ˆˇ˘˛˚ ˇ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ˆ ˆ˙ ˙ · the lack of reliable data relating to growing stock,...

��

��

1 | VALUE ADDITION SERIES: ENVIRONMENT

S. No. Index Page No.

01. Evaluating India’s Forest Policy 2-3

02. Environmental Conservation:

Issues and Solutions 4-4

03. Principle of CBDR and its

Relevance 5-5

04. China’s Climate Commitment

and its Impact for the Planet and

India

6-6

05. Climate Change and Food

Security 7-7

06. Economic Slowdown and Carbon

Emissions 8-8

07. Biodiversity Heritage Sites 9-9

08. Stubble Problem 10-11

09. The Paris Agreement 12-14

LEARN, UNLEARN

& RE-LEARN


1. Evaluating India’s Forest Policy Context:

Based on the findings of the research paper titled the ‘Impact of forest policies on timber production in India: a review’ published in 2016 in the Natural Resources Forum, a United Nations Sustainable Development Journal, a senior official in the India Forest Service has called for a review of the current forest policy in India.

Issues: Fall in domestic production:

The domestic demand for timber has been growing due to increasing population and per capita GDP.

However, decades of policies focused on conservation instead of production has resulted in domestic timber production witnessing a slump.

Reliance on imports: Given the shortfall in domestic production, the timber imports have witnessed a rise.

The dependency on imports could backfire as the exporting countries have been shifting to a conservation based approach. This could lead to a situation where India does not have sufficient domestic timber production ability nor would be in a position to import from other countries due to shortage of supplies.

The unimpeded timber imports have affected domestic pricing patterns. The low prices have disincentivized domestic production

Importance: Mitigation efforts:

Increasing wood production will result in carbon sequestration, and help in mitigating effects of climate change.

India remains highly vulnerable to the impact of climate change. India ranks 5th on the global climate vulnerability index.

This could also help India meet its commitments made under the Paris climate deal. Under the Paris Agreement, India had committed to creating a cumulative carbon sink of 2.5-3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent by 2030.

Impact on rural economy:

Policy initiatives aimed at increasing timber production from Trees Outside Forests (TOFs) can help revive the agricultural sector and the rural economy by generating newer employment opportunities

Agro forestry apart from helping the farmers supplement their incomes also helps increase the concentration of various nutrients or enhances nutrient cycling and thus helps improve overall soil quality.

Steps to be taken:

Production forestry should focus on sustainable increase in forest productivity from Trees Outside Forests (TOFs) and Recorded Forest Areas (RFAs).

Focus on TOFs:

Considering the immense potential of timber production from Trees Outside Forests (TOFs) — grown outside government Recorded Forest Areas (RFAs), there is the need to incentivize and promote timber production in TOFs to meet the domestic timber demand.

The India State of Forest Report (2011) estimates timber production from government forests to be 3.17 million m³ and potential timber production from TOFs to be 42.77 million m³

For TOFs, a synchronised nationwide policy needs to be developed. This should also incentivize private sector participation.


Sustainable forestry in RFAs:

For the RFAs there could be the demarcation of 10% of the forests for plantations in areas which would have the least impact on the ecology.

There should be sustainable forest management in these areas based on certification to dis-incentivize logging in protected areas.

Framing of supportive policies:

The import-export policy of the country should be reviewed to rectify its pricing impact in the market. The policy should consider restricting imports in a bid to help increase the prices in the market and make it economically viable to grow trees domestically.

The lack of reliable data relating to growing stock, consumption and production of timber have constrained forecasts of supply and demand projections. There is the need to ensure data availability on these to promote the timber industry in India.


2. Environmental Conservation: Issues and Solutions Context:

India secured 168th rank out of 180 countries in the 12th edition of the biennial Environment Performance Index (EPI Index 2020). India’s rank was 177 in 2018.

The 2020 EPI features new metrics that gauge waste management, carbon dioxide emissions from land cover change, and emissions of fluorinated gases- all important drivers of climate change.

Issues: Poor air quality and contaminated water:

The great winter smog and pollution in North India is a glaring example of this challenge. Indian cities often figure in the world’s most polluted cities. The high water pollution level is only exacerbating the water scarcity problem in India.

