s.y. education... ·

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{ejH$ {ejU & �

Comp 5:/E:/nitin panse/Teacher’s Education (First Proof dt...........2013)

KQ>H$ - 1

{ejH$ {ejU g§H$ënZmAZwH«$_{UH$m

�.0 C{Ôï>o�.� àñVmdZm�.2 {df` {ddoMZ �.2.� {ejH$-{ejUmMm AW© d ñdê$n �.2.2 {ejH$ à{ejU d {ejH$ {ejUmVrc \$aH$ �.2.3 {ejH$ {ejUmMr JaO, ì`már d C{Ôï>o �.2.4 {ejH$mMr ~XcVr g§H$ënZm/^y{_H$m�.3 ñd`§AÜ`ZmMo àíZ�.4 gmam§e�.5 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX�.6 g§X^©-gyMr

1.0 C{Ôï>o`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhr -{ejH$ {ejUmMm AW© d ñdê$ gm§JVm òB©c.{ejH$ {ejU Am{U {ejH$ à{ejU `mVrc \$aH$ ñnï> H$aVm òB©c.{ejH$ {ejUmMr JaO d ì`már gm§JVm `B©c.{ejH$ {ejUmMo CnXoe ñnï>> H$aVm òVrV.{ejH$ {ejUmMr ~XcVr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$aVm òB©c.{ejH$ {ejamMr _mJUr `mMm AW© gm§JVm òB©c.

1.1 àñVmdZmAmOÀ`m kmZ{Y{ð>V g_mOì`dñWoV g_mOmcm J{V_mZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r {ejU nÕVr g_mOmnore J{V_mZ

R>odÊ`mgmR>r {ejU nÕVr g_mOmnojm J{Verc R>odÊ`mMo _hÎdnyU© H$m`© {ejH$mMo AgVo. åhUyZ nydunojm AmO {ejH$mMr g_mOmàVr O~m~Xmar dmT>cocr {XgVo. AmO {dÚÏ`mªZm Ho$di kmZ _m{hVr XoD$Z MmcUma Zmhr Va _wcm§Mm gdmªJrU {dH$mg ho Üò` g_moa R>odZy Ë`mMm kmZ, _m{hVr, H$m¡eë`, dV©Z, g§ñH$ma`m gdmªÀ`m g§X^m©V {dH$mg H$aÊ`mMr Om~m~Xmar {ejH$mcm nocmdr cmJUma Amho. åhUyZ {ejH$m§À`m A§JrgwÕm hr gd© H$m¡eë` ~mU{dcocr AgVrc VaM Vo Amnë`m {dÚmÏ`mªMm nwaonya {dH$mg H$ê$ eH$Vrc åhUyZ {ejH$ {ejUmÀ`m g§H$ënZocmgwÕm ì`mnH$Vm àmá Pmcr Amho. {ejH$ {ejUmVwZ ñdV:À`m noemMr nyU© O~m~Xmar nocUmam {ejH$ {Z_m©U hmoUo JaOoMo Amho. Ë`mgmR>r {ejH$ à{ejUmÜ`mªZm AÜ``Z AÜ`mnZ à{H«$`m {ejUnÕVrcm cm^coco VmpÎdH$, _mZgemór`, gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ A{Yð>mZ VgoM {ejUmVrc g_ñ`m AmìhmZo, VmUVUmd {ZdaU, n`m©daU{df`H$ OmUrd OmJ¥Vr, dJm©Ü`mnZmVrc ZdrZ V§Ìo, nÕVr,Mm dmna, n[aUm_H$maH$ Am§Va{H«$`m, {deof _wcm§Zm _mJ©Xe©Zm§gX^m©V à{ejU, g§àofU H$m¡eë` {dH$gZ `m gd© ~m~m§Mo kmZ {ejH$ {ejUmVwZ ¿`mdo cmJoc.

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2 & {ejH$ {ejU


1.2 {df` {ddoMZ

1.2.1. {ejH$ {ejUmMm AW© d ñdê$n{ejH$ hm g_mOmMm KQ>H$ Agcm Var Ë`mcm g_mO{dH$mgmMo ZoV¥Ëd H$amdo cmJVo. AmOMo {dÚmWu

XoemMo ^mdr ZmJ[aH$ AmgVmV Ë`m_wio VmËH$mcrZ n[apñWVrVwZ ^{dî`mMm `§mo½` doY hmoV {dÚmÏ`mªZm _mJ©Xe©Z H$amdo cmJVo. {dÚmÏ`mªZm `mo½` kmZ, H$m¡eë` g§ñH$ma XoÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$ n[anyU© {dH${gV H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© {ejH$ {ejU H$aV AgVo åhUyZ `m {R>H$mUr AmnUmg {ejH$ {ejU `m g§H$ënZoMm AY© g_OmdyZ ¿`mdm cmJoc.

ì`m»`m -1. ga AîS´>`y ~oc

""Á`m Aä`mgH«$_mÛmao Am{U AZw^dmÀ`m _mÜ`_mZo EImÚm ì`pŠVcm AÜ`mnH$s` ì`dgm`mgmR>r d H$m`m©gmR>r KS>{dco OmVo Ë`m {ejUmcm dm Aä`mgH$mcm {ejH$ {ejU Ago åhUVmV.''

2. gr. ìhr. JyS²>g""{ejH$ {ejUmV gd© AZw^d Am¡nMm[aH$ Am{U AZm¡nMm[aH$ {H«$`m§Mm gm_doe hmoVmo H$s Á`m

ì`ŠVrcm {ejU ì`dgm`mMr O~m~Xmar nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agcoë`m `mo½`Vm àXmZ H$aVmV.''

3. EZ. gr. Q>r. B©.Zo {Xcocr gd©g_mdoeH$ ì`m»`mTeacher Education means programmes of Education, research or training

of persons for equipping them to teach at pre-primary, primary, secondary and senior secondary stages in schools and includes non-normal education, part time education, adult education and correspondence education.

darc gd© ì`»`mdê$Z AmnUmg Ago gm§JVm òB©c H$s {ejH$ {ejamV gd©M e¡j{UH$ {H«$`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo Á`m ì`ŠVrcm emioV {eH${dÊ`mgmR>r ñd`§nyU© ~ZdVmV. Ë`m _Üò AÜ`mnZemór` VmËdrH$, _mZgemór` d g_mOemór` A{Yð>mZ, AÜ`mnZ-AÜ`mnZmgmR>r ZdZdrZ nÕVr, V§Ìo, H$m¡eë`, g§ñH$ma `m gdmªMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

{ejH$m§_Üò Aï>n¡cyËd {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© {ejH$ {ejUmVyZ Ho$co OmVoo. {ejH$m§À`m n[aUm_H$maH$ {ejUm{edm` H$moUVohr e¡j{UH$ H$m`©H«$_ èñdr hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. H$moUË`mhr XoemVrc {ejU nÕVrV {ejH$mMr ^y{_H$m _hÎdmMr AgVo. Ë`m_wio {ejH$ {ejUmVyZ à{ejUmÏ`mªÀ`m j_Vm{Y{ð>V {dH$mg hmoUo _hÎdmMo AgVo.

gm_O{dH$mgmgmR>r {ejUm_Üò J{VercVm Agmdr, JwUdÎmm Agmdr Am{U {ejUmMr JwUdÎmm hr [ejH$ {ejUmÀ`m JwUdÎmoda Adc§~yZ Agë`mZo gd© {ejU à{H«$òMr JwUdÎmm g§ajU d g§dY©Z _hÎdmMo Amho. nydu {ejH$ {ejUmgmR>r {ejH$ à{ejU hr g§H$ënZm dmnacr OmV hmoVr. `m g§H$ënZoV Ho$di dJm©Ü`mnZmMr H$m¡eë` {dH${gV H$aÊ`mdaM ̂ a {Xcm OmV Ago. na§Vw {ejH$s noemMo nm{dÍ` {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r Ho$di à{ejU nwaogo ZìhVo Ë`m_wio {ejH$ à{ejUmMr OmJm {ejH$ {ejUmZo KoVcr Amho.

AmOÀ`m ^m¡{VdmXr g§ñH¥$Vr_wio {ejH$mMo H$m`© Ho$di kmZXmZmMoM amhrco ZmhrVa kmZXmZmgmo~V _yë`g§ñH$ma OrdZ H$m¡eë` hogwÕm {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m A§Jr ~mZdmdo cmJVrc åhUOo nydunojm AmO g_mOm_Üò {ejH$mMr ^y{_H$m _hÎdmMr R>aVo Amho. AmOMm {ejH$ Iè`m AWm©Zo {erUì`dñWoMm CUm Amho. Ë`mcm {dÚmÏ`mªMm gdmªJrU {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$Yr Hw§$^mamMr, Va H$Yr _mù`mMr ^y{_H$m ñdrH$mamdr cmJUma Amho. dJm©_Üò Ho$di kmZ XoD$Z MmcUma Zmhr Va kmZmMr {Z{_©Vr, g§dY©Z g§ajU d g§H«$_UmMo H$amdo cmJUma Amho, Ë`m_wio `m gd© H$m`m©gmR>r {ejH$m§Zm Oa ñd`§nyU© ~ZdmMò Agoc Va Ë`m§Zm j_Vm{Y{ð>V {ejUm{edm` n`m©` Zmhr.

{ejH$ {ejU & 3


{Xdg|{Xdg {ejH$ {ejUmVrc JwUdÎmoMmhmo Mmcocm èhmg `mcm ñdV: {ejH$ nyU©V: O~m~Xma ZgyZ g_mOmÀ`m _yë`mdñWo_Yrc ~Xc, amOH$s` JQ>, amOH$s` X~md Am{U {ejU joÌmVrc amOH$maUmMm à^md hogwÕm H$maUr^yV AmhoV. AmO g_mOmÀ`m {ejUmÀ`m JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ ñVamda {ejH$ {ejUmMo H$m`© Mmcy Amho. Ë`m_Üò {ejUemó {dÚmc`mVyZ XmoZdfm©Mm Aä`mgH«$_ Va {ejUemó _hm{dÚmc`mVyZ EH$ dfm©Mm Aä`mgH«$_ {eH${dcm OmVmo. VgoM nXì`wÎma {ejH$ [jU, EH$mË_ {ejH$ {ejU, _wŠV{dÚmnrR>mÛmao, nÌmÛmao {ejH$ {ejU Aem AZoH$ àH$mao {ejH$ {ejUmMo H$m`© Mmcy Amho. Ë`m_Üò godmnyU© d godm§VJ©V Aem XmoZôr àH$mao {ejH$m§Zm Amncm {dH$mg gmYÊ`mg g§Yr {Xcr OmVo.

amï´>r` {ejUmÀ`m C{Ôï>m§À`m g\$cVogmR>r emco` nmR>çH«$_mMr AmIUr Ho$cocr AgVo.`m nmR>çH«$_mÀ`m AmIUrZwgma {ejH$ {ejUmÀ`m H$m`©H«$_mMo {Z`moOZ Ho$co OmVo Am{U Ë`mÛmao à{ejUmÏ`mªZm AÜ``Z AÜ`mnZmgmR>r cmJUmar gd© H$m¡eë`, V§Ìo, nÕVr, d¥Îmr `m§Mm {dH$mg gmYÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm OmVmo.

1.2.2 {ejH$ à{ejU d {ejH$ {ejUmVrc \$aH${ejH$ {ejU Am{U {ejH$ à{ejU `m_Yrc \$aH$ R>iH$nUo cjmV òUmam Amho. Var `m XmoÝhr

~m~r EH$_oH$m§er g§~§{YV AmhoV.

_wÔo {ejH$ à{ejU {ejH$ {ejU

AW© {ejH$s noemg Amdí`H$ AmgUmao AÜ`mnZ H$m¡eë` {dH${gV H$aUmao à{ejU åhUOo {ejH$ à{ejU hmo`

ì`pŠVÀ`m gdmªJrU {dH$mgmgmR>r emar[aH$, _mZ{gH$ d ~m¡{ÕV JwUm§Mr gdm}ËH¥$ï> A{^ì`ŠVr åhUOo {ejH$ {ejU hmo`.

ì`már EImÚm H$m`m©Mo, {df`mMo Vm§{ÌH$ kmZ, H$m¡eë`, dV©ZmMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mda â {Xcm OmVmo.

ì`ŠVrÀ`m ~moYmË_H$, ^mdmË_H$, {H«$`mË_H$ `m gd© A§JmMm {dH$mg gmYÊ`mda â AgVmo.

Üò` EH$m dm A{YH$ H$m¡eë`m§Mm {dH$mg gmYUo ho Üò`.

{dÚmÏ`mªMm gdmªJrU {dH$mg gmYUo ho Üò`.

H$mcmdYr à{ejUmMm H$mcmdYr {d{eï> kmZ, {H«$`m, H$m¡eë` àmárn`ªVM _`m©{XV AgVmo.

{ejU hr AmOÝ_ MmcUmar à{H«$`m Amho. òWo H$mcmdYrMo ~§YZ ZgVo.

joÌ à{ejUmMo joÌ _`m©{XV AgyZ Vo {jjUmMmM EH$ ^mJ AgVmo.

{ejU hr ñd`§nyU© d A_`m©{XV ñdê$nmMr g§H$ënZm Amho.

H$m`©dm{hÝ`m à{ejUm_Üò àm_w»`mZo Am¡nMm[aH$ H$m`©dm{hÝ`mÛmaoM H$m`© MmcVo.

{ejU hr gmVË`nyU© à{H«$`m Amgë`mZo Vo Am¡nMm[aH$ d AZm¡nMm[aH$ _mJm©Zo MmcVo.

AÜ`mnZ nÕVr à{ejUmgmR>r _`m©{XV d {ZpíMV AÜ`mnZ nÕVtMm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo.

{ejUmgmR>r AZoH$ AÜ`mnZ nÕVtMm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo.

_yë`_mnZ à{ejU àm_w»`mZo àË`j _yë`_mnZ Ho$co OmVo.

{ejUm_Üò àË`j, AàË`j nÕVrZo _yë`_mnZ Ho$co OmVo.

Aä`mgH«$_ {d{eï> H$m¡eë` {dH$mgmg§X^m©V Aä`mgH«$_ {ZpíMV Ho$cocm AgVmo.

{ejUm_Ü ò {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m gdmªJrU {dH$mgmgmR>r Aä`mgH«$_ V`ma Ho$cm OmVmo.

1.2.3 {ejH$ {ejUmMr JaO, ì`már d C{Ôï>og_mOmnojm {ejU J{V_mZ Am{U {jjUmnojm {ejH$ J{V_mZ {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$ {ejU JaOoMo Amho.

�.

4 & {ejH$ {ejU


kmZmÀ`m àñ\$moQ>m_wio XaamoO ZdZdrZ kmZ, V§Ìo, nÕVtMr {Z{_©Vr hmoV Amho åhUyZ {ejH$mcm AÚmdV gd© _m{hVr {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$ {ejUmMr JaO Amho.AÜ`m`Z-AÜ`mnZ à{H«$òMo kmZ kmZmMo ómoV `m§Mm n[aUm_H$maH$ dmna `m g§~§Yr kmZ {_i{dÊ`gmRr.{ejUmda n[aUm_ H$aUmao KQ>H$, VÎdkmZ, g_mOemó, ~mc_mZgemó, _mZgemómVrc VÎdo `m gdmªMr _m{hVr {ejH$mcm Agmdr.AÜ``Z-AÜ`mnZmMr O~m~Xmar nocÊ`mgmR>r cmJUmè`m gd© j_Vm, H$m¡eë`, d¥Îmr, g§ñH$ma `m§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r.{ejU nÕVrMo C{Ôï>o {Z`moOZ à{H«$`m, ì`dñWmnZ, àemgZ `m gd© ~m~tMo kmZ {_iÊ`mgmR>r.emio_Üò Aä`mgnwgaH$ d Aä`mgoÎma H$m`©H«$_mMo Am`moOZ _hÎdmMo AgVo åhUyZ {ejH$mcm `mMo Mm§Jco kmZ XoÊ`mgmR>r.{ejH$ hmoÊ`mgmR>r cmJUmè`m j_Vm, ~m§{YcH$s Am{U O~m~XmarMr OmUrd {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r.{dÚmÏ`mªer n[aUm_H$maH$ Am§Va{H«$`m, ghH$m`©ercd¥Îmr Am{U g_m`moOZ j_VoÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r._m{hVr V§ÌkmZmMo {ejUmVrc dmT>Vo _hÎd g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r.

{ejH$ {ejUmMr ì`már�9ì`m eVH$mÀ`m Ama§^mnmgyZ {ejH$ {ejUmMr gwédmV Pmcr Am{U AmOn`ªV AI§S>rV gwê$ Amho.

àmW{_H$ {ejH$m§Zm à{e{jV H$aÊ`mgmR>r goam_nwa (~§Jmc) òWrc {dë`_ H$mao `m§Zr �802 _Üò _m°_©c ñHw$c gwê$ Ho$co. _w§~B©À`m Epë\$ÝñQ>Z CpÝñQ>Q>çyQ>_Üò �829 gmcr àmW{_H$ {ejH$m§gmR>r à{ejU dJ© gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amco. �826 _Üò _ÐmgMo JìhZ©a ga Q>m°_g _Z«mo `m§Zm à{e{jV {ejH$m§Mr JaO ^mgcr, åhUyZ {ejH$m§À`m à{ejUmgmR>r Ë`m§Zr H|$Ðr` emioMr {e\$mag Ho$cr. �854 n`ªV à{ejUmÀ`m VwaiH$ à`ËZm§Zr \$maer àJVr Ho$cr Zmhr. øm dfm©À`m nwS>À`m I{cË`mZo {ejH$m§À`m {ejUmMr JaO nwañH$macr. �882À`m {ejU-Am`moJmZo emgH$s` qH$dm AemgH$s` àmW{_H$ emim§À`m ñWm{ZH$ JaOm cjmV KoD$Z Zm°_©c ñHy$cMm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Amcm. �899 _Üò _w§~B©Zo _mÜ`{_H$ {ejH$-à_mUnÌ narjm gwê$ Ho$cr. �904À`m emgZ {ZU©`mZwgma godm§VJ©V-{ejU XoÊ`mMo _hÎd g_OVo.

�906 gmcr emgZmZo _w§~B©V goH§$S>ar Q´>oqZJ H$m°coO gwê$ Ho$co. �923 _Üò _w§~B© {dÚmnrR>mcm g§c½Z Pmë`mda ~°Mca Am°\$ Q>rMtJ hr nXdr Mmcy Pmcr. nwT>o �956 _Üò hr nXdr ~°Mca Am°\$ EÁ`wHo$eZ (~r. ES>.) Pmcr. �9�7 _Üò g°S>ca `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr H$cH$Îmm {dÚmnrR> Am`moJ Zo_Ê`mV Amcm. hæm Am`moJmZo {ejH$m§Zm à{e{jV H$aÊ`mda â {Xcm d Ë`mgmR>r {dÚmnrR>m§Zm {ejU {d^mJ (Department of Education) gwê$ H$amdm Aer {e\$mag Ho$cr hmoVr. �929À`m hmQ>rJ g{_VrZo àmW{_H$ {ejH$m§Mm gd©gm_mÝ` e¡j{UH$ XOm© dmT>Vm Omdm åhUyZ COiUr dJ© gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amcm. �937 Z§Va _yë`mon`moJ {ejU nÕVrZo emioÀ`m Aä`mH«$_mV _moR>m ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUcm. �948-49 gmcr S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr {dÚmnrR> Am`moJmZo _mÜ`{_H$ {ejH$m§À`m à{ejUmMo n[ajU Ho$co d AÜ`mnZ AZw^d _hÎdmMm ho {ZpíMV Ho$co Joco.

ñVdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimVrc �952-53À`m _wXcr`ma Am`moJmZo emim§gmR>r à{e{jV {ejH$ V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r {dÚmcò {dÚmnrR>m§er g§c½Z H$amdrV Am{U {dÚmnrR>r` à{ejU nXdr Úmdr Ë`mgmR>r E_. ES>., nrEM. S>r. øm nXì`m gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. �964-66À`m H$moUr {ejU Am`moJm_wio XomeVrc gd© à{ejU g§ñWm {dÚmc`mÀ`m XOm©À`m Agmì`mg d {ejH$m§Zm nwT>rc Cƒ {ejUmÀ`m g§Yr {_iÊ`mgmR>r Q>nmcr Aä`mgH«$_m§Zm àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV Amco. �986À`m amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ YmoaUmZ§Va àmW{_H$ _mÜ`{_H$, Cƒ _mÜ`{_H$ d {dÚmnrR>r` ñVamn`ªV {ejU {ejUmMm {dñVma àM§S> JVrZo dmT>cm Amho.

2.

3.

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6.7.

8.9.�0.

{ejH$ {ejU & 5


{ejH$ {ejUmMr C{Ôï>oAÜ`mnZ ì`dgm`mgmR>r _hÎdnyU© AgUmè`m g§H$ënZm nÕVr, H$m¡eë`, V§Ìo `m§Mo _mZ àmá H$ê$Z XoUo.{ejUmVrc Zd{dMma àdmh, ZdrZ kmZ, g§~moY, g§km `m ~m~V emim XoUo.^mdr {ejH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m H$`m©àVr VmpÎdH$, _mZgemór`, gm_m{OH$ d ì`mdhm[aH$ A{Yð>mZ àmá H$ê$Z XoUo.emio_Üò Aä`mgnwaH$ d Aä`mgoÎma H$m`©H«$_mÀ`m Am`moOZmMo H$m¡eë` {dH${gV H$aUo.Aä`mgH«$_, _yë`_mnZ VgoM e¡j{UH$ C{Ôï>m§À`m g\$cVogmR>r {Z`moOZ Am{U ì`dñWmnZ H$m¡eë`mMm {dH$mg H$aUo.ñdV:Mo kmZ, AÚmdV R>odÊ`mg àd¥Îm H$aUo.{ejH$m_Üò cmoH$emhr{Zð>m ghH$m`m©Mr ^mdZm Am{U gm¢X`m©Ë_H$ d¥ÎmtMm {dH$mg H$aUo.~mcH$mÀ`m dV©ZmMo gm_m{OH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$m§Mr _mZ{gH$ V`mar H$aUo.{jjH$m_Üò gwg§JV d Ý`m`rH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMm {dH$mg H$aUo.{ejH$m_Üò g§emoYZ d àm`mo{JH$ d¥ÎmrMm {dH$mg H$aUo. EZ. gr. Q>r. B©. `m g§ñWoZo �988 _Üò "Aä`mgH«$_ Mm¡H$Q>' `m ZmdmZo Ahdmc V`ma Ho$cm hmoVm.

Ë`m_Üò {ejH$ {ejUmMr C{Ôï>o Imcrc àH$mao R>a{dÊ`mV Amcr hmoVr.Amnë`m AÜ`mnZ {df`mg§X^m©V AÚmdV kmZ {_i{dÊ`mg gj_ ~Z{dUo.AÜ``Z-AÜ`mnZ n[aUm_H$maH$VogmR>r AÜ`mnZ j_Vm {dH${gV H$aUo.^maVr` KQ>ZoZo Ano[cocm EH$g§K ^maV {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mg§X^m©V {ejUmMr C{Ôï>o g_OmdyZ KoUo.{dÚmW²`mªÀ`m e¡j{UH$ ^md{ZH$, gm_m{OH$ d d¡`pŠVH$ g{_ñ`m g_OyZ KoD$Z Ë`m gmoS>{dÊ`gmR>r _mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ`mMo H$m¡eë` {dH${gV H$aUo.{dÚÏ`mªer gH$mamË_H$ Am§Va{H«$`m H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§^mfU H$m¡eë` d emar[aH$, _mZ{gH$ jH$Vm§Mm {dH$mg H$aUo.AÜ``Z-AÜ`mnZ à{H«$òVrc g_ñ`m OmUyZ Ë`m g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mg àoaUm XoUo.{dÚmÏ`mªMr AmH$cZj_Vm, Ñ{ï>H$moZ, A{^ê$Mr Am{U H$m¡eë` {dH$mg H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm {Z_m©U H$aUo.{ejH$m§Mr gm_m{OH$ ^y{_H$m g_OyZ KoÊ`mMr j_Vm {Z_m©U H$aUo.g_mO n[adV©ZmVrc {ejH$mMr ^y{_H$m à^mdrnUo nma nmS>Ê`mg gj_ H$aUo.Jm§YrOtZr à{VnmXrV Ho$coë`m _mZdVmdmXr _yë`m§Mm {dH$mg H$aUo.Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñ_maHo$ n`m©daU d gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmagm `m§Mo g§ajU, g§dY©Z H$aÊ`mMr OmUrd {Z_m©U H$aUo.

1.2.4 {ejH$mMr ~XcVr ^y{_H$m{ejH$ {ejUmMr _mJUr

AmYw{ZH$ kmZH|$Ðr g_mO ì`dñWo_Üò nydunojm {ejH$mMo H$m`© dmT>coco {XgyZ òVo. H$maU kmZmMm àñ\$moQ> d kmZmMr dmT>Vr JaO ̀ m_wio àËòH$ jUr Mm§Jë`m _mJ©Xe©H$mMr _mJUr dmT>V Amho. Á`m§À`m Odi kmZ, H$m¡eë`, j_Vm d _mJ©Xe©ZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ `mo½`Vm AmhoV Aem§Zm ~mhoarc XoemVgwÕm {ejH$ åhUyZ Iyn _mJUr dmT>V Amho. gÚpñWVrV g_Vm{Y{ð>V, JaOm{Y{ð>V {ejH$ {ejUmÀ`m {Z{_©Vrcm \$ma _hÎd àmá Pmco Amho. na§Vw ^maVm_Üò {ejH$ {ejUmMm {dMma Ho$cm Va {MÌ \$ma doJioM Amho. emgZmÀ`m {Xa§JmB©nUm_wio A§_c~OmdUr à{H«$òV {T>gminUm {Z_m©U Pmcm Amho. amï´>r {ejH$ {ejU n[afXoZo Va {dZmZwXmZVÎdmda S>r. Q>r. ES>., ~r. ES>., E_. ES>. Aä`mgH«$_m§Zm _§Owar XoD$Z {ejUmMm ~mOma _m§S>cocm

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2.3.

4.5.

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5.

6.

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6 & {ejH$ {ejU


Amho. EZ. gr. Q>r. B©.À`m JcWmZ H$ma^mam_wio {ejUg_«mQ>m§Zm Va hr g§YrM {_imcr Amho. df©â g§ñWm A_yV© ñdê$nmV R>odyZ _yë`_mnZ g{_Vr òUmè`m {Xder AMmZH$Uf gd© ^m¡{VH$ gmYZ gw{dYm, _Zwî`~imghrV g§ñWm H$m`©aV {XgVo Amho. Ë`m_wio JwUdÎmm hm eãX AmVm {ejH$ {ejU à{H«$òVyZ hÔnma hmoVmo H$s H$m` Agm àíZ nS>cm Amho.

darc n[apñWVtMm {dMma H$aVm AmO {ejH$ {ejUmV AË`§V J{VercnUo gwYmaUm hmoUo JaOoMo Amho. H$maU ^{dî`mVrc g_ñ`m d OmJ{VH$sH$aUm§_wio {Z_m©U Pmcocr AmìhmZo nocÊ`mgmR>r àmW{_H$, _mÜ`{_H$, Cƒ_mÜ`{_H$ {dÚmcò, AÜ`mnH$ {dÚmcò, {ejUemó _hm{dÚmcò `m {d{dY ñVamda Agcocr {ejH$m§Mr _mJUr d nwadR>çmV g_Vmoc àñWm{nV H$aUo _hÎdmMo Amho.

EH${dgmì`m eVH$mcm gm_moao OmVmZm gd© joÌmV hmoUmè`m ~Xcmg {ejH$ {ejUgwÕm AndmX R>ê$ eH$V Zmhr. {ejH$ {ejU à{H«$òcmgwÕm OwZr H$mV Q>mHy$Z g‚m amhmdo cmJUma Amho d {ejUjoÌm_Üò JwUdÎmm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ gj_ _Zwî`~i V`ma H$aÊ`mMr Om~m~Xmar {ejH$ {ejUmcm nocmdr cmJUma Amho. åhUyZ à{e{jV {ejH$m§Mr g§»`m _mJUrZwgma nwaoer Agoc Va _mJUr d nwadR>m `m AW©emór` VÎdmZwgma g_rH$aU g§Vw{cV hmoB©c Am{U {ejUmMr `mo½` Vr \$c{ZînÎmr Ñ{ï>nWmg òB©c. {ejH$ {ejUmÀ`m _mJUrMm {dMma H$aVmZm \$ŠV g§»`mË_H$ {dMma H$ê$Z ^mJUma Zmhr Va JwUmË_H$ ~m~tMm {dMmagwÕm _hÎdmMm Amho. {ejH$ {ejUmMr JwUdÎmm {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r, g§dY©ZmgmR>r {ejUg§ñWoVrc ^m¡{VH$ gw{dYm, Aä`mgH«$_, _yë`_mnZ, àdoeà{H«$`m, AÜ`mnH$m§Mr e¡j{UH$ ì`dgm{`H$ nmÌVm `m Jmoï>tMmgwÕm {dMma hmoUo _hÎdmMo Amho. darc gd© KQ>H$m§gmo~V à{ejUmÏ`mªÀ`m Amdí`H$ j_Vm§À`m Cƒ{dH$mgmcm àmYmÝ` XoUo JaOoMo Amho.

AmOMm {ejH$ à{ejUmWu Ho$di narjmWu amhVm H$m_m Zò Va Vmo kmZmMm {Z_m©Vm, Cn`moOZ H$aUmam, g§dY©Z H$aUmam ~Zm`cm hdm. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mcm ñdV: kmZmMo _wŠV òmoV eoYmdo cmJVrc. AmË_{dídmgnyd©H$ ñdj_Vm§Mm {dH$mg gmYmdm cmJoc. à^mdr g§àofUH$cm AdJV H$amdr cmJoc VaM {ejH$ à{ejUmcm _hÎd àmá hmoD$Z ^maVmVM Zìho Va OmJ{VH$ ñVamda {ejH$ {ejUmMr _mJUr dmT>oc.

1.3 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZà. 1 WmoS>Š`mV CÎmao {chm.

{ejU {ejUmMm AW© gm§JV ñdê$n ñnï> H$am.{ejU {ejUmMr ì`már ñnï> H$am.{ejH$ à{ejU d {ejH$-{ejU `m§Vrc \$aH$ ñnï> H$am.

à.2 EH$ qH$dm XmoZ dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.{ejH$ {ejU åhUOo H$m`?{ejH$ {ejUmMr JaO H$m Amho?{ejH$ à{ejU åhUOo H$m`?

1.4 gmam§e{_Ì hmo `m KQ>H$mV AmnU {ejH$ {ejUmMr g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. VgoM {ejH$

{ejUmMr g§H$ënZm gOZy KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. VgoM {ejH$ {ejU d {ejU à{ejU `mVrc \$aH$ H$m` Amho hogwÕm Vw_À`m cjmV Amco Amgoc. ñdmV§Í`nyU© d ñdV§Í`moÎma H$mimV {ejH$ {ejUmMr ~Xc-cocr g§H$ënZm d AmOÀ`m n[apñWVrV {ejH$ {ejU H$m` Amho `mMm {dMma AmnU Ho$cm. AmO _mJUr d nwadR>çmMm {dMma H$ê$Z {ejH$ {ejUmcm JwUdÎmmnyU© ~Z{dUo JaOoMo Amho. {ejH$ {ejUmV JwUdÎmm àñWm{nV Ho$cr VaM OmJ{VH$ {H$aUmV {ejUà{H«$`m VJ Yaoc. Ë`m_wio {ejH$ {ejUmcm JwUdÎmmnyU© ~ZdyZ Ë`mcm OmJ{VH$ ñVamda _hÎd àmá H$ê$Z Úmdo cmJoc.

�.2.3.

�.2.3.

{ejH$ {ejU & 7


1.5 nm[a^m{fH$ eãXà{ejU Trainingì`már ScopeAm`moJ Commissions

1.6 A{YH$ dmMZmMr nwñVHo$n§{S>V ~r. ~r. (200�) {ejH$ {ejU, qnnimnwao A°ÊS> H§$. npãceg©, ZmJnya.qMMmocrH$a H¥${VH$m, OmYd a{d (20�0), {ZË`ZyVZ àH$meZ, nwUo.eodVoH$a emaXm, {ZHw$_o _XZ (20��), ^maVr` {ejH$ {ejU àUmcr, {dÚm àH$meZ, ZmJnya.

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8 & {ejH$ {ejU


KQ>H$ - 2

{ejH$-{ejUmMr CËH«$m§Vr Am{U H$m`©dm{hÊ`mAZwH«$_{UH$m

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2.0 C{Ôï>o`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhr -ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimVrc {ejH$ {ejUmMo {dH$mg ñnï> H$aVm òB©c.ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimVrc {ejH$ {ejUmMm {dH$mg ñnï> H$amV òB©c.

2.1 àñVmdZm^maVmVrc àmMrZ A{Ve` Cƒ XOm©Mr _mZcr OmVo. àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ MmcV Amcoë`m `m {ejU

nÕVrV ñWiH$mimZwgma AZoH$ ~Xc Pmco. d¡{XH$ H$mcI§S>, ~m¡Õ H$mcI§S> `m_Üò ^maVr` {ejUmMm ~è`mn¡H$s {dH$mg Pmcocm {XgVmo _mÌ Ë`mZ§Va _Ü`H$mimnmgyZ {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rn`ªV ̂ maVr` {ejUmMm èhmg Pmcocm {XgVmo. `m_Üò AÜ``Zm ~amo~a AÜ`mnZmMo H$m¡eë` {dH$gZm§gmR>rgwÕm à`ËZ Ho$co OmV AgV. na§Vw {~«{Q>eH$mimnm_Üò {ejUmg§X^m©V Oo {d{dY Am`moJ, g{_Ë`m§Mr {Z`wŠVr Pmcr VoìhmnmgyZ {ejH$ {ejUmÀ`m {dH$mgmcm àË`j MmcZm {_imë`mMo {XgVo. åhUyZ `m {R>H$mUr ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimVrc {ejH$ {ejUmMm {dH$mg H$gm Pmcm Vo g_mOdyZ KoD$.

2.2 {df` {ddoMZ

2.2.1 d¡{XH$ H$mi`m H$mimV àË`` ñdê$nmV {ejH$ {ejUmMm H$m`©H«$_ ApñVËdmV Zgcm Var JwéHy$c ì`dñWoV Jwê$

Amnë`m {eî`m§Mm g§nyU© {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmar JwU, H$m¡eë`, j_Vm d _yëò Ë`m§À`m_Üò éO{dÊ`mMm AmQ>moH$mQ> à`ËZ H$aV. Jwê$Mo OrdZ åhUOo EH$ Iwco nmR>çnwñVH$ hmoVo. åhUyZ JwéHy$c {ejU nÕVrV àË`j {ejH$ {ejU CncãY Zgco Var Jwê$ Á`m {eî`m§Mo {ejU nyU© hmoV Amcoco Amho Amem§Zm ImcÀ`m dJm©Vrc {dÚmÏ`mªZm AÜ`mnZ H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr XoV d Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§À`m_Üò Amdí`H$ j_Vm, H$m¡eë` {dH${gV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV.

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{ejH$ {ejU & 9


2.2.2 ~m¡ÕH$mcrZ {ejU~m¡ÕH$mcrZ {ejU _R>m_Üò {Xco OmV AgVo. `m {R>H$mUr Jwé-{eî` kmZXmZmMo d kmZmO©ZmMo H$m`©

H$aV AgV. Jwê$ AÜ`mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r doJdoJù`m AÜ`mnZ nÕVrMm dmna H$aV Ë`m_Üò CX²Jm_r nÕVr, àdmg nÕVr, AJ«{eî`àUmcr CË`mXr nÕVtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m nÕVr_Üò AJ«{eî` àUmcr (gÜ`mMr _m°{ZQ>a nÕV) _hÎdmMr Amho. `m_Üò daÀ`m dJm©Mm {dÚmWu ImcÀ`m dJm©À`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aV Ago. åhUOo AàË`jarË`m ñdV: AÜ``Z H$aV H$aV AÜ`mnZmMo à{ejUgwÕm hmoV AgV.

2.2.3 _Ü`H$mcrZ {ejU_Ü`H$mcrZ {ejU nÕVrda Cñcm_mMm à^md {XgyZ òVmo. _wpñc_ emgH$m§Zr ^maVmV àmW{_H$ {ejU

_H$V~ d Cƒ {ejU _Xañ`m_Üò XoÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$cr. `m {R>H$mUrgwÕm d¡{XH$H$mcrZ d ~m¡ÕH$mcrZ {ejUnÕVr à_mUo _m°{ZQa> nÕVr ApñVËdmV hmoVr. àËòH$ ñVamda _m°{ZQ>a Ago Vmo ñdV: AÜ``Z H$aV Ago d Á`w{ZAa {dÚmÏ`mªZm {eH${dVgwÕm Ago.

