.



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Direct Materials

Materials that are clearly and easilyidentified with a particular product.

Direct Materials

Materials that are clearly and easilyidentified with a particular product.

Example:Steel used tomanufacture

the automobile.

Example:Steel used tomanufacture

the automobile.



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Direct Labor

Labor costs that are clearly traceable to, or readily identifiable with, the

finished product.

Direct Labor

Labor costs that are clearly traceable to, or readily identifiable with, the

finished product.

Example:Wages paid to an

automobile assemblyworker.

Example:Wages paid to an

automobile assemblyworker.



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Factory Overhead

All factory costs exceptdirect material and direct labor.

Factory costs that cannot betraced directly to specific units produced.

Factory Overhead

All factory costs exceptdirect material and direct labor.

Factory costs that cannot betraced directly to specific units produced.

Examples:Indirect labor – maintenance

Indirect material – cleaning suppliesFactory utility costsSupervisory costs



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DirectMaterial

DirectLabor

ManufacturingOverhead

PrimeCost

ConversionCost

Manufacturing costs are oftencombined as follows:



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Question

What type of account is the manufacturing goods in process account?

a. Income statement expense account.

b. Balance sheet inventory account.

c. Temporary clearing account for direct material and direct labor.

d. Holding account for manufacturing overhead and direct labor.







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Question


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Question

The primary distinction between product and period costs is . . .

a. Product costs are expensed in the period incurred.

b. Product costs are directly traceable to product units.

c. Product costs are inventoriable.

d. Period costs are inventoriable.







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Question


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Finished goodsbeginning inventory

Cost of goodsManufactured

Finishedgoodsending

inventory

Rawmaterialsbeginninginventory

Rawmaterials

purchases

Raw Materialsending inventory

Costof

goodssold

Goods in processbeginning inventory

Direct Labor

Factoryoverhead

Raw materialsused

Sales activityProduction activityMaterialsactivity

Flow of Manufacturing Activities

Goods in processending inventory

Exh. 19-15


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Cost of all goods completed and transferred from goods in process to finished goods during a

reporting period.

Direct Materials Used + Direct Labor + Manufacturing Overhead = Cost to Manufacture + Beginning Work in Process – Ending Work in Process = Cost of Goods Manufactured

Manufacturing Statement


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Let’s take a look at Rocky

Mountain Bikes’ Manufacturing

Statement.



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ROCKY MOUNTAIN BIKES


For Year Ended December 31, 2002

Direct materials used in production 85,500$

Direct labor 60,000

Total factory overhead costs 30,000

Total manufacturing costs for the period 175,500$

Add: Beginning goods in process inventory 2,500

Total cost of goods in process 178,000$

Deduct: Ending goods in process inventory 7,500

Cost of goods manufactured 170,500$

Manufacturing StatementExh. 19-16


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Direct labor 60,000







Computation of Cost of Direct Material Used

Beginning raw materials inventory 8,000$

Add: Purchases of raw materials 86,500

Cost of raw materials available for use 94,500$

Deduct: Ending raw materials inventory 9,000

Cost of direct materials used in production 85,500$

Exh. 19-16


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Direct labor 60,000







Include all direct labor costs incurred during the

current period.



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Direct labor 60,000







Computation of Total Manufacturing Overhead

Indirect labor 9,000$

Factory supervision 6,000

Factory utilities 2,600

Property taxes, factory building 1,900

Factory supplies used 600

Factory insurance expired 1,100

Depreciation, building and equipment 5,300

Other factory overhead 3,500

Total factory overhead costs 30,000$

Exh. 19-16


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Direct labor 60,000







Beginning work in process inventory is carried over from the

prior period.



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Direct labor 60,000







Ending work in process inventory contains the cost of unfinished

goods, and is reported in the current assets section of the balance sheet.



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Unit Contribution Margin

Contribution margin contributes to covering fixed costs and generating profits.


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Unit Contribution Margin

Total Per Unit PercentSales (500 units) 250,000$ 500$ 100%Less: variable expenses 150,000 300 60%Contribution margin 100,000$ 200$ 40%

Less: fixed expenses 80,000 Net income 20,000$

Contribution margin ratio is the portion of each sales dollar remaining after deducting total unit variable cost.


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End of Chapter 19

© the mcgraw-hill companies, inc., 2002 slide 19-1 mcgraw-hill/irwin 19 managerial accounting...

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