Environmental laws:

There are also problems of environmental laws which seem to be only focussed on large sources of pollution and tend to neglect the smaller but numerically larger number of pollution sources.

While existing laws focus on point sources like industries they tend to neglect the agriculture related pollution such as stubble burning or public usage pollution relating to vehicular and household sources.

Forest clearances for mining and industries and the population pressure on forests in the form of conversion of forest to cultivated land are both major drivers of deforestation. However, while diversion of forests for mining and industry is regulated by law and challenged in courts, the other major drivers are not even discussed.

Lax environmental regulations:

There have been concerns over the alleged preoccupation with “ease of doing business” leading to lax environmental regulations which have proved to be detrimental to the environment.

The draft EIA has invited criticism from many experts and environmentalists. Lack of coordination between the Centre and States:

The lack of coordination between the Centre and States has had a detrimental impact. ‘Forests’ was a State subject until transferred to the Concurrent list by the 42nd Amendment Act. However, de facto, the powers of the State governments continue and they have been reluctant to work together to find solutions to environmental challenges.

The stubble burning in North India exemplifies the anomalies of federalism, where the imperatives of the Centre and States differ.

Way forward:

India needs to double national sustainability efforts on all fronts. The country needs to focus on a wide spectrum of sustainability issues, with a high priority to critical issues such as air and water quality, biodiversity and climate change. India’s decarbonisation agenda needs to be further accelerated.

There is the need to balance between the environment and development needs of the country.

The critical need of the hour is to harmonise the working of the central, State, and local governments.

There is the need for better monitoring and compliance with environmental laws.

The environment is a national issue which requires the unwavering participation of all governments, and all citizens.


3. Principle of CBDR and its Relevance Context:

The UN Secretary General António Guterres, advised India to give up coal immediately and reduce emissions by 45% by 2030, on par with the developed countries. Similar advice has also been issued to China too.

Why India should reject the proposal:

India, with the lowest per capita income among the G-20, is undergoing the worst economic contraction.

Renewables alongside coal will generate, directly and indirectly, far more employment than renewables alone.

The UNFCCC itself has reported that between 1990 and 2017, the developed nations (excluding Russia and east Europe) have reduced their annual emissions by only 1.3%.

The Global North has hidden the reality of continued dependence on oil and natural gas, both equally fossil fuels. Also, there are no timelines for their phase out.

Also, they seem to be diverting attention by talks of “carbon neutrality” by 2050, and the passage of resolutions declaring a climate emergency.

This goes against the widely accepted Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) principles in climate action.

The U.S. has rarely been called out for its withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, or the EU nations for their long-term reliance on gas and oil.

Consequences for India:

Currently, manufacturing growth powered by fossil fuel based energy is itself a necessity, both technological and economic, for the transition to renewables.

Unlike the developed nations, India cannot substitute coal substantially by oil and gas. Despite some wind potential, a huge part of this growth needs to come from solar.

None of this will really drive industry, particularly manufacturing, since renewables at best can meet residential consumption and some part of the demand from the service sector.

Lacking production capacity in renewable energy technologies and their large-scale operation, deployment on this scale will expose India to increasing and severe dependence on external sources and supply chains.

India’s climate performance:

India’s renewable energy programme is ambitious while its energy efficiency programme is delivering, especially in the domestic consumption sector.

India is one of the few countries with at least 2° Celsius warming compliant climate action.

It is also a part of a much smaller list of those countries currently on track to fulfilling their Paris Agreement commitments.

Despite the accelerated economic growth of recent decades India’s annual emissions, at 0.5 tonnes per capita, are well below the global average of 1.3 tonnes. It is also below those of China, the United States and the European Union (EU), the three leading emitters in absolute terms, whose per capita emissions are higher than this average.

In terms of cumulative emissions, India’s contribution by 2017 was only 4% for a population of 1.3 billion, whereas the European Union, with a population of only 448 million, was responsible for 20%.

Conclusion:

India must unanimously reject the UN Secretary General’s call and reiterate its long-standing commitment to an equitable response to the challenge of global warming.