2.2.4 AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrc {ejUAmYw{ZH$ H$mi hm C§J«Om§À`m A{YnË`mImcrc {ejU nÕVrMm Agcm Var WmoS>çm\$ma H$m hmoB©Zm na§Vw

{ejH$ {ejUmÀ`m àË`j H$m`©H«$_mcm gwédmV Pmcr.�802_Ü ò ~§Jmc_Ü ò goam_nwa òWo àmW{_H$ {ejH$m§Zm {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r à{ejU emim gwê$ Ho$cr. �8�9_Üò àmW{_H$ {ejH$m§Zm à{e{jV H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$cH$Îmm ñHw$c gmogm`Q>rZo {ejH$ à{ejUmMm H$m`©H«$_ gwê$ Ho$cm.�826_Üò H|$Ðr` emim§_Üò _mÜ`{_H$ {ejH$m§gmR>r à{ejU H$m`©H«$_ am~{dÊ`mV Amcm.�828_Üò H$cH$Î`m_Yrc H$Ý`m emioV godm§VJ©V n«{ejUmMo Am`moOZ Ho$co.�829_Üò àmW{_H$ {ejH$m§À`m à{ejUmgmR>r gd© {d^mJm_Üò Zm°_©c ñHy$c ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amco.�854À`m dwS>À`m I{cË`mZo àËòH$ àm§VmV {ejH$m§gmR>r à{ejU dJ© Am{U emim ñWmnZ H$amì`mV Ago gm§{JVco VgoM à{e{jV {ejH$m§gmR>r à_mUnÌ, `mo½` doVZ d {ejUg§ñWmZm§Zm AZwXmZ XoUo `m ~m~tMmgwÕm C„oI Ho$cm.�858_Üò _Ðmgcm {ejH$ à{ejUmgmR>r Zm°_©c ñHy$cMr ñWmnZm Ho$cr.�859_Üò gd© àm§VmV àmW{_H$ {ejH$m§À`m à{ejUmgmR>r à{ejU emim ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amë`m.�882 _Yrc h§Q>a Am`moJmZo {ejH$ à{ejUmMr O~m~Xmar àËòH$ ñWm{ZH$ gaH$maZo ñdrH$mamdr Aer {e\$mag Ho$cr.�858 _Üò ñWmn Ho$coë`m Zm°_©c ñHy$ccm �886 _Üò à{ejU {dÚmc`mMm XOm© {Xcm.

(A) 1904 ^maVr` {dÚmnrR> H$m`Xmcm°S>© H$P©Z `m§Zr ^maVr` {dÚmnrR> H$m`Xm g§_V Ho$cm Ë`m_Üò {ejH$ {ejUmg§X^m©V nwT>rcà_mUo

{e\$maer gwM{dë`m AmhoV.nXdrn`ªV {ejU nyU© H$aUmè`m§Zm EH$m dfm©Mo {ejH$ à{ejU Va nXdr nyU© Z H$aUmè`m§Zm XmoZ dfm©Mo {ejH$ à{ejU Agmdo.àËòH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmc` emiocm OmoS>coco Agmdo.à{ejU _hm{dÚmc`m§Zm Amdí`H$ gw{dYm nwadmì`mV.à{ejU _hm{dÚmc`mV H$m`©H$maÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$ à{ejU KoVcoë`m Cƒ {e{jV ì`ŠVrMrM {ZdS> H$amdr.Aä`mgH«$_ hm VmpËdH$ d àmË`m{jH$ ñdê$nmV Agmdm.

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5.

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Am`moJmZo gm§{JVcoë`m {e\$maer nwT>rcà_mUo AmhoV.nXdr d nXì`wÎma ñVamda {ejUemó `m {df`mMm g_mdoe H$amdm.{ejH$ {ejUmVrc nXì`wÎma nXdr {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r {dÚmnrR>mV ñdV§Ì {d^mJ gwê$ H$amdm.à{e{jV {ejH$m§Mr g§»`m OmñVrV OmñV dmT>dmdr.

(H$) haQ>m°J g{_VrC. g. �929 gmcr `m g{_VrMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr. {ejH$ à{ejUmcm JVr {_imdr `mgmR>r

`m g{_VrZo nwT>rc {e\$maer Ho$ë`m.{ejH$ à{ejUm§Mm H$mcmdYr dmT>dmdm.àmW{_H$ {ejH$ à{ejUmÀ`m XOm©V gwYmaUm H$amdr.AÜ`mnH$ _hm{dÚmc`mVrc {ejH$dJ© Cƒ JwUdÎmmYmaH$ Agmdm.{ejH$m§Zm godm§VJ©V à{ejUmgmR>r CX²~moYZ dJm©Mo Am`moOZ H$amdo.AÜ`mn nÕVr d emómV gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r ZdZdrZ nÕVr, V§Ìo gmYZm§Mm dmna H$amdm.

(S>) gmOªQ> Ahdmc�944 _Üò gmOªQ> `m§Zr Amnë`m AhdmcmV {ejH$ à{ejUmg§X^m©V H$mhr {e\$maer gwM{dë`m

AmhoV Ë`m nwT>rcà_mUo -àmW{_H$ ñVamgmR>r XmoZ dfm©Mm Va _mÜ`{_H$ ñVamgmR>r EH$ dfm©Mm à{ejU H$mcmdYr Agmdm.{ejH$ à{ejU KoUmè`m à{ejUmÜ`mªZm ^Îmm {_imdm.à{ejU {dÚmc`mo d _hm{dÚmc`m_Üò ewëH$ AmH$mê$ Zò.AÜ`mnH$ _hm{dÚmc`mV H$m`©aV {ejH$mgmR>r godm§VJ©V CX²~moYZ dJm©Mo Am`moOZ H$amdo.{ejH$ à{ejU joÌmV g§emoYZmcm MmcZm Úmdr.ñdmV§Í`nyU© H$mcI§S>mV {ejH$ à{ejUmMm Anojoà_mUo {dH$mg Oar Pmcm Zgcm Var �937 Z§Va

{ejH$ {ejUmV PnmQ>çmZo ~Xc KSy>Z Amco. {ejH$ {ejU XoUmè`m _hm{dÚmc`mMr g§»`m dmT>cr. g§emoYZmcm MmcZm {_imcr. Aem àH$mao ñdmV§Í`nyU© H$mcI§S>mVrc {ejH$ {ejUmMm {dH$mg gm§JVm òCc.

2.2.5 ñdV§Í`moÎma H$mimVrc {ejH$ {ejUñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV {d{dY {ejU{df`H$ g{_Ë`m Am`moJ dm amï´>r` YmoaUo `m§Zr gwM{dcoë`m

{e\$maetMr Anwè`m {d{YÀ`m VaVwXr_wio ~è`mMem {e\$maer H$mJXmonÌrM am{hë`m. Var H$mhr {e\$maerMr A_c~OmdUr Pmë`mZo Xoem_Üò {d{dY {R>H$mUr Aä`mgH«$_ {ejUnÕVrMr nwZa©MZm gwê$ Pmcr. `m_Üò {ejH$ {ejUmg§X^m©V _hÎdnyU© ~Xc åhUOo {ejH$ à{ejU hr g§H$ënZm _mJo nSy>Z {ejH$ {ejU hr g§H$ënZm CX`mg Amcr. `m_wio {ejH$ {ejUmMo joÌ ì`mnH$ ~Zco. åhUyZ {ejH$ {ejUmÀ`m nwZa©MZoÀ`m Ñ{ï>Zo AZoH$ nmdco CMccr Jocr Ë`m_Üò {d{dY Am`moJ, g{_Ë`m, YmoaUo `m§Zr {ejH$ {ejUmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r _hÎdnyU© {e\$maer {Xë`m AmhoV `m§Mm g{dñVa Aä`mg H$ê$.1. {dÚmnrR> {ejU Am`moJ (1948-49)

^maVr` {ejUmMr nwa©MZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r H|$Ðr` {ejU g„mJma _§S>i d Am§Va{dÚmnrR>r` {ejU _§S>i `m§À`m _mJUrZwgma ^maV gaH$maZo 4 Zmodôh|~a �948 cm S>m°. gd©n„r amYmH¥$îUZ `m§À`mV AÜ`jVoImcr {dÚmnrR> {ejU Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm Pmcr. hm Am`moJ {dÚmnrR>r` {jUUmg§X^m©V Agcm Var Ë`m_Üò

�.2.3.

�.2.3.4.5.

�.2.3.4.5.

{ejH$ {ejU & ��


{ejH$ {ejUmg§X^m©V nwT>rc {e\$maer gw{dcoë`m Amho -{ejH$ {ejUmÀ`m Aä`mgH«$_mV gwYmaUm H$amdr Ë`m_Üò VmpÎdH$ kmZmnojm AÜ`mnZ gamdmcm _hÎd Úmdo{ejH$ {ejUm§Mm Aä`mgH«$_ cd{MH$ R>odyZ Ë`mMm ñWm{ZH$ n[apñWVrer g§~§Y OmoS>mdm.emim§_Üò AÜ`mnZmMm AZw^d AgUmè`m {ejH$m§Mr {ejH$ {ejU g§ñWm§_Üò àmÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ Zo_UyH$ H$amdr.gamd nmR>mgmR>r Mm§Jë`m JwUdÎmmnyU© emi§MrM {ZdS> H$amdr.AÜ`mnZm§Mm AZw^d AgUmè`m {ejH$m§Zm E_. ES>.cm àdoemgmR>r àmoËgmhZ Úmdo.àmÜ`mnH$ ànmR>H$, A{Yì`m»`mVo `m§Zr Amnë`m _yi H$m`m©cm ~mYm Z òD$ XoVm Am§Va{dÚmnrR>r` {Z`moOZmV gh^mJr ìhmdo.AÜ`mnZ n[aUm_H$maH$ hmoÊ`mgmR>r ZdZdrV nÕVr, V§Ìo, gmYZo `m§Mm Cn`moJ H$amdm.e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZmcm MmcZ {_iÊ`mgmR>r A~moYZ dJ©, ZdmonH«$_ `m§Mo Am`moOZ H$amdo.darc à_mUo S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ Am`moJmZo {ejH$ {ejUmMr JwUdÎmm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Aä`mgH«$_ AÜ``Z,

AÜ`mnZ, {ejH$ nmÌVm, g§emoYZ `m g§X^m©V _hÎdnyU© {e\$maer Ho$ë`m AmhooV.

2. _mÜ`{_H$ {ejU Am`moJ (1952-53){dÚmnrR> {ejU Am`moJmÀ`m AhdmcmZwgma _mÜ`{_H$ {ejUmMr nwZa©MZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r 23 gßQ>|~a

�953 amoOr S>m°. E. cú_rñdm_r _wX{c`ma `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr `m Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm Ho$cr. åhUyZ `m Am`moJmcm _wX{c`ma {ejU Am`moJ AgogwÕm åhUVmV. `m Am`moJmZo {ejH$ {ejUmg§X^m©V nwT>rc {e\$maer gwM{dë`m AmhoV.

Cƒ _mÜ`{_H$ emcm§V narjm CÎmrU© AgUmè`m§Zm XmoZ df© H$mcmdYrMo à{ejU Úmdo Am{U nXdr CÎmrU© AgUmè`m§gmR>r EH$m dfm©Mo à{ejU Agmdo._mÜ`{_H$ {ejH$ {ejU XoUmar _hm{dÚmcò {dÚmnrR>mer gc½ZrVV AgmdrV.{ejH$ {ejH$m§Zm à{ejU XoUmè`m AÜ`mnH$mgmR>r [a\«o$ea H$mog© CÝgoQ>rìh H$mog© H$m`©emim, MMm©gÌo, CX²~moYZdJ© `m§Mo Am`moOZ H$amdo._{hcm {e{jH$m V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r {deof A§eH$mcrZ Aä`mgH«$_mMr gmo` H$amdr.godm§VJ©V {ejH$m§Zm à{ejU H$mimV godoVyZ gwÅ>r Úmdr.{ejH$ {ejH$m§Zm EH$ qH$dm A{YH$ Aä`mgmZwdVu H$m`©H«$_mMo à{ejU XoÊ`mV `mdo.à{ejU _hm{dÚmc`mVrc à{ejH$, emcm§Mo _w»`mÜ`mnH$ {ejH$ `m§À`m gwg§dmX Agmdm.darc {e\$maer ~amo~a _wX{c`ma Am`moJmZo _mÜ`{_H$ emioVrc Aä`mgH«$_ ~hþCÔoer` Agmdm Ago

gwM{dco d `m {d{dYm§Jr emiogmR>r à{ejU g§ñWm§_YyZ Agm AÜ`mnH$ V`ma H$aÊ`mÀ`m nmR>çH«$_mMm nwañH$ma Ho$cm.

3. {dñVma godm H|$Ðo (Extension Centres){ejH$ {ejUmV JwUdÎmm ñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r �955 _Üò àËòH$ {ejH$ {ejU _hm{dÚmc`mV

{dñVma H|$ÐmMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr. �96� _Üò EZ. gr. B©. Ama. Q>r.Mr ñWmnZm {X„r òWo Pmcr. `mM H$mcmdYrV àmW{_H$ {ejH$ {ejU n[afX, _mÜ`{_H$ {ejH$mgmR>r {dñVma godmH|$ÐmMr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV Amcr. VgoM {ejH$ {ejU XoUmar {d^mJr` _hm{dÚmcò AO_oa, ^monmi, ^wdZoída Am{U åh¡gwa `m {R>H$mUr ñWmnZ Pmco. `m {d{dY g§ñWmÀ`m ñWmnZo_wio àmW{_H$ VgoM _mÜ`{_H$ {ejH$m§Zm à{e{jV H$aÊ`mgmR>r {dñVma godm H|$Ðm§Zr {d{dY H$m`©H«$_ hmVr KoVco d {ejH$ {ejUmV JwUdÎmm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm.

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2.3.

4.5.6.

7.8.

�.

2.3.

4.5.6.7.

�2 & {ejH$ {ejU


4. ^maVr` {ejUH$ Am`mo - (1964-66) (H$moR>mar ejU Am`moJ){ejUmÀ`m gd© ñVamda JwUmË_H$ gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r �4 Owc¡ �964 amoOr ̂ maVr` {ejU Am`moJmMr

ñWmnZm S>m°. S>r. Eg. H$moR>mar `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `m Am`moJmZo amï´>{Z_m©U H$m`m©V {ejH$m§Mr ^y{_H$m AË`§V _hÎdmMr _mZyZ {ejH$ {ejUamg§X^m©V nwT>rc {e\$maer gwM{dë`m AmhoV -

àmW{_H$ ñVamdarc {ejH$mgmR>r ~madrZ§Va XmoZ dfm©Mo {ejH$ {ejU Va _mÜ`{_H$ ñVamdarc {ejH$mgmR>r nXdrZ§Va EH$ df© H$mcmdYrMo {ejH$ {ejU Úmdo.nXdr d nXdrñVamdarc Aä`mgH«$_mV {ejUemó hm {df` EopÀN>H$ åhUyZ g_m{dï> H$amdm.{dÚmnrR>m_Üò ñdV§Ì {ejUemó {d^mJmMr ñWmnZm H$amdr.{d{dY ñVamdarc {ejH$ {ejU g§ñWmMo EH$mH$snU g§nyï>mV AmUyZ Ë`m§Zm à{ejU _hm{dÚmcò Ago Zmd Úmdo Am{U hr à{ejU _hm{dÚmcò {dÚmnrR>mer g§c½ZrV AgmdrV.àËòH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmc`mV _mOr {dÚmWu g§KQ>ZoMr ñWmnZm H$amdr.àËòH$ {ejH$ à{ejU g§ñWoV {dñVma godm {d^mJmMr ñWmnZm H$amdr.à{ejU _hm{dÚmc`m§Zr N>mÌmÜ`mnH$mH$Sy>Z H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo ewëH$ KoD$ Zò Ë`m§Zm {dÚmdoVZ XoÊ`mV `mdo.emco` nmR>m§gmR>r {ZdS>coë`m emim§Zm AZwXmZ Úmdo VogM XmoZ g§ñWm§À`m AÜ`mnH$ dJm©Mr AXcm~Xc H$aÊ`mV `mdr.{ejH$ {ejUmMr JwUdÎmm {dH$mgmgmR>r àËòH$ amÁ`mV "{ejH$ {ejU amÁ` _§S>i' ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV `mdo.gd© {ejH$ {ejU g§ñWm§Mm XOm© Am{U gÝ_mZ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$amdm.ì`dgm{`H$ {ejUmMr JwUdÎmm dmT>dmdr.{ejUemómVrc nXì`wÎma {ejUmMm (M. Ed.) H$mcmdYr EH$m dfm©Mm Agmdm.AmYw{ZH$ à{ejU g§ñWo_Üò J«§Wmc`, à`moJemim, H$m`©emim `m_Üò gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mV `mì`mV.àmW{_H$ {ejH$ {ejU XoUmè`m g§ñWm§_Üò AÜ`mnH$m§Mr {Z`wŠVr H$aVmZm Ë`m§Mr e¡j{UH$ Amh©Vm E_. ES>. qH$dm E_. E., ~r. ES>. Agmdr.{dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m AÜ`mnZm_Üò gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r N>mÌgodmH$mcm gwê$ H$amdm.godm§VJ©V à{ejU H$m`©H«$_mgmR>r CÝhmir dJm©Mo Am`moOZ H$ê$Z {ejH$m§Zm à{ejU Úmdo.{ejH$ {ejUm_Üò JwUdÎmmnyU© {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r amï´>r` ñVamda {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJ Am{U amÁ` {ejH$ {ejU _§S>i `m§À`mH$S>o à{ejUmMo CÎmaXm{`Ëd gmondmdo.Á`m {ejH$m§Zm Amncr Amh©Vm dmT>dmd`mMr Agoc Aem {ejH$m§gmR>r Q>nmcr Aä`mgH«$_ gwê$ H$amdm.Xa nmM dfmªZr AÜ`mnH$ {ejU Aä`mgH«$_mMo ZwVZrH$aU H$aÊ`mV `mdo.~r. ES>. d E_. ES>. Aä`mgH«$_mV "e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ' `m {df`mMm gm_doe H$amdm.AÜ`mnH$ à{ejUmMo dfm©Vrc àË`j H$m`©{XZ 230 n`ªV Agmdo.H$moR>mar Am`moJmVrc AZoH$ {e\$maer ~ZOrH$À`m H$mimV ñdrH$maÊ`mV Amë`m. H$mhr {dÚmnrR>m§Zr

E_. E. {ejUemó hm Aä`mgH«$_ gwê$ Ho$cm VgoM CÝhmir dJm©À`m Am`moOZmcm MmcZm {_imcr. amÁ` {ejH$ _§S>imMr ñWmnZm Pmcr. Aem àH$mao H$moR>mar Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maetMr A_c~OmdUr WmoS>çm\$ma à_mUmVH$m hmoB©Zm na§Vw Pmcr.

5. amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ YmoaU 1968H$moR>mar {ejU Am`moJmÀ`m gwMZoZwgma Owc¡ �968 _Üò amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ YmoaUm§Mr KmofUm H$aÊ`mV

Amcr. `m YmoaUmZo {ejH$ {ejUmg§X^m©V nwT>rcà_mUo {e\$maer gwM{dë`m AmhoV.{ejH$mÀ`m aMZmË_H$Vocm gO©ZercVocm ào[aV H$aÊ`mgmR>r g_mOmZo d emZgZmZo ghmæ`H$ n[apñWVr

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2.3.4.

5.6.7.

8.

9.

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{ejH$ {ejU & �3


{Z_m©U H$amdr.{ejH$ {ejU hr {Za§Va à{H«$`m Agë`mZo godmnyU© d gdm§VJ©V {ejH$ à{ejUmda â Úmdm.{ejH$m§À`m XOm©_Üò gwYmaUm hmoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mo doVZ dmT>dmdo.{ejH$m§Zm ì`mdgm{`H$ d e¡j{UH$ ñdmV§Í` XoÊ`mV `mdo.

6. amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ YmoaU 1986{ejU hm _mZdr {dH$mgmMm H|$Ðq~Xÿ _mZyZ XoemVrc ZmJ[aH$m§À`m Anojoà_mUo 2�ì`m eVH$mVrc

d¡km{ZH$ àJVr Am{U Am{W©H$ joÌ {dH$mgmgmR>r ^maVmZo ñdV:Mo e¡j{UH$ YmoaU R>a{dÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho Ago VËH$mcrZ n§VàYmZ amOrd Jm§Yr `m§Mr ^y{_H$m hmoVr. Ë`m_wio amï´>r` _mJUrZwgma {ejUmMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ YmoaU V`ma Ho$co. Vo "{ejUmMo ^{dî`mVrc AmìhmZo' `m ZmdmZo AmJñQ> �985 _Üò àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mV Amco. �3 _o �986 amoOr `mcm g§gXoMr _mÝ`Vm {_imcr. `m YmoaUm_Üò {ejH$ {ejUmg§X^m©V nwT>rc {e\$maer {Xë`m AmhoV.

YmoaUm_Üò g_m{dï> Ho$coë`m {d{dY ^mJm_Üò ñnï> Ho$coë`m JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$ {ejU H$m`©H«$_mV XOm©Ë_H$ gwYmaUm H$amì`mV.godmnyd© d godm§VJ©V {ejUmMr H$S>r OmoSy>Z Vo AÜ`mnH$ {ejUmMo A{d^mÁ` AJ§ ~Zmdo `mgmR>r AÜ`mnH$ {ejUmMr {dñV¥V `moOZm d YmoaU {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV `mdo. àËòH$ {Oëøm_Üò {Oëhm {ejU d à{ejU g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV `mdr.AÜ`mnH$ {ejU g§ñWm_Ü ò àdoe {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r C_oXdmamÀ`m {ZdS>rMo A{^d¥Îmr Am{U {ZînÎmr H$gmoQ>çmÛmao {Z`_Z H$aÊ`mV `mdo. `mV {deof A{^ê$Mr AmgUmè`m§Mm àmYmÝ`H«$_mZo {dMma H$aÊ`mV `mdm.à{V^memcr ì`ŠVr {ejH$s noemH$S>o AmH${f©V ìhmì`mV `m Ñ{ï>Zo {ejH$m§Mo doVZ, godmeVu XOm©, AmH$f©H$ Agmdm.{ejH$m§Zm {Za§Va {ejU {_iÊ`mgmR>r godm§VJ©V {ejUmMr CncãYVm H$amdr.Aem àH$mao amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ YmoaUm§_Üò {ejH$ {ejUm~m~V {e\$maer {Xë`m AmhoV.

7. AmMm`© am__yVu g{_Vr 1990�986À`m amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ YmoaUmVrc H$m`©H«$_mMr A_c~OmdUr nmR>nwamì`mg§X^m©V AmMm`© am__yVu

`m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr 7 _o �990 amoOr EH$ g{_Vr Zo_Ê`mV Amcr. `m g{_VrZo Amncm Ahdmc 26 {S>g|~a �990cm gmXa Ho$cm. `m AhdmcmV {ejH$ {ejUmg§X^m©V nwT>rc {e\$maer Ho$ë`m AmhoV.

à{ejUmgmR>r A{^`mo½`Voda AmYm[aV àdoe XoÊ`mV `mdm.{ejH$m_Yrc ^mdmË_H$ n¡cwMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m`©{ZVr {dH${gV H$amì`mV.{ejH$ {ejUmÀ`m H$m`©H«$_mV Am§VadmqgVm Z_wZm H$m`©H«$_mMm Am§Va^md H$amdm.{ejUmÀ`m gmd©{ÌH$aUmda â XoD$Z {ejH$ {ejU H$m`©H«$_mcm JVr Úmdr.{ejH$mg Amdí`H$VoZwgma Xodm§VJ©V {ejU {_iÊ`mMr ì`dñWm H$amdr.

8. lr. OZmX©Z aoÈ>r g{_Vr 1992H|$Ðr` {ejU g„mJma ~moS>m©Zo Am§Y«àXoeMo _w»`_§Ìr OZmX©Z aoÈ>r `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr �986À`m

e¡j{UH$ YmoaUmMo nwZa©n[ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r g{_Vr Zo_cr. `m g{_VrZo {ejH$ {ejUm~m~V nwT>rc {e\$maer gwM{dë`m AmhoV.

{ejH$m§Mr ì`mdgm{`H$ j_Vm {dH${gV H$aÊ`mgmR>r godm§VJ©V à{ejU, CX²~moYZ dJ©, CÝhmir dJm©Mo Am`moOZ H$amdo.{ejH$mÀ`m H$m`m©da à^md nmS>Umè`m dmVmdaUm_Üò hoVwnwañga gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUmdr. gd© ñVamdarc {ejH$ {ejUmÀ`m Aä`mgH«$_mMr nwZa©MZm H$amdr.

2.3.4.

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2.

3.4.

5.

6.

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2.3.

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{ejUmV JwdÎmm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Eg. gr. C. Ama. Q>r.cm ñdm`ÎmVm àXmZ H$amdr.amÁ`ñVamda {deof "{ejH$ cdmXm'Mr ñWmnZm H$adr.àJV AÜ``Z {ejU g§ñWm, {Oëhm {ejH$ d à{ejU g§ñWm VgoM {ejUemó _hm{dÚmcò `mZr JwUmË_H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r à`ËZ H$amdoV.Aem à_mao ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mim_Üò {ejH$ {ejUmg§X^m©V {dH$mg gmYÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY g{_Ë`m d

Am`moJ `m§Zr _mocmMo H$m`© Ho$co Amho.

2.2.3 amï´>r` ñVamdarc H$m`©dm{hÝ`m : H$m`} d ^y{_H$mñdmV§Í`nyd© d ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mim_Üò {ejUjoÌmV Amdí`H$ Ë`m gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY Am`moJ

Am{U g{_Ë`mÛmao {d{dY {e\$maer gwM{dë`m Joë`m. {ejU joÌm_Üò JaOoZwgma ~Xc H$ê$Z JwUdÎmm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r {e\$maetMr A_c~OmdUr åhUyZ amï´>r` d amÁ`ñVamda {ejUmg§X^m©V H$m`© H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ H$m`©dm{hÝ`m§Mr ñWmnZm Ho$cr. Ë`mn¡H$s amï´>r` ñVamdarc H$m`©dm{hÝ`m§Mo H$m`© d ^y{_H$m g§X^m©V g{dñVa _m{hVr KoD$.

1. amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ d à{ejU n[afX (National council of Educational Research and training - NCERT)

amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ d à{ejU n[afX `m g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm � gßQ>|~a 96� amoOr H$aÊ`mV Amcr. hr _mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg _§Ìmc`mMr {dÚmemIm åhUyZ H$m`©aV Amho. hr g§ñWm {ejU{df`H$ {d{dY YmoaUo Am{U H¥${VH$m`©H«$_mMo {Z`moOZ H$ê$Z A_c~mOdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r H|$Ðr` _Zwî`~i {dH$mg _§Ìmc`mg gVV _XV H$aVo. amï´>r` ñVamda {ejU {df`H$ H$m`© H$aUmar hr EH$ ñdm`Îm g§ñWm AgyZ `m g§ñWoMo à_wI H$m`© åhUOo H|$Ð d amÁ` gaH$macm e¡j{UH$ H$m`©H«$_m_Üò àm_w»`mZo emco` {ejUmV gwYmaUm H$aÊ`m~m~V g„m XoUo ho Amho. `m g§ñWoMo _w»`mc` Zdr {X„r òWo Amho. EZ. gr. C. Ama. Q>r.Mo AÜ`j H|$Ðr` _Zwî`~i {dH$mg_§Ìr ho AgyZ gd© amÁ`mMo Am{U H|$Ðem{gV àXoemMo {ejU_§Ìr, {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ _§S>imMo AÜ`j, H|$Ð gaH$maMo {ejU g{Md, {X„rMo _w»` H$m`©H$mar g„mJma, àËòH$ {d^mJmVrc {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m Hw$cJwê$n¡H$s EH$ Hw$cJwê$, H|$Ðr` emco` {ejU _§S>imMo AÜ`j, H|$Ð gaH$maZo Zm_{ZX}{eV Ho$coco H|$Ðr` {dÚmc` g§KQ>Zm§Mo H${_eZa Ago {d{dY g^mgX AgVmV.

EZ. gr. B©. Ama. Q>r.Mo H$m`©amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ d à{ejU n[afX hr g§ñWm amï´>r` {ejU Am{U amï´> {Z_m©U `m CÔoemZo amï´>r`

e¡j{UH$ YmoaUmcm AZwgê$Z H$m`© H$aVo.emco` {ejUmMr YmoaUo Am{U H$m`©H«$_ R>a{dVm§Zm Am{U Ë`mMr àË`j A_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r H|$Ðr` _mZd g§gmYZ _§Ìmc`mg ghmæ` H$aUo.àmW{_H$ Am{U _mÜ`{_H$ {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r CÎm_ e¡j{UH$ gm{hË` V`ma H$aUo d Vo AÜ`mnZm_Üò Cn`moJm~m~V {ejH$m§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo.Aä`mgH«$_ {Z{_©Vr d {dH$mg AÜ`mnZ nÕVr, e¡j{UH$ gm{hË` {Z{_©Vr, _yë`_mnZ V§Ìo d nÕVr `m§Mo {dH$gZ H$aUo.emco` {ejUmg§~§{YV gd© _m{hVr R>odyZ Vr g§~§{YVm§Zm XoUo d `mo½` _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo.{ejH$ {ejU d {ejU joÌmVrc gdmªgmR>r godmnyd© d godm§VJ©V à{ejUmMr ì`dñWm H$aUo.àmW{_H$ _mÜ`{_H$ d Cƒ _mÜ`{_H$ ñVamdarc Aä`mgH«$_ nmR>çH«$_, nmR>çnwñVHo$, AÜ``Z AÜ`mnZ nÕVr, V§Ìo `m g§X^m©V g§emoYZ H$aÊmmè`m g§emoYH$m§Zm AZwXmZ XoUo.{dkmZ, V§ÌkmZ Am{U g_mOemómVrc {df`mgmR>r CncãY Agcoë`m {eî`d¥Î`m dmQ>n H$aÊ`mg àkmdmZ {dÚmÏ`mªMm emoY KoUo.

4.5.6.

�.

2.

3.

4.5.6.

7.

{ejH$ {ejU & �5


{d^mJr` ñVamdarc nmM {ejUemó _hm{dÚmc`mMo àemgZ d ì`dñWmnZ d YmoaUmË_H$ A_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mg _XV H$aUo.H|$Ð emgZmZo AmIcoë`m e¡j{UH$ YmoaUm§Mr A_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r _Zwî` ~i {dH$mg _§Ìmc`mg ghmæ` H$aUo.e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ Am{U ZdmonH«$_ `m§Mo Am`moOZ H$aUo. Ë`mgmR>r MmcZm XoUo.

^y{_H$mEZ. gr. B©. Ama. Q>r. hr {ejU joÌmVrc amï´>r` nmVirdaMr g§ñWm Agë`mZo `m g§ñWocm {d{dY

àH$maÀ`m ^y{_H$m ~Odmì`m cmJVmV -{ejH$ à{ejUm g§X^m©V

{ejUmV JwUdÎmm ñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r àmW{_H$, _mÜ`{_H$, {ejH$ {ejU VgoM {ejU {d^mJmVrc gd© H$_©Mmè`m§gmR>r godmnyU© d godm§VJ©V à{ejUmMo Am`moOZ Ho$co OmZo. {ejH$m§Zm àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mgmR>r Am{U Ë`m§Mm ì`dgm{`H$ {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r godm§VJ©V à{ejUmMm ^mJ åhUyZ MMm©gÌo, H$m`©emim, CX²~moYZ dJ©, n[afXmMo Am`moOZ H$aUo, VogM {ejH$m§À`m à{ejH$mgmR>rgwÕm MMm©gÌo, H$m`©emim, COmimdJ© `m§Mo Am`moOZ Ho$co OmVo. Ë`m_Üò gwú_ AÜ`mnZ, AÜ`mnZmMr à{V_mZo, ZdZdrZ nÕVr, V§Ìo `mda AmYm[aV H$m`©H«$_mMo Am`moOZ Ho$co OmVo.

{ejH$ {ejUmcm ghmæ`^yV R>aUmè`m H|$Ðr` `moOZm g§X^m©V{ejH$ {ejUmg§X^m©V H|$ÐmÛmao am~{dë`m OmUmè`m {d{dY `moOZm àË`j mH$`©dm{hV AmUÊ`mg _XV

H$aVo. {ejH$ {ejUmÀ`m àdoe à{H«$ònmgyZ Aä`mgH«$_, {dH${gV nwñVHo$ {dkmZmMo gm{hË`, _mZgemór` à`moJ emioVrc gm{hË` g§JUH$ {ejU, J«§Wmc`mVrc gm{hË`m g§X^m©V `mÚm H$aUo. {Oëhm {ejU d à{ejU g§ñWm, {ejUemó _hm{dÚmcò `m§À`m H$mJXnÌmMr VnmgUr H$aUo VgoM Eg. gr. C. Ama. Q>r.cm gj_ ~Z{dUo Aem ^y{_H$m EZ. gr. B©. Ama. Q>r.cm dR>dmì`m cmJVmV.

e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZm g§X^m©V{ejH$mÀ`m JwUdÎmmdmT>rgmR>r {d{dY g§emoYZ àH$ën hmVr KoUo, ZdmonH«$_, {dñVma godm§Mo Am`moOZ

H$aUo. àmW{_H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$aU, g_mdoeH$ {ejU, ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejU ̀ m g§X^m©V gd}jU, g§emoYZ H$aUo d {ejUmgmR>r CX²~moYZ dJm©Mo Am`moOZ H$aUo. {d{dY nwñVHo$, AZwXoeZ gm{hË`, {dkmZ gmYZo, g§JUH$ ghmpæ`V AÜ`mnZ, Aem AZoH$ n¡cyda H$m`© H$aUo.

darc gd© {ddoMZmdê$Z Ago {XgVo H$s {ejU joÌmcm JwUdÎmmnyU© ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r VgoM Xoe {dH$mgmgmR>r EZ. gr. B©. Ama. Q>r. hr ñdm`Îm g§ñWm gdmªJrU ^y{_H$m nma nmS>Vo Amho.

2. amï´>r` {ejH$ {ejU n[afX (National council of Teacher Education - NCTE){ejH$ {ejUmMm XOm© C§MmdÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo ^maV gaH$maÀ`m _mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg _§Ìec`mZo 2�

_o �973 _Üò amï´>r` {ejH$ {ejU n[afXoMr ñWmnZm Ho$cr. `m g§ñWocm �993 _Üò ñdV§Ì d¡Ym{ZH$ XOm© àXmZ H$aÊ`mV Amcm. EZ. gr. Q>r. B©.Mr ñWmnZm ho {ejH$ {ejamVrc _hÎdynU© nmD$c Amho. `m n[afXoÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_wio {ejH$ à{ejUmV EH$ Zdo `wJ AdVaco. {ejH$ à{ejUmÛmao {ejH$m§À`m e¡j{UH$ d ì`mdgm{`H$ JwUdÎmoMm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMr Om~m~Xmar `m n[afXoZo CMccr Amho. amï´>r` {ejH$ {ejU n[afX hr g§ñWm amÁ`mVrc d H|$Ðem{gV àXoemVrc amÁ`{ejH$ à{ejU _§S>io, {dÚmnrR>o Am{U {Oëhm {ejU Am{U à{ejU g§ñWm `m§À`m ghH$m`m©Zo {ejH$ {ejU XO}Xma ~ZdyZ {ejH$m§À`m e¡j{UH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m ~OmdV Amho.

amï´>r` {ejH$ {ejU n[afXoMo nX{gÕ AÜ`j H|$Ðr` _mZd g§gmYZ _§Ìr AgVmV Va g{Md amï´>r`

8.

9.

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�6 & {ejH$ {ejU


e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ d à{ejU n[afXoMo g§MmcH$ AgVmV. `m n[afXo_Üò gmYmaUV: EHy$U 42 gXñ` doJdoJù`m g§ñWm, n[afXoVyZ {ZdS>coco AgVmV. EZ. gr. Q>r. B©. Mm H$ma^ma MmoI d nmaXe©H$ hmoÊ`mgmR>r gd©gmYmaU g{_Vr, gwH$mUy g{_Vr Am{U e¡j{UH$ ñWm`r g{_Vr `m VrZ g{_Ë`m _m\©$V H$m` H$aVo.

amï´>r` {ejH$ {ejU n[afXoMo H$m`©{ejH$ {ejUmMm XOm© C§Mmdë`mg H|$Ð d amÁ` gaH$macm g„m XoUo d _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo.{ejH$ {ejUmMo {Z`moOZ d àemgZ `mo½` nÕVrZo H$aÊ`mgmR>r H|$Ð d amÁ` gaH$maZo AmIcoë`m H$m`©H«$_mÀ`m A_c~OmdUrgmR>r _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo.{ejH$ {ejUmÀ`m gd© ñVamgmR>r Aä`mgH«$_ {Z{_©Vr H$aUo. gd© ñVamdarc {ejH$ à{ejU g§ñWm§À`m ̂ m¡{VH$ gw{dYm d àmÜ`nH$m§À`m e¡j{UH$ nmÌVm ̀ m~m~VMr à_mUHo$ {ZpíMV H$aUo d Ë`m à_mUH$mMo nmcZ hmoVo H$m Zmhr Vo nmhUo.{ejH$-à{ejU g§ñWm§Zm _mÝ`Vm XoUo dm H$mTy>Z KoUo.gd© ñVamdarc {ejH$m§gmR>r AÜ``Z-AÜ`mnZ gm{hË`, Am`grQ>rMm dmna, AZwXoeZ gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo.gd© ñVamVrc {ejH$ à{ejH$m§gmR>r ZdmonH«$_ ñnYmªMo Am`moOZ H$aUo, e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZmg àmoËgmhZ XoUo.g§emoYZmgmR>r AZwXmZmMr `moOZm AmIwZ g§Yr CncãY H$ê$Z XoUo.nÌmÛmao {ejU `moOZocm MmcZm XoUo.godm§VJ©V à{ejUmW° _yë`_mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r nÕVr R>a{dUo.{ejUmcm OmJ{VH$ ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r Aä`mgH«$_ Mm¡H$Q>rMr _m{hVr {ejUemó _hm{dÚmcò, AÜ`mnH$ {dÚmcò, Am{U àemgH$ `m§Zm ìhmdr `mgmR>r {d{dY MMm©gÌo, H$m`©emimMo Am`moOZ H$aUo.{ejH$ {ejUmÀ`m ~m~VrV H|$ÐgaH$ma d amÁ`gaH$maÀ`m {Z`moOZm-`moOZm§À`m àJVrMo _yë`_mnZ H$aUo.darc àH$mao EZ. gr. Q>r. B©. hr g§ñWm {ejH$ {ejUmV _yc^yV gwYmaUm H$ê$Z JwUdÎmm àñWm{nV

H$aÊ`mgmR>r gVV à`ËZerc AgVo.

