Slide 1

Slide 2

Subatomic particles Nucleus Proton Neutron Quarks Electrons Outside the nucleus Different distances (levels, clouds) Move randomly Size

Slide 3

Atomic number # of protons Mass # # of protons + # of neutrons Atomic mass

Slide 4

Carbon Atomic # # of protons # of electrons Mass # # of protons + # of neutrons Most common form of carbon Carbon 14 14 = mass # # of protons # of electrons # of neutrons Isotope : same # of protons, but different # of neutrons from most common form

Slide 5

Boron 11 # of protons # of electrons # of neutrons Isotope? Boron 10 # of protons # of electrons # of neutrons Isotope?

Slide 6

Determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in each of the following Fluorine-20 Helium-4 Which of those compounds is an isotope?

Slide 7

Makes up a lot of living things Many useful/helpful properties Polarity Lopped side appearance One side slightly positive Creates solutions Because of charge can dissolve Other polar and ionic (fully charged) 2 or 3 types of compounds Examples Can break apart other substances Creates suspensions Examples http://www.sserc.org.uk/wwwroot2/prim3/new_guidelin es/Newsletters/39/Water_related_activities.htm http://www.docstoc.com/docs/86263495/colloids

Slide 8

Can hold lots of heat Takes more energy to heat up Releases energy back more slowly Examples Is more dense as a liquid

Slide 9

Very strong between molecules Each water can have 4 H- bonds Causes Cohesion Adhesion Capillary action Surface tension Surface tension http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/common_wa ter_strider.htm http://scienceprojectideasforkids.com/2010/capillary-action- transpiration/

Slide 10

Water breaks down to H + and OH - pH = how much H + pH of 7 means H + and OH - are equal Acids pH lower than 7 Lower # = stronger Examples Bases pH higher than 7 Higher # = stronger Examples Buffers Help with homeostasis

Slide 11

Define: Cohesion Adhesion pH Describe 4 reasons why water is a versatile molecule that is important to living beings Stomach acid has a pH of 2 and ocean water has a pH of 8 Which one is acidic? Which one is closer to being neutral?

Slide 12

Atom Molecule Atoms are generally neutral Ions Atom with a charge Sodium 11 protons + 11 electrons = neutral Gains or loses electrons 11 protons + 10 electrons = +1 http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/propulsion/1-what-is-an-ion.html Caffeine http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caffeine_Molecule.png

Slide 13

http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/ecb/covalent_ionic_bonds.php Make molecules An attraction, not a physical thing Hydrogen Ionic Involves ions Gaining/losing electrons Very strong Covalent Sharing electrons Not as strong More common

Slide 14

C, H, N, O, P, S Organic Contains C and H Covalent bonds Usually large molecules In living things Inorganic No C (unless simple, like CO or CO 2 ) Examples water, O 2, N 2 http://missehonorsbio.blogspot.com/2012/09/organic-molecules-introduction.html http://bhavanajagat.com/tag/oxygen-cycle/

Slide 15

Definition Polymer Made of monomers Each bond created releases water Breaking a bond releases water

Slide 16

Slide 17

http://www.exploratorium.edu/cooking/candy/sugar.html Basics 1C:2H:1O Main source of energy Structural Monosaccharides Simple sugar Glucose Galactose Fructose Disaccharides 2 sugars Sucrose = glucose + fructose Lactose = glucose + galactose

Slide 18

Polysaccharides Starch Storage in plants Glucose units Glycogen Storage in animals Released from liver Glucose units Cellulose Glucose units Structure in plants Wood

Slide 19

Fill in the chart with the missing vocabulary terms Define: Ions Chemical bond Macromolecule Polymer Give examples of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides Carbohydrates Composed on one subunit Composed of 2 subunits Composed of more than 2 subunits

Slide 20

Fats, waxes, oils, steroids, hormones Insoluble in water Glycerol + fatty acid(s) Functions Cell structure More efficient energy storage (9 vs. 4 calories) Communication Steroids Ring of carbons Hormones Cholesterol http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Summaries/Macromol.html http://www.raw-milk-facts.com/cholesterol_primer_T3.html

Slide 21

Saturated All single carbon bonds Solid Examples Unsaturated Carbon to carbon double bond(s) Liquid Examples Good vs. bad http://escapinganergy.blogspot.com/2011/06/diving-into-high-fat-diet-promotes.html

Slide 22

Name what each is made of and a use for each: Carbohydrate Lipid What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat?

Slide 23

Contain C, H, N, O Made of amino acids Very specific order or amino acids Complex 3d shape Chain of amino acids = polypeptide chain Folds and crumples May have multiple subunits Function Structural Nutrient storage Transportation Identification of cells (defense) Enzymes http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iii/cellular- macromolecules/proteins.php

Slide 24

Change shape easily Denature Caused by changes in Temperature pH Salt concentration Molecules present May permanently disable the protein or cause it to malfunction Frying an egg http://biology-pictures.blogspot.com/2011/11/denaturation-of-proteins.html http://chefsblade.monster.com/training/articles/216-food-science-basics-denaturing-proteins

Slide 25

Atoms dont change Atoms rearranged Chemical bonds broken and formed Usually requires energy - activation energy Getting energy slows down the reaction

Slide 26

Proteins Catalyst Not changed Lowers activation energy Speeds up reaction Lock and key Substrate Active site Will not work if denatured Used in most biological processes http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab2/active.html

Slide 27

Proteins are complex. Describe how they form their complex structure. In a chemical reaction, what exactly happens to the atoms? What are 4 functions of a protein? What does it mean to denature a protein and what cause to happen to that protein? How are enzymes helpful to living organisms?

Slide 28

Contains C, H, N, O, P Made from nucleotides 5-carbon sugar Phosphate group Nitrogenous base (5 different) Purpose genetic information DNA, RNA http://www.nist.gov/oles/forensics/biology_dna.cfm

Slide 29

Outermost electrons Participate in bonds Fill levels in a pattern 2 in first 8 in second 18 in third Lewis structure Shows just valence electrons http://www.pdesas.org/module/content/resources/18002/view.ashx

Slide 30

Macromolecules Polymer Monomer Carbohydrate Polysaccharide Disaccharide Monosaccharide Lipid Glycerol and fatty acid Saturated Unsaturated Protein Enzyme Catalyst Amino acid Denature pH Acid Base Neutral Nucleic acid Nucleotide Chemical bond Hydrogen Ionic Covalent Chemical reaction Activation energy Valence electrons Atom Molecule Proton, neutron, electron Ion Isotope Water Cohesion Adhesion Surface tension Capillary action Polarity Solution