4. China’s Climate Commitment and its Impact for the Planet and India Context: China has promised that the country would be carbon net zero by 2060, and has advanced the deadline for reaching emissions peak What is Net zero emissions:

Net zero is a state in which a country’s emissions are compensated by absorptions and removal of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. o Absorption can be increased by creating more carbon sinks such as forests. o Removal involves the application of technologies such as carbon capture and storage.

Why is net-zero an important target?

Scientists say that the only way to achieve the Paris Agreement's target of keeping global temperatures from rising beyond 2°C compared to pre-industrial times is achieving global carbon neutrality by 2050.

For a long time, there have been campaigns and efforts to get countries (especially the big emitters) to commit themselves to achieve climate neutrality by 2050.

Sometimes referred to as the state of net zero emissions, it would require countries to significantly reduce their emissions while increasing land or forest sinks that would absorb the emissions that take place.

If the sinks are not adequate, countries can commit themselves to deploying (expensive) technologies that physically remove carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.

Implications for world:

China is the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases.

It accounts for almost 30% of global emissions, more than the combined emissions in the United States, the European Union and India, the three next biggest emitters.

Getting China to commit itself to a net zero target is a big breakthrough, since countries have been reluctant to pledge themselves to such long term commitments.

The Chinese goal, if realised, would lower global warming projections for 2100 by about 0.2° to 0.3°C, the most impactful single action ever taken by any country.

What are the implications of China’s commitment for India?

The Chinese announcement is naturally expected to increase pressure on India to follow suit.

India has resisted pressure to make a long term commitment, citing the fact that developed countries had utterly failed in keeping their past promises.

India has also been arguing that the climate change actions it has been taking are, in relative terms, far more robust than those of the developed countries.

Another side effect of the Chinese decision could be an increased divergence in the positions of India and China at the climate negotiations. China would now have fewer grounds to align itself with India as a developing country.


5. Climate Change and Food Security Context:

The impact of global warming on the plant growth and subsequently on the food security of humans.

Facts:

Between the year 1870 (the first industrial revolution) and 2020, the carbon dioxide ( CO2) levels have increased from 280 ppm to 400 ppm mainly attributable to the increased fossil fuel burning (oil, natural gas, coal).

Given the greenhouse warming effect of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen dioxide, the global temperature has risen by almost 2 degrees Celsius.

Mixed impact on plants: The rise in CO2 levels has both positive and negative effects on the plants. Positive effect:

The higher temperature is found to aid in the photosynthesis of plants, making them grow more.

The higher concentration of carbon dioxide is also found to lead to an effect known as carbon fertilization. o The Carbon fertilization effect is the increased rate of photosynthesis in plants that results

from increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Negative effects:

Some studies have pointed out that the higher temperatures during the ‘growing season’ in the tropics and subtropical regions will greatly affect plant growth and crop productivity.

The higher temperature is found to restrict the plant’s ability to absorb nitrogen, thus restricting crop growth.

One study by the Hyderabad Centre of the international agency ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the SemiArid Tropics) on the impact of different concentration of CO2 levels on the growth and yield of chickpea found a noted increase in the root and shoot (plant height) lengths with higher CO2 levels leading to higher growth rates. o However, the number of nodules in the roots (where nitrogen fixing bacteria live)

decreased at high CO2 levels. Way forward: Better understanding of the plant’s response:

There is a need for more laboratory experiments to study the impact of increased temperatures and CO2 levels on plant growth and yields.

These studies must concentrate on plant varieties like beans and legumes (plant meat) and food grains (C3 variety plants), which would have a more direct impact on human food security.

Evidence based planning for climate change risks:

The understanding of the different metabolic pathways in different plants could lead to a better understanding of the molecules or agents that can promote or inhibit specific pathways.

These findings can help identify plant varieties that are best suited for the given local conditions. Use of biotechnology:

Biotechnology and the recent advances made in this field like CRISPR-Cas9 can allow us to genetically modify the plants in order to ensure adequate growth and yields of the plants even in an increased temperature and CO2 level scenario.


6. Economic Slowdown and Carbon Emissions Context: A study has pointed out that Carbon dioxide emissions are poised to grow at their slowest since 2001 due to a lower demand for coal in the power and manufacturing sectors. Facts:

A 2018 report by the International Energy Emissions Agency said India’s per capita emissions were about 40% of the global average and contributed 7% to the global carbon dioxide burden. The U.S., the largest emitter, contributed 14%.