3. {dÚmnrR> AmZwXmZ Am`moJ (University Grant Commission)S>m°. gd©n„r amYmH¥$îUZ Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maerZwgma Cƒ {ejUmMm XOm© C§MmdÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo �953

_Üò {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm Ho$cr Am{U �956 _Üò {Vcm ñdm`ÎmVoMm XOm© àXmZ H$aÊ`mV Amcm. Cƒ{ejU dm {dÚmnrR>r` {ejUmcm MmcZm VgoM narjmnÕVr Am{U g§emoYZmMm CÎm_ XOm© amIÊ`mMr _w»` O~m~Xmar {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJmMr Amho. `m Am`moJmMr ^y{_H$m d H$m`© nwT>rc à_mUo gm§JVm òB©c.

{dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJmMr ^y{_H$m d H$m`© -{dÚmnrR>r` {ejUmg§X^m©V ^maVmV CVa Xoem_Üò MmcUmè`m Cƒ {ejUmMr _m{hVr {_idUo Am{U gd© {dÚmnrR>m§Zm hñVm§VarV H$aUo.{dÚmnrR>o qH$dm g§c½ZrV _hm{dÚmc`m§Zm {d{dY H$m`m©À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r A{W©H$ JaOm§Mr nyVu H$aUo Ë`m§Zm AZwXmZ _§Oya H$ê$Z dmQ>n H$aUo.{d{dY `mooOZm§Mr A_c ~OmdUr, ZdrZ {dÚmnrR>mMr {Z{_©Vr, {dÚmnrR>m§À`m {dñVmam§~m~V _mJ©Xe©Z d AZw_Vr XoUo.{dÚmnrR>m§Zm _§Oya Pmcoë`m AZwXmZm{edm` CVa Am{W©H$ JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r AZwXmZ _§Oya H$aUo.Cƒ {ejUmVrc JwUdÎmoMm {dH$mg H$ê$Z XOm© {Q>ndyZ R>odUo.AÜ`mnZmMm XOm©, _yë`_mnZnÕVr, `m g§X^m©V AQ>r d {Z`_m§Mr _m{hVr gd© {dÚmnrR>m§Zm XoUo.{dÚmnrR> {ejUemó {d^mJ, {ejUemó _hm{dÚmcò `m§Mm AÜ`mnZ d g§emoYZmMm XOm© C§MmdÊ`mgmR>r _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo.

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3.4.

5.6.

7.

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2.

3.

4.5.6.7.

{ejH$ {ejU & �7


^maVr` g_mO d XoemÀ`m e¡j{UH$ JaOm cjmV KoD$Z e¡j{UH$ {dH$mgmcm d g§emoYZmcm àmoËgmhZ XoUo.àmÜ`mnH$m§Zm ñdV:Mr JwUdÎmm g§dY©ZmgmR>r g§emoYZmg àmoËgmhZ XoUo VgoM `mgmR>r MMm©gÌo, H$m`©emim, CÝhmir dJ© Am{U n[afXm§Mo Am`moOZ H$aUo.AmH$medmUr, Xÿa{MÌdmUr, g§JUH$-C§Q>aZoQ> `m àgma _mÜ`_mÛmao kmZmMr AÚmdV _m{hVr d g§emoYZ H$m`m©Mr _m{hVr OZVon`ªV nmohmoM{dÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo {dÚmnrR>m§Zm àmoËgm{hV H$aUo d Ë`mgmR>r A{W©H$ ghmæ` H$aUo.àmÜ`mnH$m§À`m Zo_UwH$m, e¡j{UH$ nmÌVm, doVZloUr `m§À`m {ZH$fm~m~V amï´>r` ñVamda gwgyÌVm AmUUo.AÜ`mnH$mMo {ZdmgñWmZ, {dÚmWu d {dÚmWuZtgmR>r dgVrJ¥h, AÜ`mnZ H$m`m©gmR>r C_maVr Am{U g§emoYZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ Vr gmYZgm_J«r KoÊ`mgmR>r {dÚmnrR>o d _hm{dÚmc`m§Zm AZwXmZ XoUo.naXoem_Üò {ejUmgmR>r qH$dm Am§Vaamï´>r` ñVam§darc n[afXm, MMm©gÌo, g§emoYZo ̀ m§_Üò gh^mJmgmR>r {ejUjoÌmVrc ì`ŠVtZm AZwXmZ _§Oya H$aUo.amï´>r` ñVamdarc MmM©gÌo, n[afXm, H$m`m©emim, n[ag§dmX Am`mo{OV H$aÊ`mgmR>r {dÚmnrR>o, {ejUemó _hm{dÚmcò `m§Zm A{W©H$ _XV nwa{dUo.AemàH$mao {d{dY ñdê$nmV aMZmË_H$ H$m ©̀ H$ê$Z Cƒ {ejUmcm OmJ{VH$ ñnY}V {Q>ndyZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r

Ë`m_Ü ò Amdí`H$ Vmo ~Xc H$ê$Z JwUdÎmm gmYÊ`mMo H$m ©̀ {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJm_m\©$V Ho$co OmV Amho.

4. amï´>r` _yë`m§H$Z Am{U A{YñdrH¥$Vr n[afX (National Assessment and Accreditation council)

OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio Cƒ {ejUmg_moa {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m AmìhmZm§Zm nocÊ`mgmR>r Cƒ {ejUà{H«$òV Amdí`H$ Ë`m gwYmaUm H$aUo JaOoMo hmoVo. VËH$mcrZ Cƒ {ejUmMr T>mgiVr JwUdÎmm cjmV KoD$Z �968 d �986À`m e¡j{UH$ YmoaUmVrc {e\$maer cjmV KoD$Z Ë`m§Mr A_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔo-emZo {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ _§S>imZo �6 gßQ>|~a �994 amoOr "amï´>r` _yë`m§H$Z Am{U A{YñdrH¥$Vr n[afXo'Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `m n[afXoMo _w»`mc` ~¢Jcmoacm Amho. Z°H$ ñWmnZo_mMm _w»` hoVy åhUOo Cƒ {ejU g§ñWm§Zr {ejUmMr JwUdÎmm {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mo _yë`m§H$Z d A{YñdrH¥$Vr H$ê$Z {Za§Va H$m`© H$aÊ`mg àd¥Îm H$aUo hm Amho.

Z°H$Mr g§aMZmZ°H$hr ñdm`Îm g§ñWm AgyZ VrMr aMZm {ÌñVar` ñdê$nmV nwT>rc à_mUo Amho.

Z°H$i

gd©gmYmaU n[afXi

H$m`©H$mar _§S>ii

AÝ` àemgH$s` g{_Ë`mgd©gmYmaU n[afX hr gdm}ƒ g§ñVm AgyZ Vr H$m`©H$mar _§S>i Am{U àemgH$s` g{_Ë`m§Mæm H$m`m©da

{Z`§ÌU R>odVo. {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJmMo AÜ`j ho gd©gmYmaU n[afXoMo nX{gÕ AÜ`j AgVmV. Z°H$Mo g§MmcH$ ho gd©gmYmaU n[afXoMo d H$m`©H$mar g{_VrMo g{Md AgVmV.

8.

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2.2.4 amÁ`ñVamdarc g§ñWm : H$m`} d ^y{_H$m1. amÁ` e¡j{UH$ à{ejU d g§emoYZ n[afX SCERT (State Council of Educational Research and Training)H$m`} -

�964 _Üò ñWmnZm na§Vw �967 nmgyZ AZoH${dY amÁ`mV H$m`©aV Amho.amÁ`ñVamda {ejU godmJ§VJ©V à{ejU XoUmar à_wI g§ñWm Amho. Aä`mgH«$_ {dH$gZ, _yë`_mnZ à{H$`m, e¡j{UH$ V§ÌkmZmMm dmnaMm g§X^© emio` {ejU godm§VJ©V à{ejU XoUo.{d{dY {df`m§gmR>r à{ejUo V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUoAm¡nMm[aH$ Am{U AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejUmMm àgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` Aä`mgH«$_ gm{hË` {Z{_©Vr~m~V VÁkm§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z godm nwadUo.ISy>-\$im _mo{h_|VJ©V e¡j{UH$ gm{hË` {Z{_©Vr H$aUo. {VMm `mo½` dmna H$aÊ`mg§X^m©V à{ejU XoUo.amÁ` e¡j{UH$ H$m`©H«$_mMo _yë`_mnZ H$aUo.

2. {ejH$ {ejU _§S>i CTE (Colleges of Teacher's Education)H$m`} -

_mÜ`{_H$ emiogmR>r godmnyd© {ejH$ {ejUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {ejU XoUo. emim d emimg§Hw$c `m§gmR>r H$m`_ñdê$nr _XV H$ê$ eH$Umè`m g{_VrMr VaVyX. Aä`mgH«$_ {dH$gZ, AÜ`mnZ à{ejU d _yë`_mnZ V§Ì `m~m~V g§emoYZ hmVr KoUo.emim d g_mO `mV Am§Va{H«$`m àñWm{nV H$aUo d Ë`m {eH$dyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY CnH«$_m§Mo Am`moOZ H$aUo.{ejH$ {ejUmcm JwUmË_H$ XOm© àmá H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r {Za§Va H¥${VH$m`©H«$_m§Mr AmIUr H$aUo.

3. {dÚmnrR>mMm {ejUemó {d^mJ UDTE (University Departemnt of Teacher's Education)H$m`} -

nXì`wÎma ñVamda {ejH$ {ejUmMm H$m`©H«$_ gwê$ H$aUo.e¡j{UH$ V§ÌkmZ, AW©emó, e¡j{UH$ {Z`moOZ, JiVr, {ejUmVrc {df_Vm, ór-{ejU g_ñ`m, e¡j{UH$ Ñ{ï>H$moUmMm {dH$mg Aem {d{dY joÌm§er g§~§{YV g§emoYZ d {dñVma {dH$mg H$aUo.{dÚmnrR>r` j_Vm§Mm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejUà{H«$òVrc JaOoZwgma ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r ZdZdrZ à`moJ / àH$ën hmVr KoUo. {d{dY kmZemIm øm ~mcH$mÀ`m ~m¡{ÕH$, emar[aH$, ^md{ZH$, Z¡{VH$ {dH$mgmda n[aUm_ H$aVmV `mgmR>r {ejUmV Am§VaemIr` Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ {dH$mg H$aUo.{ejH$ {ejUmMm gd©g_mdoeH$ Aä`mgH«$_ V`ma H$aUo.doimodoir MMm©gÌo, VÁkm§Mr ì`m»`mZo, `À`m Ñ{ï>Zo à{ejUm§Mo Am`moOZ H$aUo.

4. {ejU {dñVma H|$Ðo EEC (Extenssion Education Centres)�955 _Üò {Z{_©Vr godm§VJ©V {ejUMo ì`dñWmnH$s` kmZ AÚ`mdV R>odÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo ñWmnZm Pmcr.

emco` H$m_H$mOmV gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$m§Zm à{e{jV H$aUo. e¡j{UH$ òmoV d gmYZm§Mm {dH$mg H$aUo `m Ñï>rZo gX¡d H$m`©aV amhUo.H$m`} -

Xþgè`m emcog Aä`mgnwaH$ gm{hË` CgZdma VÎdmda XoUo.

�.2.

3.4.

5.

6.

�.2.3.4.

5.

�.2.

3.

4.

5.6.

�.

{ejH$ {ejU & �9


e¡j{UH$ gmYZ {Z{_©VrgmR>r H$m`©emim§Mo Am`moOZ H$aUo.{d{dY H$m`©H«$_ Am`moOZ H$ê$Z emim d {ejU emó _hm{dÚmc`mV Am§Va{H«$`m àñWm{nV H$amdoV.emco` / _hm{dÚmc` ñVamda ôS>gmdUmè`m {d{dY g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$m§Zm H¥${Vg§emoYZ H$aÊ`mg àoaUm XoUo. g_yhMMm©, Aä`mgJQ>, n[ag§dmX `m§Mo Am`moOZ H$aUo.

5. amÁ` {ejH$ {ejU _§S>i SCTE (State board of Teacher's Education)H$moR>mar Am`moJmZo àËòH$ amÁ`mV {ejUmMm `mo½` {dH$mg hmoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo.SCTE Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag Ho$cr. Ë`mZwgma �967 _Üò _Ü`àXoemV n{hco Mr ñWmnZm

Pmcr. Ë`mZ§Va �973 _Üò JwOamV, _hmamï´>, åh¡gya, amOñWmZ, V{_iZmSy>, _{Unya, Oå_y-H$í_ra òWo ñWmnZm Pmcr.H$m`} -

{ejU àgmaH$ {ejH$ g§ñWmMm XOm© {ZpíMV H$aUo.{ejU {ejH$ g§ñWm§Zm _mÝ`Vm XoÊ`m g§X^m©V {dH$mg V`ma H$aUo d g§[~{YVm§n`ªV nmohmoM{dÊ`mMr ì`dñWm H$aUo.{ejUmÀ`m gd© ñVamdarc {ejH$ {ejUmV g_Ýd` gmYyZ JwUmË_H$ gwYmaUm H$aUo.{ejH$ {ejU g§ñWm§Zm g§c½ZVo g§X^m©V {dÚmÏ`mªZr {ZJ©{_V Ho$coë`m ??? narjU H$ê$Z Ë`mV gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r Cnm` gwM{dUo.amÁ`mVrc gd© ñVamdarc {ejH$ {ejU _§S>i Am{U {dÚmÏ`mªMo {ejU emó {d^m `m§Mr {Z`{_V VnmgUr H$aÊ`m~m~V H$m`©dmhr H$aUo.gd© ñVamdarc {ejU emó _hÎdmMo Zm_m§H$Z H$aÊ`mMr VgoM AZwXmZ _§Oya H$aVmZmVo JaOm{Y{ð>V Agmdo Aer {e\$mag amÁèmgZmcm H$aUo.{ejH$ {ejUmÀ`m g§X^m©V Zdàdmh Am{U ~Xcm§Zm amÁèmgZmcm _m{hVr XoD$Z Amdí`H$ Ë`m gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZerc AgUo.

6. {Oëhm {ejU à{ejU g§ñWm DIET (District Institute of Education and Training){Oëhm ñVamda H$m`©H$aUear g§ñWm {ejH$m§er gVV Am§Va{H«$`m H$arV Agë`mZo {ejUmÀ`m Am{U

{ejH$m§À`m {d{dY g_ñ`m d Amdí`H$Vm `m§Moer nar{MV AgVo. {ejUmMo gd©{ÌH$sH$aU, àË`??? d àm¡T> {ejU `m§Zm e¡j{UH$ d ^m¡{VH$ gw{dYm nwa{dÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aUo. godmnyd© d godm§VJ©V àmW{_H$ {ejH$, _w»`mÜ`mnH$, {ejam{YH$mar àm¡T> d gd© {ejm A{^`mZmMo n`©djH$, AZwgw{MV OmVr O_mVrV e¡j{UH$ ÑîQ>çm d§{MV KQ>H$ ho DIETMo cú`JQ> AmhoV Ë`mgmR>rM {d{dY VèhoMo H$m`© H$aVo.H$m`} -

AZm¡nMm[aH$ d àm¡T> {ejU `mgmR>r H$m`© H$aÊ`mMo e¡j{UH$ AZwXoeH$, n`©dojH$ `m§Zm Amdí`H$ Vo gmYZ gm{hË` nwa{dUo. e¡j{UH$ {Z`moOZ d ì`dñWmnZ g§X^m©V g§ñWm à_wIm§Zm (àmMm`©, _w»`mÜ`mß`mH$, g§MmcH$) `m§Zm à{ejU XoUo. emco` {ejUmer g§~§{YV ñd`§ godH$, ñd`§godr g§ñWm, H$m`©H$V} `m§Zm CX²~moYZ H$aUo d e¡j{UH$ {dH$mg gmYUo.H¥${Vg§emoYZ Am{U àm`mo{JH$ H$m`© hmVr KoUo.godmnyd© d godm§VJ©V à{ejU, joÌr` Am§Va{H«$`mË_H$ H$m`, e¡j{UH$ gmYZ {Z{_©Vr CË`mXr H¥${VH$m`©H«$_m§Mo Am`moOZ, g§`moOZ d _yë`_mnZ H$aUo.

2.3.

4.

5.

�.2.

3.4.

5.

6.

7.

�.

2.

3.

4.5.

20 & {ejH$ {ejU


~mcH$ H|$ÐrV {ejUmMm g_mdoe. _yë`o d g§ñH¥$Vr ????? {dH$mg C. Mo à{ejU XoUo.{OëømVrc AZm¡nMm[aH$ d àm¡T> {ejU H|$Ð Am{U emim§Zm _mZgeór` g_wnXoeZ d _mJ©Xe©Z godm nwadUo.

7. amÁ` {ejH$ g§ñWm STE (State Institute of Education)H$m`} -

�964 _Ü`o ñWmnZm. amÁ`mVrc / H|$Ðem{gV àXoemVrc emim§Zm {dñVmagodm nwadUo.{ejH$ {dñVma godm, g§JUH$ {ejU, Amamo½` {ejU, AZm¡nMm[aH$ d àm¡T> {ejUmgmR>r ì`mdgm{`H$ _mJ©Xe©Z, e¡j{UH$ÑîQ>çm _mJmgcoë`m ~mcH$m§Mo {ejU, ???{ejU `mg§X^m©V H¥${VH$m`©H«$_m§Mr Am`moOZ H$aUo. A????? gm{hË`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr d àH$meZ H$ê$Z Vo emim§n`ªV nmohmoM{dUo.àmW{_H$ {ejUmÀ`m {d{dY n¡cy§ g§X^m©V g§emoYZ H$m`© d ????? hmVr KoUo.àmW{_H$ Vo nXì`wÎma nXdrn`ªV AÜ`mnZmMm H$m_ H$aUmè`m {ejH$m§Zm A§eH$mcrZ d XrK©H$mcrZ à{ejU H$m`©H«$_m§Mo Am`moOZ H$aUo.g§§emoYZ {d^mJ, à{ejU {d^mJ, {dñVma godm, àH$meZ {d^mJ `m§Ûmao {ejUmÀ`m ì`mdgm{`H$ {dH$mgmÀ`m Ñï>rZo à`ËZ H$aUo.

2.3 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimVrc {ejH$-{ejUmMr MMm© H$am.amï´>r` ñVamda H$m`©aV Agcoë`m H$moUË`mhr VrZ H$m`©dm{hÝ`m§Mr H$m`©o d ^y{_H$m ñnï> H$am.amÁ`ñVamdarc {d{dY H$m`©dm{hÝ`m§Mm WmoS>Š`mV Ame` ñnï> H$am.