As per its commitments to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, India has promised to reduce the emission intensity of its economy by 2030, compared to 2005 levels.

India has also committed to having 40% of its energy from renewable sources by 2030. Details:

The analysis published in Carbon Brief (a site that tracks emission and carbon dioxide trends) states that the Carbon dioxide emissions are poised to grow at their slowest — a 2% rise from 2018 — since 2001.

The rise in C02 emissions from India saw wild swings — from 7% in 2014 to 3.5% in 2015 and then back to 7.8% in 2018. This is the first time that emissions are expected to grow below 3% from the previous year.

It is opined that coal generation trends are unlikely to change given the lack of demand and the contribution of renewables.

Slower growth in coal based power generation will also benefit the country’s air quality efforts, as essentially all coal fired power plants lack pollution controls commonly required in the EU and China

Increase in Renewables:

Industrial coal use fell dramatically in 2017 because of a slowdown in the construction sector and bounced back in 2018.

Wind generation rose by 17% in the first six months of 2019 compared to the same period in 2018, with solar up 30% and hydro increasing by 22%.


7. Biodiversity Heritage Sites Context:

The Karnataka Biodiversity Board has decided to declare four more areas in the State as biodiversity heritage sites.

Definition of Biodiversity Heritage Sites:

Biodiversity Heritage Sites (BHS) are well defined areas that are unique, ecologically fragile ecosystems – terrestrial, coastal and inland waters or marine having rich biodiversity.

It is characterized by one or more of the following components: o Richness of wild as well as domesticated species or intra-specific categories, o High endemism, presence of rare and threatened species, o Keystone species, species of evolutionary significance, wild ancestors of domestic/cultivated

species or their varieties, o Past pre-eminence of biological components represented by fossil beds o Having significant cultural, ethical or aesthetic values and are important for the maintenance

of cultural diversity, with or without a long history of human association with them. Legal provisions:

The State Governments can notify the Biodiversity Heritage Sites (BHS) in consultation with local governing bodies under Section 37 of Biological Diversity Act of 2002.

Under sub-section (2) of Section 37, the State Government in consultation with the Central Government may frame rules for the management and conservation of BHS.

Significance:

Notifying an area as a biodiversity heritage site will help protect the rich and unique ecosystem in a particular area from further destruction.

This would help not only help conserve the biodiversity of the region but also ensure ecological security and sustainable development for human beings as well given that such areas also often represent interfaces between nature, culture and society.

Given that BHS also emphasises a participatory approach to conservation efforts, the notification would help instil and nurture conservation ethics in all sections of the society.


8. Stubble Problem Context:

Field trials of the Pusa decomposer in Delhi, Haryana region. Pusa decomposer:

‘Pusa Decomposer’ is basically a set of capsules containing a set of about eight types of microorganisms (fungi), essential to quicken the decomposition of the stubble.

These capsules need to be dissolved in water containing jaggery and chickpea flour and then fermented for three to four days. The liquid so obtained is to be sprayed in the farmers’ field in order to decompose the left over biomass. The stubble gets converted into manure in the field.

Significance:

Pusa decomposer offers some notable advantages over other methods being used as discussed in the following figure.

Figure: Advantages of Pusa Decomposer Stubble burning issue:

Stubble burning by farmers in Punjab, Haryana and Delhi region has led to a major environmental hazard in the region, particularly in the National Capital Region. o Stubble burning leads to the emission of harmful gases like NO2, SO2, CO and particulate

matter and contributes to the formation of ground level ozone. o The area faces the issue of ‘smog’, or smoke and fog every year during the onset of the spring

season. o The Air Quality Index (AQI) rises to severe levels (400 or more in Delhi and its

neighbourhood).


Measures to control stubble burning:

Previously, recognizing the harmful effect of stubble burning, there have been a number of initiatives taken by the government to control stubble burning.

Regulatory regime:

India’s Supreme Court has issued a blanket ban on stubble burning in Punjab, Haryana and UP. There is the need to take strict action against non-compliance reported from the field.

Support for farmers:

Despite a ban on stubble burning in Punjab and Haryana, farmers continue to defy it as there is a short window between harvesting of paddy and sowing of wheat. The high cost of manual or mechanical management of straw is a major reason why farmers choose to burn it. This necessitates the government to ensure supportive policies to the farmers.

State governments are providing 50 to 80 per cent subsidy to farmers and cooperative societies to buy modern farm equipment for in-situ management of paddy straw. o This could involve equipment like balers, super straw management system (SMS), chopper

cum shredder, happy seeder machines, which are used for direct sowing without ploughing. o The use of super SMS with a combined harvester helps facilitate the management of crop

residue. It is attached to the rear of a combined harvester and uniformly spreads loose straw on the field. With this method, farmers are not required to burn the straw before sowing the next crop.

Additionally, custom hiring centres (CHCs) can play a critical role in providing equipment for crop residue management. Punjab aims to establish at least one CHC in each village.

The above measures could help ensure the availability of requisite machinery at affordable rates and with convenience.

Incentivizing stubble management:

There has been increasing calls for paddy straw based power plants. Crop residue is being utilized through biomass-based power plants (bio-ethanol projects) and various bio-CNG projects.

The demand for biomass from such biomass based power plants could incentivize the farmers to sell bales to nearby factories.

Awareness campaign:

There has been a massive awareness campaign against stubble burning in the concerned states. Conclusion: Apart from contributing to air pollution, stubble burning also has a detrimental impact on agricultural land. Making the farmers aware of this could help convince the farmers from retraining themselves from stubble burning.

https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/supreme-court-of-india/


9. The Paris Agreement Details:

Questions have been raised over the effectiveness of the Paris climate deal in securing the environmental future of planet earth.

The scientific community has pointed out how the 2 degrees Celsius aim is far from the required target and the environmentalists have pointed out the nature of Nationally Determined Contributions and how the lack of accountability can hinder the efforts to contain climate change.

Climate talks on Global Agenda

The global climate discourse established itself with the UNFCCC, the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development laid down certain fundamental themes for climate discourse for the future such as ‘Common But Differentiated Responsibilities’ and ‘Polluter pays ‘ principles.

UNFCCC was seen as a template for balancing the right to development of developing countries and obligations of the developed countries.

Rio Convention also approved a financial assistance mechanism to develop environment friendly technologies to aid the developing countries.

Kyoto Protocol: Operationalization of UNFCCC

The Protocol provided fixed emission targets for developed countries and at the same time provided certain flexible mechanisms to go about achieving the targets.

A key distinguishing aspect between the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement is the presence of punitive measures for lack of adherence to commitments under the Kyoto Protocol (which is absent in the Paris Agreement).

The US Congress did not ratify it and subsequently, the US withdrew from the arrangement in 2001.

Kyoto Protocol’s end and shelving the values and spirit of Rio principles were all to be seen during the Copenhagen summit of 2009 where it was decided by the US and China that voluntary reduction of greenhouse gas emissions was the key for a global climate action plan.

The Copenhagen Accord drafted by the US and the BASIC coalition of Brazil, South Africa, India, and China in 2009 was virtually the birth of the Paris Agreement.

Kyoto Protocol-2

This period bridges the gap between the end of the 1st Kyoto period (2012) and the start of the new global agreement in 2020.

The second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol commits countries to contain the emission of greenhouse gases, reaffirming its stand on climate action.

Paris Conference of Parties: The cornerstone of future climate action

To hold the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels.

The Agreement also talks about reaching the global peaking of emissions by the second half of the century, recognizing that peaking will take longer for developing country Parties.