2.4 gmam§eAem[aVrZo AmnU `m KQ>H$mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {ejH$-{ejUmMr ñdmV§Í`ynd© d ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimVrc

{ejH$-{ejUmMm {dñVma H$gm Pmcm ̀ m~m~V g{dñVa _m{hVr KoVcr. VgoM amï´>r` d amÁ`ñVamda H$m`©aV Agcoë`m {d{dY H$m`©dm{hÝ`m Á`m_wio {ejH$ {ejUmMm XOm© C§MmdÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. Ë`m H$m`©dm{hÝ`m§Mmhr {_Ìm§Zmo Vwåhmcm n[aM` H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV Amcm Amho.

2.5 nm[a^m{fH$ eãXCËH«$m§Vr - EvalutionH$m`©dm{hÝ`m - AgenciesAh©Vm - nmÌVm - Eligicility

2.6 g§X^©-gyMr n§{S>V ~r. ~r. (200�) {ejH$ {ejU, qnnimnwao A°ÊS> H§$. npãceg©, ZmJnya.qMMmocrH$a H¥${VH$m, OmYd a{d (20�0), {ZË`ZyVZ àH$meZ, nwUo.eodVoH$a emaXm, n§{S>V ~r. ~r. (200�) {ejH$ {ejU, qnnimnwao A°ÊS> H§$. npãceg©, ZmJnya.

6.7.

�.2.

3.4.5.

6.

�.2.3.

�.2.3.

�.2.3.

{ejH$ {ejU & 2�


KQ>H$ - 3

{d{dY ñVamda {ejH$m§Mr ^y{_H$m Am{U j_VmAZwH«$_{UH$m

3.0 C{Ôï>o3.� àñVmdZm3.2 {df` {ddoMZ 3.2.� {d{dY ñVamda {ejH$m§À`m ì`mdgm{`H$ V`marMr JaO 3.2.2 nyd©àmW{_H$, àmW{_H$, _mÜ`{_H$, Cƒ _mÜ`{_H$ Am{U _hm{dÚmc`rZ ñVamda

{ejH$m§Mr ^y{_H$m d j_Vm 3.2.3 gd©g_mdoeH$ {ejUmgmR>r {ejH$m_Üò Amdí`H$ ^y{_H$m d j_Vm 3.2.4 {ejH$mMm à^mdrnUm : AW° Am{U KQ>H$ 3.2.5 {ejH$ n[aUm_H$maH$VoMo _yë`_mnZ3.3 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmMo àíZ3.4 gmam§e3.5 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX3.6 g§^^©-gyMr

3.0 C{ÔîQ>ço`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Amnë`mcm -{d{dY ñVamdarc {ejH$m§À`m ì`mdgm{`H$ V`marMr JaO cjmV òB©c.nyd©àmW{_H$, àmW{_H$, _mÜ`{_H$, Cƒ _mÜ`{_H$ Am{U _hm{dÚmc`rZ ñVamda {ejH$m§Mr ^y{_H$m d Ë`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ j_Vm§Mm n[aM` hmoB©c.gd©g_mdoeH$ {ejUmgmR>r {ejH$mÀ`m ^y{_H$m d Amdí`H$ Agcoë`m j_Vm cjmV òVrc.{ejH$mÀ`m n[aUm_H$maH$ AÜ`mnZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ KQ>H$ gm§JVm òVrcAÜ`mnZmÀ`m n[aUm_H$maH$ _yë`_mnZmMo joÌ VgoM KQ>H$ g_OVrc.

3.1 àñVmdZm{ejH$s ì`dgm`mMr AmdS> AgUmè`m ì`ŠVrcm {ejH$snoem AmpË_H$ g_mYmZ {_idyZ XoUmam Amho.

`m ì`dgm`m_Üò XmoZ qH$dm XmoZnojm OmñV ì`ŠVr¨_Üò Am§Va{H«$`m gwê$ AgVo. {ejH$ hm {dÚmXmZmMm CËàoaH$ AgyZ {dÚmÏ`m©cm Vmo _ZmMr CÞV AdñWm àmßV H$ê$Z XoD$ eH$Vmo. Aem {ejH$mcm {dÚmÏ`m©À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r {d{dY ^y{_H$m {Z^dmì`m cmJVmV. `m ^y{_H$m g_W©nUo nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r Ë`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr Amdí`H$ Ë`m j_Vm AgUohr Amdí`H$ Amho.

�.2.

3.4.5.

22 & {ejH$ {ejU


3.2 {df` {ddoMZ

3.2.1 {d{dY ñVamda {ejH$m§À`m ì`mdgm{`H$ V`marMr JaO Need for the professional preparation of Teachers at different Levels

{ejH$snoem H$ê$ CpÀN>Umè`m ì`ŠVrMo gj_ Am{U ì`dgm`{Zð> ì`ŠVrV ê$nm§Va hmoUo hr godmnyd© {ejUmMr n«{H«$`m AgVo. godmnyd© à{ejUmV àma§{^H$ ñdê$nmVrc ì`mdgm`{H$ n[adV©Z Ano[jV AgVo. {ejH$s ì`dgm`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ gImoc kmZ, Ë`mcm Amdí`H$Vo Z¡{VH$ A{Yð>mZ, hŠH$ d H$V©ì` `mg§~§YrMo H$m`Xoera kmZ {ejH$m§_Üò {Z_m©U H$aUo ho _hÎdnyU© H$m`© {ejH$mÀ`m ì`mdgm`{H$ V`marV Ano{jV Amho. ~XcV OmUmao V§ÌkmZ, Ë`mZwgma AÜ`mnZnÕVrMm ñdrH$ma `mgd© Jmoï>tMm n[aM` godm§VJ©V {ejH$mÀ`m H$mimV hmoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. {ejH$mMr ì`mdgm{`H$ V`mar godmnyU© Am{U godm§VJ©V `m XmoÝhr {ejUà{H«$òV hmoV AgVo.

{ejH$ à{ejUmMr {Xem AË`wƒ Aem ì`mdgm{`H$ËdmMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUmar Agcr nm{hOo. {ejH$ à{ejUmV AË`mdí`H$ H$m¡eë` à{ejUmWvÀ`m A§Jr ~mUdUo _hÎdmMo AgVo. hr H$m¡eëò AÜ`mnZ à{H«$òV Mm§Jë`m[aVrZo AmË_gmV Pmë`mg {ejH$mMm AmË_{dídmg dmT>Vmo. {ejH$mg ñWm{ZH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ n[apñWVrMo nwaogo kmZ Agmdo.

{ejUmMr R>adcocr C{ÔîQ>ço gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejUmÀ`m gd©M ñVamda {ejH$ _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m H$aVmo. Vr C{ÔîQ>ço gmÜ` hmoÊ`mgmR>r {ejUmÀ`m gd©M ñVamda {ejH$ _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m H$aVmo. hr C{ÔîQ>ço gmÜ` hmoÊ`mgmR>r Ho$di AÜ`mnZ _hÎdmMo ZgyZ Ë`mcm nwaH$ Aem {d{dY H¥$VtMm Adc§~ H$amdm cJVmo. Ë`mÛmao ̂ mdr {ejH$m§_Üò {d{dY H$m¡eëò Am{U j_Vm {dH${gV Ho$ë`m OmVmV. åhUyZ {ejH$ d {ejU _J Vo àmW{_H$, _mÜ`{_H$, Cƒ _mÜ`{_H$ qH$dm _hm{dÚmc`rZ ñVamgmR>r Agmo. hr EH$ g§H$sU© d Jw§VmJw§VrMr Aer à{H«$`m Amho. `m_Üò kmZmMo g§nmXZ Am{U Ë`mMo àË`j Cn`moOZ `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `mM~amo~a Amdí`H$ Vr H$m¡eëò d dV©Z `m§Mmhr gm_doe hmoVmo.

{ejH$m§À`m ì`mdgm`{H$ V`marMr JaO {ejH$ {ejUmÀ`m nwT>rc AÜ``Z C{Ôï>m§dê$Z ñnï> hmoB©c.1. ~m¡{ÕH$ C{ÔîQ>ço (Cognitive Objectives)

`mV {ejH$s ì`dgm`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao {deof kmZ, ~m¡{ÕH$ j_Vm Am{U H$m¡eëò, {deof AÜ`mnZm{df`rMo kmZ, _mZgemór` VËdm§Mo kmZ Am{U e¡j{UH$ Šc¥ßË`m / ̀ moOZm Aä`mgH«$_ {dícofU, _mnZ d _yë`_mnZmgmR>r empãXH$ Am{U AempãXH$ H$gmoQ>çm `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

àmW{_H$ ñVamda {ejH$mcm Aä`mgH«$_mVrc gd©M {df`m§Mo kmZ Agm`cm hdo Va _mÜ`{_H$ d Cƒ _mÜ`{_H$ ñVamda _yc^yV {df`m§gmo~V Amnë`m {deof AÜ`mnZ {df`mMo kmZ Agmdo.

2. H$m`© C{ÔîQ>ço (Performance Objectives)`mV _yë`_mnZ AmamIS>m V`ma H$aUo, Aä`mgH«$_ aMZm V`ma H$aUo, Aä`mgH«$_ {dícofU Am{U

AZwXoeZ gm{hË`mMo {dH$gZ H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. {ejH$mcm AÜ`mnZm~amo~a Xoe, g_mO `m§À`m JaOm cjmV KoD$Z Ë`m JaOm§Mr nyVu H$aUmao ZmJ[aH$ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMohr H$m`© H$amdo cmJVo. ̀ mH$[aVm `mo½` Vmo Aä`mgH«$_ V`ma H$aUo, Aä`mgH«$_mZwgma AZwXoeZ gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr H$aUo Am{U AÜ``ZmÏ`m©Mo _yë`_mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Vr Zy. _m. gmYZo dmnaUo, V`ma H$aUo hr H$m`} {ejH$mcm àË`j emio_Üò H$amdr cmJVmV. `mgmR>r {ejH$m§À`m ì`mdgm{`H$ {dH$mgmMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho.

3. AmZwf§{JH$ C{ÔîQ>ço (Consequences Objectives){d{dY àg§Jr àËòH$ {dÚmÏ`mªMo CVa ghmÜ`m`r {dÚmÏ`mªer dV©Z H$em àH$maMo AgVo `mMr Zm|X

{ejH$ g§H${cV Zm|XnÌH$mV H$aVmV. {dÚmÏ`mªMo àmg§{JH$ dV©Z AZwe§{JH$ C{Ôï>m§_Üò g_m{dï> hmoVo. {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m `m dV©ZmMr Zm|X ZH$iV KoVcr OmVo. hr ZmoXdñVw{Zð>nUo H$er ¿`mdr `mMo H$m¡eë` {ejH$

{ejH$ {ejU & 23


{ejU {dH${gV H$arV AgVo.

4. ^mdmË_H$ C{ÔîQ>ço (Affective Objectives)^mdmË_H$ C{Ôï>m§_Üò Ñï>rH$moZ, _yëò, lÕm Am{U ZmVog§~§Y `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. ^mdmË_H$ C{ÔîQ>ço

hr gm_m{ZH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òMm A{d^mÁ` ^mJ Agë`m_wio Vr gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$mcm {d{dY H¥$Vr `moOZm V`ma H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr A§_c~OmdUr H$amdr cmJVo. ^md{ZH$ ~wÕr_ÎmoÀ`m ZdrZ g§H$ënZoZwgma OrdZmV èñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r ~wÕr_Îmonojm ^md{ZH$ ~wÕr_Îmm _hÎdmMr R>aVo. {dÚmÏ`mªZr emioV KoVcoë`m {ejUmMo g_mOmV Cn`moOZ H$aUo Ano{jV AgVo. `mH$[aVm Ë`mMm gH$mamË_H$ Ñï>rH$moZ, {d{dY _yëò, lÕm `m§Mr OS>UKS>U emioV hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. {ejH$m§Zr {dÚmÏ`mªZm `mo½` Vo _mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mr j_Vm d H$m¡eëò `m§Mm {dH$mg H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. {ejH$mÀ`m j_Vm, JwU d H$m¡eë`mMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$mÀ`m V`marMr åhUOoM {ejH$ {ejUmMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho.

{ejH$mÀ`m ì`mdgm{`H$ V`marMr JaO nwT>rc _wÔo {dMmamV KoVë`mg A{YH$ ñnï> hmoB©c -A) AÚ`mdV kmZg§nmXZ

~XcË`m V§ÌkmZmZwgma AÚ`mdV nÕVr d V§Ìo `m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z Amnë`m {df`mMo gImoc kmZ {dÚmÏ`m©cm XoUo Ano{jV Amho. Ë`mgmR>r AÚ`mdaV AÜ`mnZ nÕVr, V§Ìo, AZwXoegm{hË` `mMo kmZ {ejH$mcm dJm©Ü`mnZmMr C{ÔîQ>ço gmÜ` H$aÊ`mg Cn`wŠV R>aoc.

Am) {dÚmÏ`mªMm {dH$mg {ejUmMo _w»` C{Ôï> åhUOo {dÚmÏ`m©Mm gdmª{JU {dH$mg H$aUo, "_mUgmcr X¡dr nyU©ËdmMo àH$Q>rH$aU

H$aUo åhUOo {ejU' Ago ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X åhUVmV. ho {ejUmMo C{Ôï> Amho. ho C{Ôï> gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r gO©Zerc d ~XcË`m H$mimMm doY KoUmam {ejH$ Agm`cm hdm. Oa {ejH$mcm {dÚmÏ`mªMm gdmª{JU {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY H$m ©̀̀ moOZm _mhrV AgVrc, Ë`m§Mr ̀ mo½` Vr A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mMo H$m¡eë` Ë`m§À`mOdi Agoc VaM Vmo Amdí`H$ Vr `moOZm am~dyZ {dÚmÏ`mªMm {dH$mg H$ê$ eH$Vmo. gdmª{JU {dH$mgmV {dÚmÏ`mªMm Ñï>rH$moZ, j_Vm, H$m¡eë`, _yë` `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m A§JmMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mMo {ejU {ejH$mcm XoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. `mgmR>r godmnyd© {ejH$m§Mr ì`mdgm{`H$ V`mar H$ê$Z KoUo JaOoMo Amho.

C) AÜ`mnZemómVrc AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌmMm dmna AÜ`mnZemñÌmV ZdZdrZ V§Ìo d nÕVr d gmYZo `m§Mm g§emoYZmZwgma g_mdoe hmoVmo. hr ZdZdrZ

V§Ì gmYZo d nÕVr dmnaÊ`mMo kmZ {ejH$mcm Agoc VaM Vmo {ejH$ AÜ`mnZmV Ë`m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z AÜ`mnZmMr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm dmT>dy eHo$c. hr ZdZdrZ gmYZo d V§Ìo AÜ`mnZemómV H«$m§Vr KS>dyZ AmU-VmV. na§Vw hr H«$m§Vr KS>{dÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$mcm Ë`m§Mm `mo½` Vmo dmna H$aÊ`mMo H$m¡eë` AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. Amnë`m {df`rMo AÚ`mdV kmZ, Ë`mgmR>r CncãY Agcocr gmYZo d V§Ìo `m§Mm AÜ`mnZmV dmna H$ê$Z Ame` d nÕVr `m§Mr gm§JS> KmcÊ`mMo à{ejU {ejH$mcm {ejH$ {ejUmVyZ {Xco OmVo.

B©) {ejH$m§Mm ì`mdgm{`H$ {dH$mg {ejH$mcm ñdV:Mo _yë`m§H$Z H$aVm ̀ oUo hmhr Ë`mÀ`m ì`dgm`mMm EH$ ̂ mJ Amho. AÜ`mnZH$m`© CËH¥$ï>

H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`m_Üò Agcoë`m j_Vm, gm_Ï`} {ejH$mcm _mhrV Agco nm{hOo. na§Vw Ë`mM~amo~a Amnë`m H$_VaVm OmUyZ KoÊ`mMr j_Vm Ë`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr Agmdr Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mcm SWOT {dícofU V§ÌmMr _m{hVr Am{U Ë`mMm Adc§~ `mMohr kmZ AgUo JaOoMo Amho.

5. gm_m{OH$ ~m§{YcH$s{ejU ho g_mOn[adV©ZmMo d gm_m{OH$ {dH$mgmMo à_wI gmYZ Amho. Ë`m_wio {ejUm_Üò g_mOmÀ`m

24 & {ejH$ {ejU


JaOm d Anojm `mMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. {ejUmÛmao g_mOmV H«$m§Vr hmoV Agë`mZo {ejH$m§Zr gm_m{OH$ ~m§{YH$cr OnUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. {dÚmÏ`mª_Üò gm_m{OH$ _yë`m§Mm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mcm ñddV©ZmVyZ {d{dY g_mOmon`moJr _yëò éOdmdr cmJVmV. åhUyZ gm_m{OH$ {dH$mgmMr j_Vm {ejUm_Üò {dH${gV hmoUo JaOoMo Amho.

3.2.2 nyd©àmW{_H$, àmW{_H$, _mÜ`{_H$, Cƒ_mÜ`{_H$ Am{U _hm{dÚmc`rZ ñVamda {ejH$m§Mr ŷ{_H$m Am{U j_Vm Role and Competencies required of teachers at the Pre-primary, Primary, Secondary, Higher Secondary and the

tertiary Levels.gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmV {ejH$mMr AË`§V _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m AgVo. {ejUmÀ`m gd©M ñVamda JwUdÎmm

àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$co OmV AmhoV. {ejUmMr JwUdÎmm R>a{dÊ`mMo n[aUm_ åhUOo Ë`mVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmar JwUdmZ nrT>r hmo`. hr nrT>r KS>{dÊ`mMo H$m`© {ejH$ H$aVmo. `m g§X^m©V Am§Vaamï´>r` {ejU Am`moJmMo (S>ocma Am`moJ) åhUOo _hÎdnyU© dmQ>Vo.

"In any event, no reform can succeed without the co-operation and active participation of teachers.” - Delor's Commission.

{ejH$m§À`m ì`mdgm{`H$ j_Vm {ZpíMV H$aUo d Ë`m {dH${gV H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo à`ËZ H$aUo Agm àdmh Zì`mZo {ejUjoÌmV òV Amho. {ejH$ hm e¡j{UH$ JwUdÎmm dmT>{dÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$òVrc gdmªV à^mdr KQ>H$ _mZcm OmVmo. Ë`mÑï>rZo {ejH$m§_Yrc, {df`kmZ, AÜ`mnZH$m¡eë`, AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMm dmna B. j_Vm d¥qÕJV H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. amï´>{Z_m©U d amï´>{dH$mgmMo H$m`© H$aVmZm {ejH$mcm {d{dY ^y{_H$m nma nmS>mì`m cmJVrc d Ë`mgmR>r H$mimZwê$n {d{dY j_Vm ñdV:V dmT>dmì`m cmJVrc.

nyd©àmW{_H$, àmW{_H$, _mÜ`{_H$, Cƒ _mÜ`{_H$ Am{U _hm{dÚmc`rZ ñVamda {ejH$mÀ`m ŷ{_H$m -1. _yë`g§dY©Z H$aUmam

{ejH$mZo àmW{_H$ ñVamnmgyZ _hm{dÚmc`rZ ñVamn`ªV _yë`g§dY©H$m§Mr ^y{_H$m èñdr[aË`m nma nmS>Uo {ejH$mÀ`m AmMmag§{hVoZwgma A{Zdm`© Amho. {ejH$m§À`m AmMaUmV Z¡{VH$ _yë`m§Mo A{Yð>mZ Agoc Va Mm[aÍ`g§nÞ {dÚmWu {ZpíMV KS>Vrc. Ho$di ^m¡{VH$ àJVrZo OrdZmVr gd©M gwIg_mYmZ {_idVm òV Zmhr. åhUyZM {dÚmÏ`mª_Üò d¡km{ZH$ Ñï>rH$moZm~amo~a Z¡{VH$ _yë`m§Mr ê$OdU d g§dY©Z {ejH$mcm H$amdo cmJVo. {ejUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ cmoH$emhrcm nmofH$ ZmJ[aH$ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$mcm d¡`{ŠVH$ d gm_m{OH$ _yë`m§Mm {dH$mg d g§dY©Z H$amdo cmJVo hr ^y{_H$m ~OmdVmZm Ë`mcm {ZË`ZyVZ AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmÀ`m g§emoYZmMmhr AmYma ¿`mdm cmJVmo.