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) o NDCs marked a departure from the Rio principle of Common But Differentiated

Responsibilities (CBDR) in bringing all countries to commit to reduce emissions and combat climate change.

o NDCs are the cornerstone of countries’ efforts to achieve the targets set by the Paris agreement. NDC places great faith in the efforts of the countries in achieving the set goals, as the countries must themselves set emission targets voluntarily and there is no penalty for failing to achieve them.

o Lack of transparency in the targets achieved and a total absence of accountability when failing to achieve them has disappointed the environmentalists. The 2 degrees Celsius limit will not be achieved with the current level of national and international efforts via NDCs.

https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/the-united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change-unfccc/https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/kyoto-protocol/


Harsh realities of Paris Agreement o The scientific community and environmentalists have expressed their concerns over the

inadequacy of the agreement in securing a safer, cleaner and healthier planet. o The aim to limit the rise in temperature to 2 degrees Celsius has not gone down well as

studies have revealed that even a 1.5 degrees Celsius rise would lead to catastrophic and irreversible changes such as almost over three-fourths of the coral reefs dying.

o The 2 degree Celsius limit is just a figurative way to convince the global public that the global leadership and the institutions are taking the climate change realities seriously.

o The 2 degrees Celsius target is a careful balancing of developed countries’ lifestyles with the right to development of the developing countries.

o The ‘equity’ principle enshrined in the Rio convention had to make way in the post-Paris agreement era.

US withdrawal o The US turned its back on the Paris Agreement signed at the UNFCCC Conference of Parties-

21 in the year 2015. o The justification for the decision by the US administration was that the Paris deal was not in

line with President Donald Trump’s vision of ‘Make America great again’, for they believed that the deal would hurt the US economy, hamstrung its industries with emission norms, and impair job creation.

Talanoa Dialogue

It was adopted during the UN CoP-23 at Bonn.

The conference made strides in determining the rules and framework for implementation of the Paris agreement 2015.

Talanoa Dialogue is a process to assess where countries stand and what is the goal and how it is to be achieved.

Katowice Conference of Parties

At the heart of talks during CoP-24 was the Paris “rulebook”, which was mandated in 2015 to be finalized by the end of COP24.

This is the detailed “operating manual” needed for the Paris Agreement to enter into force in 2020.

The rulebook covers a multitude of questions, such as how countries should report their greenhouse gas emissions or contributions to climate finance, as well as what rules should apply to voluntary market mechanisms, such as carbon trading.

India constituted a high-level interministerial Apex committee:

The Union Environment Ministry has constituted a high-level interministerial Apex committee for Implementation of Paris Agreement (AIPA).

The purpose of AIPA is to generate a coordinated response on climate change matters that ensures India is on track towards meeting its obligations under the Paris Agreement including its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC).

Another key function of AIPA would be to operate as a National Authority to regulate carbon markets in India under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.

It would formulate guidelines for the consideration of projects or activities under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.

AIPA will issue guidelines on carbon pricing, market mechanism, and other similar instruments that have a bearing on climate change and NDCs.

https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/paris-agreement/https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/carbon-price/


Way Forward:

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) whose objective is to provide governments at all levels with scientific information that they can use to develop climate policies has echoed the need to have an economic as well as societal transformation to avoid a hotter earth.

It requires a multilateral and universal approach to tackle the impending climate crisis. The Paris Agreement falls short of such a response.

Strong institutions along with a global leadership committed to the goals of equity and climate justice are the needs of the hour.

Significant diplomatic capital has to be invested to ensure that the developed countries do not feel that they are burdened and the developing countries’ concerns of the right to development are not forgotten.

NASSCOM Design4India DesignAward 2018 for the ‘Best Design’

Mobile Category – 2018Express IT Awards for IT newsmaker

of the year 2017

Google DesignAward 2018

Business StandardStart-up of the year 2017

Google Play’s ‘Best Self Improvement’App in India – 2016

Deloitte Technology Fast 50 India and Fast 500 Asia Award Year2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016,

2017

Education CompanyOf The Year 2016, 2018

VCCIRCLEAWARDS

Awards

byjus.com

To book a FREE COUNSELLING SESSION with our IAS Mentors call: 9241333666Visit https://byjus.com/ias/ for more details

Incredible results year after year!

20132014

20152016

2017

2018

2019

62 out of1228 vacancies







Selected candidates from BYJU'S

Ranks inTop 1004 Ranks inTop 2009 Ranks inTop 501 3 Ranks inTop 10022

Congratulations to our toppers

RANK 03

Pratibha Verma

RANK 06

Vishakha Yadav

RANK 08

Abhishek Saraf

RANK 10

Sanjita Mohapatra

ˆˇ˘˛˚ ˇ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ˆ ˆ˙ ˙ · the lack of reliable data relating to growing stock,...

Documents