2. _mZdr g§~§Y {dH${gV H$aUmam ì`ŠVrMm {dH$mg g_mOmVyZ hmoVmo Va g_mO ì`ŠVrÀ`m {dH$mgmcm nmofH$ dmVmdaU {Z_m©U H$aVmo.

àËòH$ g_mOmMm gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmaga OnUmè`m g_mOmgmR>r g_mOdmXr ZmJa{H$ {Z_m©U H$ê$Z _mZdr g§~§Ym§Zm _hÎd XoUmam ZmJ[aH$ KS>{dÊ`mMo H$m`© {ejH$mcm H$amdo cmJVo. g_mOm_Üò _mZdr g§~§Y {d{dY H$m`©H«$_mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ d¥qÕJV H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^y{_H$m {ejH$mcm ~Omdmdr cmJVo. {ejU d g_mO ho nañnamdc§~r AgyZ {ejUm_ÜòM g§ñH¥$VrMr _yëò d na§nam hm gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmagm EH$ {nT>rVyZ Xþgè`m {nT>rH$S>o g§H«${_V H$aÊ`mMo gm_Ï`© Amho. ho g_OyZ KoD$Z _mZdr g§~§Y OmonmgÊ`mMo H$m`© {ejH$mcm H$amdo cmJVo.

{ejH$ {ejU & 25


3. ì`{ŠVñdmV§Í`mMm CnmgH$ àËòH$ AÜ``ZH$Vm© hm _hÎdnyU© ì`ŠVr Amho hr ì`pŠV_ÎdmMr g§H$ënZm {ejH$mZo H$m`_ cjmV

R>odmdr. AmOMr {ejUnÕMr hr {dÚmWuH|$ÐrV Agë`mZo àËòH$ d`moJQ>mVrc {dÚmÏ`mªMo _mZgemó cjmV KoD$Z {ejH$mcm AÜ`mnZmMo H$m`© H$amdo cmJVo. àËòH$mcm ì`{ŠVñdmV§Í` Agë`m_wio àËòH$ {dÚmÏ`m©Mm àW_ ì`ŠVr åhUyZ AmXa H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí`H$ Ë`m H¥$Vr H$aVmZm àËòH$ AÜ``ZH$Ë`m©cm gh^mJr hmoÊ`mMr g§Yr CncãY H$ê$Z Úmdr `m àH$mao {ejH$mZo ì`{ŠVñdmV§Í`mMm AmXa H$ê$Z Ë`mMo CnmgH$ ~Zmdo.

4. {d{dY kmZemIm§H$S>o g_Ýd` gmYUmam {deofk {d{dY ñVamda [ejH$ åhUyZ H$m`© H$aVmZm Ë`mcm {d{dY kmZemIm§_Yrc kmZmMm {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m

gdmª{JU {dH$mgmgmR>r Cn`moJ H$amdm cmJVmo. `m kmZemIm§_Yrc AÚ`mdV kmZ J«hU H$aVmZm {ejH$mÀ`m kmZmMm Am{U H$m¡eë`mMm H$g cmJVmo. `m kmZemIm§_Yrc {c{IV Am{U A{c{IV gm{hË`mMm dmna H$ê$Z AÜ``Z - AÜ`mnZ à{H«$`m gwc^ ~Z{dÊ`mMo H$m`© {ejH$mcm H$amdo cmJVo. AÜ`mnZ CËH¥$ï> hmoD$Z Vo {MaH$mc {Q>H$Ê`mgmR>r {ejH$mcm CVa kmZemIm§Vrc kmZmMm g_Ýd` gmYVm Amcm nm{hOo. VaM Vmo Amnë`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm àJV kmZ XoÊ`mg nmÌ R>aoc. {d{dY kmZemIm d Ë`mVrc AÚ`mdV kmZ `m§Mr _m{hVr AgÊ`m~amo~aM {VMm dmna H$aÊ`mMo H$m¡eë`hr {ejH$mcm AdJV AgUo JaOoMo Amho.

5. ì`dgm` _mJ©Xe©H$ d g_wnXoeH$ AÜ`mnZm~amo~a {ejUmVyZ _Zwî`~i {Z_m©U ìhmdo `mH$[aVm {ejUmÀ`m àËòH$ ñVamda {ejH$mcm

ì`dgm` _mJ©Xe©H$ åhUyZhr _hÎdnyU© ̂ y{_H$m ~Omdmdr cmJVo. {dÚmÏ`m©À`m j_Vm Am{U A{^ê$Mr cjmV KoD$Z Ë`m§Zm ì`dgm` _mJ©Xe©Z H$amdo cmJVo. Ë`m§Zr \$mdë`m doioMm gXþn`moJ H$gm H$amdm, Hw$_mamdñWoVrc AÜ``ZmÏ`mªZr nmcH$m§er H$go OwidyZ ¿òdo `mg§X^m©V d¡`{ŠVH$ g_wnXoeZ H$amdo cmJVo.

6. g_mOn[adV©Z {ejU ho g_m{OH$ {dH$mg d n[adV©ZmMo gmYZ Amho. {ejUmMr C{ÔîQ>ço hr amï´>mÀ`m JaOm cjmV

KoD$Z R>a{dcr OmVmV. {ejUmVyZ hr C{Ôï>o àËòH$ ñVamZwgma {ejH$mcm gmÜ` H$amdr cmJVmV. `mgmR>r àËòH$ ñVamda {ejH$mMr ^y{_H$m _hÎdnyU© R>aVo. åhUOoM g_mOn[adV©ZmMr O~m~Xmar {ejH$mcm nocmdr cmJVo.

7. g§emoYH$ g§emoYZ hr kmZmMr OZZr Amho. {d{dY g_ñ`m§Mo {ZamH$aU g§emoYZmÛmao H$aVm ̀ oVo. {ejUmÀ`m {d{dY

ñVamda H$m`© H$aVmZm CX²^dUmè`m g_ñ`m§Mr CH$c H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$ g§emoYZ H$m`© hmVr KoVmV d emór` nÕVrZo g_ñ`m§Mo g_mYmZ H$ê$Z KoVmV. {ejH$m_Yrc g§emoYZd¥Îmr Ë`mcm gO©Zerc H$m`© H$aÊ`mg VgoM ZdmonH«$_ hmVr KoÊ`mg àoaH$ R>aVo. åhUyZ {ejH$ H$moUË`mhr ñVamda H$m`© H$aUmam Agmo, Ë`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr g§emoYZd¥Îmr AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

8. CnMmamË_H$ AÜ`mnZH$Vm© Ano{jV C{Ôï>m§n`ªV _Oc _mê$ Z eH$coë`m {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r Ho$co OmUmao AÜ`mnZ åhUOo CnMmamË_H$

AÜ`mnZ hmo`.EH$mM dJm©V EH$mM d`moJQ>mMo {dÚmWu gma»`mM nÕVrZo AÜ``Z H$aVrc Ago Zmhr. H$mhr {dÚmWu

Aä`mgmV AJ«oga AgVmV Va H$mhr VwcZoZo _mJo nS>VmV. VwcZoZo _mJo nS>Umè`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m AÜ`Z _mJmgconUmMo {ZXmZ {ejH$mcm H$amdo cmJVo. `mgmR>r Z¡Xm{ZH$ H$gmoQ>çm {ejH$mÀ`m _XVrcm òVmV.

26 & {ejH$ {ejU


Z¡Xm{ZH$ H$gmoQ>çm§À`m AmYmao {ZXmZ Ho$ë`mZ§Va _yi àdmhmV AmUÊ`mgmR>r `m _wcm§Zm CnMmamË_H$ AÜ`mnZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. CnMmamË_H$ AÜ`mnZmgmR>r emco` doioì`{V[aŠV doi XoÊ`mMr {ejH$mMr V`mar Agmdr cmJVo. doioMo `mo½` Vo {Z`moOZ d A§_c~OmdUr H$aVmZ {ejH$mMo H$m¡eë`nUmcm cmJVo. ho H$m`© {ejUmÀ`m àËòH$ ñVamda H$amdo cmJV Agë`m_wio {ejH$mcm àËòH$ ñVamda CnMmamË_H$ AÜ`mnZH$Ë`m©Mr ^y{_H$m {Z^dmdr cmJVo.

9. d¡km{ZH$ Ñï>rH$moZmMm nwañH$Vm© 2� do eVH$ ho {dkmZ V§ÌkmZmMo Amho. ̀ mgmR>r àW_V: {ejH$ d¡km{ZH$ >Ñï>rH$moZmMm A§{JH$ma H$aUmam

Agcm nm{hOo. amï´> {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo gmYZ {ejU Agë`m_wio {dH$mgmV AS>ga R>aUmè`m A§YlÕm§Zm d¡km{ZH$ X¥ï>rH$moZmÀ`m {dMmaYmaoVyZ nm`~§X H$aVm ̀ oVmo d {dkmZ{Zð>m d H$_©\$cmda {ejH$mMm R>m_ {dídmg Agoc VaM Vmo _wcm§_Üò dñVy{Zð> {dMmagaUr {Z_m©U H$ê$ eHo$c. `mÑ{ï>Zo {ejH$mMr d¡km{ZH$ Ñï>rH$moZmMr ^y{_H$m _hÎdnyU© ~Xc g_mOmV KS>dyZ AmUy eHo$c.

10. cmoH$emhrMm nwañH$Vm© cmoH$m§Zr cmoH$m§Mo Am{U cmoH$m§gmR>r Ho$coco amÁ` åhUOo cmoH$emhr amÁ` hmo`. Aer A~«mh_ qcH$Z

`m§Zr cmoH$emhrMr ì`m»`m Ho$cocr Amho. cmoH$emhr_Üò OmV, Y_©, n§W, dU©, Jar~ - lr_§V hm ôX Ho$cm OmV Zmhr. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoV Z_yX Ho$cocr g_Vm, Ý`m`, ñdmV§Í`, ~§YwVm `m VÎdm§Mm A§{JH$ma Amnë`m XoemZo Ho$cocm Amho. cmoH$emhrVrc hr emídV _yëò {ejUmVyZ H$moUË`mhr ñVamdarc {ejH$mZo {dÚmÏ`m©À`m _Zmda q~~dcr nm{hOo.

Aem {d{dY ^y{_H$m ~OmdyZ àËòH$ ñVamdarc {ejH$ àJë^ amï´> {Z_m©UmV _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m ~Om-dVmV.

{d{dY ñVamda {ejH$m§_Üò Ano{jV Agcoë`m j_Vm {ejH$m§À`m ì`mdgm{`H$ j_Vm {ZpíMV H$aUo d Ë`m {dH${gV H$aÊ`mMm Ñï>rZo à`ËZ H$aUo. Agm

àdmh Zì`mZo {ejUjoÌmV òV Amho. {ejH$ hm e¡j{UH$ JwUdÎmm dmT>{dÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$òVrc gdmªV à^mdr KQ>H$ _mZcm OmVmo. Ë`mÑï>rZo {ejH$m§Mr j_Vm dmT>{dUo JaOoMo R>aVo.

AÜ`mnZ H$m¡eë`, AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZ dmnaÊ`mMo H$m¡eë`, {df`kmZ nÕVrÛmao dmnaÊ`mMo H$m¡eë`m `m§Zm àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. àËòH$ ì`ŠVr ñdV:hÿZ Iyn kmZ àmá H$ê$ eH$Vo. Ë`mda {dMma d qMVZ H$ê$Z, H$ënH$VoMr OmoS> XoD$Z Amnco A§JrH¥$V H$m`© A{YH$ Mm§Jë`m àH$mao H$ê$ eH$Vo. `m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ {ejH$m§_Yrc j_Vm§Mr {dMma _hÎdmMm R>aVmo.

àËòH$ ì`ŠVr_Üò CnOV JwU d gwá eŠVs `m§Mm âUm AgVmo. Ë`m§Mo ê$nm§Va Ñí` Cn`mo{JVoV hmoVo. Voìhm Ë`m à{H«$òg "j_Vm' Ago åhUVmV.

j_Vm åhUOo A§V[aH$ eŠVs. {ejUH«$_mÀ`m g§X^m©V `meŠVs ~m¡{ÕH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m AmhoV. Ë`m {ejUmÛmao {dH${gV H$aVm òVmV.

H$moUVhr H$m_ èñdrnU© nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r Ë`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m {R>H$mUr OÝ_OmV (Innate) Am{U g§nm{XV (Acquired) j_Vm Agmì`m cmJVmV. {ejH$ åhUOo EH$ ì`mdgm{`H$, Ë`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr H$mhr {ZpíMV j_Vm§Mr Anojm AgVo. {ejH$mZo ì`mdgm{`H$ H$m_m§gmR>r ñdV:cm g‚m H$amdo. ì`mdgm{`H$ H$m_© `mo½` A§VÑ©ï>r R>odyZ H$m`©j_VoZo VS>rg ZoÊ`mgmR>r gj_ ~Zmdo åhUyZ j_VmjoÌo {ZpíMV Ho$cr AmhoV.

{ejUmÀ`m H$moUË`mhr ñVamda H$m`© H$aUmè`m {ejH$m_Üò Ë`m Ë`m ñVamZwgma j_Vm AgUo Ano[jV Amho. {ejUm_Üò JwUmË_H$ ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo {ejH$mMr ^y{_H$m _hÎdnyU© Amho. na§Vw Ë`mhrnojm Ë`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr Agcoë`m j_Vm {ejUà{H«$òÀ`m _yimer Amho.

{ejH$ {ejUmMm Aä`mgH«$_ XoVmZm amï´>r` {ejH$ {ejU n[afXoZo (NCTE) Z_yX Ho$coë`m Xhm

{ejH$ {ejU & 27


j_Vm nwT>rc à_mUo g§X^© j_Vm (Contexual Competencies)g§~moY j_Vm (Conceptual Competencies)Ame`kmZ j_Vm (Content Knowledge)e¡j{UH$ ì`dhma j_Vm / AÜ`mnZ j_Vm (Transactional Competencies)e¡j{UH$ CnH«$_ j_Vm (Competencies Related other Educational Activities)e¡j{UH$ gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr d dmna j_Vm (Competencies Related to Teaching and learning material)_yë`_mnZ j_Vm (Evaluaction Competencies)ì`dñWmnZ j_Vm (Management Competencies)nmcH$ ghH$m`© j_Vm (Competencies Related to Parental Co-Operation)g_mO ghH$m`© j_Vm (Competencies Realted to Co-operation with Community)àËòH$ j_VoMo ñdê$n cjmV òÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m j_Vm§Mm g{dñVa AmT>mdm nwT>rc à_mUo -

1. g§X^© j_Vm (Contexual Competencies)Amnë`m H$m`m©er g§~§{YV H$V©ìò C{Ôï>m§Zwê$n nma nmS>VmZm Ë`m H$m`m©Mm C{Vhmg, nmíd©^y_r, gÚ:

pñWVr d C{ÔîQ>ço `m§Mo {d{dY g§X^© d g§~§Y OmUÊ`mMr d Ë`mÛmao ñdV: ào[aV hmoD$Z CVam§Zm ào[aV H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm åhUOoM g§X^© j_Vm hmo`.

{ejH$mMm ì`dgm` hm {ejUà{H«$òÀ`m ^mJm~amo~aM g§nyU© g_mOì`dñWoMm d gm§ñH¥${VH$VoMm ^mJ Amho. åhUyZM amï´>r` d amÁ`nmVirdarc {ejUì`dñWoMo kmZm {ejH$mcm AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. gdªH$f, ì`mnH$ nmVirda d ñWm{ZH$ÑîQ>çm `m ì`dñWoMo ZmVo H$moUVo `mMo kmZ {ejH$mcm AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. H$_r nQ> Zm|XUr, JiVr, ñW{JVr `mgma»`m àíZm§Mrhr OmUrd Agmdr. {ejH$mÀ`m H¥$Vr~Ôc g_mOmV {dídmgmh©Vm {Z_m©U Pmcr nm{hOo. {dÚ_mZ g§X^m©~m~V Vo OmJê$H$ Agco nm{hOoV Am{U Ë`m g§X^m©V Ë`m§À`m j_Vm§Mm d H$m¡eë`m§Mm {dH$mg Pmcm nm{hOo. {ejH$m§Zr {ejUmMm gÚ:pñWVrÀ`m g§X^m©V ^mZ R>odco nm{hOo. XoemMo gÜ`mMo e¡j{UH$ YmoaU Ë`mgmR>r {Z`moOZ~Õ H$m`©H«$_, `moOZm, {ejUmdarc Am{W©H$ IM©, XoemÀ`m {ejUì`dñWoMr ì`már, àemgH$s` ñdê$n, g_mOmÀ`m Anojm `m Jmooï>tMo qMVZ Ho$ë`mg {ejH$m§Zm Amnë`m O~m~XmarMo ̂ mZ ̀ oB©c. Amncr Zo_H$s ̂ y{_H$m d H$V©ì` ̀ mMr OmUrd hmoB©c. g§X^©j_Vm {dH${gV H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejU{df`H$ coIm§Mo g§H$cZ, AmH$medmUr, XÿaXe©Zdarc {ejU{df`H$ H$m`©H«$_m§À`m _hÎdmÀ`m Zm|Xr, {ejU ì`dñWog§~§Yr CncãY g§X^©J«§Wm§Mo dmMZ d qMVZ B. Jmoï>r {ejH$mcm H$aVm òVrc.

2. g§~moY j_Vm (Conceptual Competencies){ejUmVrc {gÕmÝV Am{U {d{dY {dMmaàdmh, nÕVr, V§Ìo d g§km `m§À`m~Ôc nyU© d¡Mm[aH$ ñnï>Vm

AgUo åhUOoM g§~moY j_Vm hmo`.{ejH$mÛmao {ejUà{H«$`m {dÚmWu H|$ÐrV, H¥$Vrerc d AmZ§XXm`r hmoUo Ano{jV Amho. `m à{H«$òMo

ñdê$n d Ë`mg§~§YrMr H$m¡eëò Am{U Am`mo{OV H$amd`mMo CnH«$_ `m~m~VMo g§~moY {ejH$m§Zm ñnï>nUo _mhrV AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. g§~moYm~m~V d¡Mm[aH$ ñnï>Vm òÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m g§~moYmMm AW© H$m` Am{U Vmo g§~moY H$gm ñnï> H$aVm òB©c `mda qMVZ H$amdo. dmMZ, MMm© Am{U Ë`mg§X^m©Vrc qMVZ `m_wio g§~moY A{YH$ ñnï> hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

g§~moY j_Vm {dH${gV H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmMZ, _ZZ, qMVZ, JQ>MMm©, VÁkm§Zr ì`m»`mZo, AmH$medmUr, XÿaXe©Zdarc e¡j{UH$ H$m`©H«$_ nmhUo `m Jmooï>rV {ejH$mZo OmUrdnyd©H$ gh^mJ KoVcm nm{hOo.

�.2.3.4.5.6.

7.8.9.�0.

28 & {ejH$ {ejU


3. Ame`kmZ j_Vm (Content Knowledge)e¡j{UH$ C{Ôï>nyVugmR>r Aä`mgH«$_mVrc {d{hV {df`, Ë`mVrc nmR>çm§e Am{U {dÚmÏ`mªZm Úmd`mMo

AÜ``Z AZw^d `m~m~VMo gImoc kmZ AgUo åhUOo Ame`kmZ j_Vm hmo`.àËòH$ ñVamdarc {ejH$m§Zm {dÚmÏ`mª_Üò KS>dyZ AmUmd`mMo ~Xc {d{dY {df`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ

gmÜ` H$amd`mMo AgVmV. ̀ m {df`mM Ame`{dícofU _hÎdmMo AgVo. AÜ``Z - AÜ`mnZ à{H«$`m à^mdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r d Ë`mg nyU©Ëd AmUÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$m§Zr Aä`mgH«$_ Am{U nmR>çnwñVH$mVrc nmR>çm§emda à^wËd {_idco nm{hOo. `mgmR>r {ejH$m§Zm Aä`mgH«$_ d nmR>çm§emÀ`m AZwe§JmZo {ejH$ hñVnwpñVH$m, g§X^©J«§W, eãXH$moe CË`mXrMm gImoc Aä`mg H$ê$Z ñdV:Mo Ame`kmZ g_¥Õ H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

Ame`kmZ j_Vm dmT>dÊ`mgmR>r àËòH$ {ejH$mZo AmH$medmUr d XÿaXe©Zda àgm[aV hmoUmè`m e¡j{UH$ H$m`©H«$_m§Mm cm^ ¿`mdm. nmR>çnwpñVH$m§Mm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg H$amdm. {ejUmV òUmè`m ZdrZ àdmhm§Mr d g§H$ënZm§Mr à`ËZnyd©H$ _m{hVr H$ê$Z ¿`mdr. doJdoJù`m ñVamdarc {ejH$m§Zr {dMmam§Mr XodmUKodmU H$amdr.

4. e¡j{UH$ ì`dhma j_Vm / AÜ`mnZ j_Vm (Transactional Competencies)e¡j{UH$ C{ÔîQ>ço ghOVoZo gmÜ` hmoÊ`mgmR>r X¡Z§{XZ AÜ``Z-AÜ`mnZ à{H«$òVrc {ejH$-{dÚm-

Wu, {dÚmWu-{dÚmWu, {dÚmWu-gm{hË` Am{U {dÚmWu - n[aga `m_Yrc nañna Am§Va{H«$`m AW©nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY nÕVr, CnH«$_ Am{U V§Ìo `m§Mo EH$mË_ ñdê$nmV à^mdr dmna H$aÊ`mMo {ejH$m§_Xrc H$m¡eë` åhUOo e¡j{UH$ ì`dhma j_Vm.

AÜ``Z - AÜ`mnZ à{H«$òV {dÚmWu d {ejH$ `m§À`m_Yrc Am§Va{H«$`m _hÎdmÀ`m AgVmV. {Z`moOZ, AÜ``Z, AÜ`mnZ à{H«$`m d _yë`_mnZ `m VrZ ñVam§da {ejUà{H«$òMo H$m`© gwê$ AgVo. _mZgemó, ì`dñWmnZemó, gm_m{OH$ Ame` `m§Mo EH$ÌrH$aU H$ê$Z e¡j{UH$ ì`dhma KS>cm nm{hOo. ~mcH$mÀ`m {dH$mgmMr à{H«$`m, ì`dñWmnZ à{H«$`m `m§Mo kmZ {dÚmWu / {ejH$m§Zo XoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`mVyZ {dÚmÏ`m©Mo A{YH$m{YH$ AÜ``Z hmoD$ eHo$c

emioV Am{U n[agamV Á`m {d{dY KQ>H$m§er {dÚmÏ`mªMr Am§Va{H«$`m KSy>Z Ë`m§Mo {ejU hmoVo Vo gd© g§~§{YV KQH$ Am{U Ë`m gd© Am§Va{H«$`m§Mm "e¡j{UH$ ì`dhma' `m g§koV g_mdoe hmoVmo. {ejH$mMr àËòH$ H¥$Vr {dÚmWu dV©Zmcm H$iV ZH$iV ào[aV H$aVo. {dÚmÏ`mª_Üò AmË_gÝ_mZ, AmË_{dídmg, AmË_àoaUm Am{U ñdm{^_mZ d¥qÕJV H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$m§Zr Amnë`m dmJÊ`m-~mocÊ`mVyZ nmofH$ dmVmdaU {Z_m©U Ho$co nm{hOo. {ejH$m§Zr AmMmaa-{dMma Am{U g§^mfUmVyZ {dÚmÏ`mª_Üò AmnwcH$s {Z_m©U Ho$cr nm{hOo. {ejH$ Oo H$mhr H$aVmV Vo {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m ^ë`mgmR>rM H$aVmV hm {dídmg {dÚmWu d nmcH$m§_Üò {Z_m©U Pmcm nm{hOo. ì`dhmamV XodmUKodmU AgVo. e¡j{UH$ ì`dhmamVrc åhUOo {ejH$m§Zr C{ÔîQ>ço, j_Vm Am{U {df`mcm nyaH$ Aer H¥$Vr Am{U CnH«$_ `m§À`m ñdê$nmVrc àg§JmZw^d {dÚmÏ`mªZm Úmd`mMo Am{U {dÚmÏ`mªH$Sy>Z à{VgmX ¿`md`mMm Agm ì`dhma AgVmo. e¡j{UH$ ì`dhma à^mdr[aË`m {ejH$mH$Sy>Z hmoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mÀ`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmV kmZ, gX²d¥Îmr, gËH¥$Vr ho _hÎdmMo VrZ n¡cy Agco nm{hOo.

5. e¡j{UH$ CnH«$_ j_Vm (Competencies Related other Educational Activities)e¡j{UH$ C{Ôï>nyVugmR>r nmofH$ Ago Aä`mg{df`H$ Am{U ghemco` CnH«$_ H$ënH$VoZo `moOyZ Ë`m§Mr

gyÌ~Õ d à^mdr H$m`©dmhr H$aÊ`mMo H$m¡eë` åhUOo e¡j{UH$ CnH«$_j_Vm hmo`. {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m gdmª{JU {dH$mgmV Aä`mgmZwdVu H$m`©H«$_m§Zm AZwgê$Z `mo½` CnH«$_m§Mr {ZdS> H$aUo ho

gwÕm EH$ H$m¡eë` Amho. {ZdS>coë`m CnH«$_m§Mr C{ÔîQ>ço {ZpíMV H$amdr cmJVmV.CnH«$_m§Mo `mo½` {Z`moOZ Am{U n[aUm_H$maH$ H$m`©dmhr `mdaM CnH«$_mMo è Adc§~yZ AgVo.

CnH«$_ gwê$ AgVmZm Ë`mMm dma§dma AmT>md KoUo Am{U Vmo nyU© Pmë`mZ§Va _yë`_mnZ H$aUo JaOoMo R>aVo. CnH«$_mMr {ZdS> H$aVmZm Vo AÜ``Z AÜ`mnZmMm`m C{Ôï>m§Zm Ý`m` XoUmao, {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m gh^mJmcm A{YH$

{ejH$ {ejU & 29


dmd XoUmao Am{U Am`moOZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo gwH$a AgUmao AgmdoV. CnH«$m_mMo {Z`moOZ d H$m`©dmhr H$aVmZm Amdí`H$ gm{hË`, OmJm, gh^mJr KQ>H$, doi CË`mXr Jmoï>r {dMmamV ¿`mdm cmJVmV. CnH«$_mMr H$m`©dmhr gwê$ AgVmZm {ejH$mMr ^y{_H$m _mJ©Xe©H$mMr Agmdr. e¡j{UH$ CnH«$_m§_wio AÜ`mnZ {dÚmWu H|$ÐrV hmoUo, {ejU à{H«$`m H¥$VràYmZ d AmZ§XXm`r hmoVo. {ejH$ d {dÚmWu `m§À`m gO©ZercVocm g§Yr {_iyZ {dÚmÏ`mª_Yrc gwá JwUm§Mm emoY KoVcm OmVmo.

{ejH$m§Zr ñdV:Vrc e¡j{UH$ CnH«$_ercVm OmJ{dÊ`mgmR>r dV©_mZnÌmVrc e¡j{UH$ CnH«$_m§{df`r _OHw$am§Mr H$mÌUo g§H${cV H$amdrV. CnH«$_mMo {Z`moZ H$aVodoir hr H$mÌUo Cn`wŠV R>aVmV. e¡j{UH$ àXe©Zm§Zm ôQ>r Úmì`mV. Amnë`m n[agamVrc AmXe© R>acoë`m emim§Zm ôQ>r XoD$Z {d{dY e¡j{UH$ CnH«$_m§g§~§Yr {ejH$, _w»`mÜ`mnH$m§er MMm© H$ê$Z _m{hVr {_idmdr.

6. e¡j{UH$ CnH«$_ j_Vm (Competencies Related other Educational Activities)e¡j{UH$ C{ÔîQ>ço gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r AÜ``Z AÜ`mnZ à{H«$òV CncãY n[aga d gm{hË` `m§Mm Am{U

H$ënH$VoZo e¡j{UH$ gm{hË` V`ma H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mm AW©nyU© Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm åhUOo e¡j{UH$ gm{hË` {Z{_©Vr d dmna j_Vm hmo`.

AÜ`mnZmH$S>o {dÚmÏ`mªMo cj {IidyZ R>odÊ`mH$aVm {df` gmonm H$aÊ`mH$aVm, `mo½` gm{hË`mMr {ZdS> H$aUo dm V`ma H$aUo Am{U Ë`m gm{hË`mMm `mo½` Vmo dmna H$aUo `mg§~§Yr gm§Jmonm§J {dMma H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. Á`mdoir àH$ën AZw^d XoUo eŠ` ZgVo, Ë`mdoir à{VH¥$Vr, {MÌo `m§gma»`m e¡j{UH$ gm{hË`mMm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio {dÚmÏ`m©Mo AÜ``Z AW©nyU© hmoVoo. AÜ``Z AÜ`mnZ AW©nyU© hmoÊ`mgmR>r e¡j{UH$ gm{hË` `mo½` doir d `mo½` nÕVrZo dmnamdo cmJVo. {d{dY g§~moY, g§H$ënZm d à{H«$`m `mg§~§YrMr _m{hVr Ho$di eãXê$nmZo XoÊ`mEodOr e¡j{UH$ gm{hË`mMm dmna H$ê$Z {Xcr Va {dÚmÏ`m§Mo AÜ``Z AW©nyU© hmoVo. e¡j{UH$ gm{hË`mÀ`m dmnam_wio {dÚmÏ`mªMm AÜ``ZmVrc gh^mJ dmT>dVm òVmo. VgoM H$_r doimV H$_r l_mV AÜ``Z AÜ`mnZ à{H«$`m AW©nyU© hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

e¡j{UH$ gm{hË`mMo Mma àH$ma AmhoV -1. _w{ÐV gm{hË`

Aä`mgH«$_ nwpñVH$m, nmR>ç nwñVHo$, {ejH$ hñVnwpñVH$m, e¡j{UH$ _m{gHo$ d àH$meZo, kmZH$moe, g§X^©H$mof CË`mXr.

2. X¥H²$ gmYZo àjo{nV gmYZo - pñWa{MÌ àjonH$, D$Üd©erf© àjonH$, AmoEMnr, {MÌàjonH$, gyú_{MÌ àjonH$ Aàjo{nV gmYZo - ISy> \$im, H$mM \$cH$, Mw§~{H$` \$cH$ Vºo$, ZH$meo C.

3. lmì` gmYZo ao{S>Amo, Q>onaoH$m°S>©a, Üd{ZdY©H$

4. ÑH²$lmì` gmYZo {MÌnQ>, Xÿa{MÌdmUrñdV:Mm ì`mdgm{`H$ XOm© gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$m§Zr hñVnwpñVH$m§Mm Cn`moJ Ho$cm nm{hOo. {MÌo, Vºo$,

ZH$meo, ZdrZ V§ÌkmZmda AmYm[aV Üd{Z{\$V, Üd{Z{MÌ{\$Vr, nmaX{e©H$m, AmH$medmUr, XÿaXe©Z, g§JUH$ `m gm{hË`mMm Cn`moJ {ejH$m§Zr AÜ`mnZ n[aUm_H$maH$ hmoÊ`mgmR>r H$amdm.

e¡j{UH$ gm{hË` {Z{_©Vr d dmna j_Vm {dH${gV H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$m§Zr godm§VJ©V à{ejUmMm cm^ ¿`mdm, e¡j{UH$ gm{hË` {Z{_©VrMÀ`m H¥${VgÌmV gh^mJr ìhmdo. àXe©Zm§Zm ôQ>r Úmì`mV, e¡j{UH$ gmYZm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z AmXe© nmR> ¿`mda d Xþgè`m {ejH$m§Mmhr AmXe nmR> nhmdm. AZw^d d {dMmam§Zr

30 & {ejH$ {ejU


XodmUKodmU H$amdr.

7. _yë`_mnZ j_Vm (Evaluaction Competencies)Aä`mgH«$_mMr gd©gmYmaU C{ÔîQ>ço {H$Vr à_mUmV gmÜ` Pmcr AmhoV Am{U {d{hV Ho$coë`m j_Vm

{dÚmÏ`mª_Üò {H$Vr à_mUmV {dH${gV Pmë`m AmhoV ho gmVË`mZo Am{U nyU©V: nS>VmiyZ nmhÊ`mMr {ejH$m§_Yrc j_Vm åhUOo _yë`_mnZ j_Vm hmo`.

_yë`_mnZ åhUOo {d{dY j_Vm§Mo {dH$gZ gd© {dÚmÏ`mªZm Pmco Amho H$s Zmhr ho {d{dY àH$mao do-imodoir d nyU©V: nS>VmiyZ nmhÊ`mMr EH$ à{H«$`m Amho. AÜ`mnZmVrc AS>MUr AWdm AÜ`mnZmVrc ÌwQ>tMm emoY KoUo ho _yë`_mnZ à{H«$òMo _w»` H$m`© Amho. {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m ~m¡{ÕH$, ^md{ZH$ Am{U {H«$`mË_H$ Aem {VÝhr A§Jm§Mo _yë`_mnZ ìhm`cm hdo. _yë`_mnZ ho {dÚmÏ`m©À`m gdmª{JU àJVrMr gmVË`mZo Am{U nyU©V: nS>VmiUr H$aUmao Am{U AÜ``ZmgmR>r H$m`©àoaUm XoUmao gmYZ Amho. na§Vw _yë`_mnZ à{H«$òVyZ {dÚmÏ`mªda XS>nU {Z_m©U hmoUma Zmhr `mMr XjVm KoUo Oê$arMo Amho. _yë`_mnZmVyZ {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmÀ`m gdmª{JU àJVrMo {MÌ Ano{jV AgVo. nU Ho$di coIr ñdê$nmÀ`m narjoVrc à{VgmXmVyZ Ago {MÌ Cô H$aUo eŠ` ZgVo. _yë`_mnZmÛmao {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m XOm© {ZpíMVr~amo~aM Ë`mÀ`m{df`r ZH$mamË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmnojm gH$mamË_H$ d {dYm`H$ Ñï>rH$moZ Adc§~Uo Amdí`H$ Amho. gmám{hH$, nm{jH$, _m{gH$, Ì¡_m{gH$ Aemn«H$maÀ`m H$m{cH$ _yë`_mnZmMmhr AmT>mdm {ejH$m§Zr ¿`mdm. ho _yë`_mnZ Z¡Xm{ZH$ d Am¡nMm[aH$ nÕVrMo Agmdo. {ejUmMm XOm©, g§»`m, g_mZVm ̀ m {ÌgyÌrda AmYm[aV {dMma H$aVmZm {dÚmWu A{YH$ àH$me_mZ hmoÊ`mgmR>r, g§nÞ hmoÊ`mgmR>r {ZXmZ H$amd`mMo AgVo. AmYr Ho$coë`m _yë`_mnZmMm {dMma hm dm{f©H$ narjoÀ`mdoir H$amdm.

_yë`_mnZ hr e¡j{UH$ ì`dhmamVrc EH$ _hÎdmMr à{H«$`m Agcr Var Ë`m_wio {ejU à{H«$òV OS>Ëd òUma Zmhr `mMr H$miOr KoVcr nm{hOo. _yë`_mnZ nÕVr {ejUà{H«$òcm nyaH$ Am[U nmofH$ am{hcr nm{hOo. _yë`_mnZ à{H«$òÛmao {dÚmÏ`m©À`m AmË_gÝ_mZmcm YŠH$m nmohmoMdUma Zmhr Aem gVH©$VoZo _yë`_mnZmMr à{H«$`m KS>cr nm{hOo.

_yë`_mnZ hm AÜ``Z AÜ`mnZ à{H«$òMm A{d^mÁ` ^mJ Agë`m_wio {ejH$m§Mr _yë`_mnZmË_H$ Ñï>r {dH${gV ìhm`cm hdr. VgoM gmVË`nyU© d gdªH$f _yë`_mnZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ Ë`m nÕVr d V§Ìo AmË_gmV H$ê$Z Vr dmnaÊ`mMo H$m¡eë` gamdmVyZ ñdV:_Üò {dH${gV H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho.

8. ì`dñWmnZ j_Vm (Management Competencies)CncãY _Zwî`~imMm ghO d CËgwV© gh^mJ {_idyZ Ë`mÛmao CncãY gmYZm§Mm gw`mo½` dmna H$ê$Z

H$_rVH$_r doi, l_ Am{U IMm©V e¡j{UH$ C{ÔîQ>ço XO}Xma nmVirn`ªV àmá H$aÊ`mMo H$m¡eë` åhUOo ì`dñWmnZ j_Vm hmo`.

H$moUVohr H$m`© H$aÊ`mnydu Vo H$go H$amdo hm {dMma OoWo gwê$ hmoVmo VoWoM ì`dñWmnZmcm gwédmV hmoVo. ì

s.y. education... ·

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