study of life study of life chapter 1 biology: the study of life characteristics of life...
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.. Study of lifeStudy of life
Chapter 1 Biology: The Study of Chapter 1 Biology: The Study of LifeLife
Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of Life Scientific MethodologyScientific Methodology
Investigate: Investigate: Interdependencies between organismsInterdependencies between organisms Interactions with environment: biotic and abiotic Interactions with environment: biotic and abiotic
factorsfactors
1.1 Why Study Biology?1.1 Why Study Biology?
Understand our worldUnderstand our world Make it betterMake it better Advance medicineAdvance medicine Protect its futureProtect its future
TROPICAL RAIN FORESTSTROPICAL RAIN FORESTS
Despite covering only 6% of our Despite covering only 6% of our planet's surfaceplanet's surface…………
………………over half of the earth's animal, over half of the earth's animal, insect species, and flora live there.insect species, and flora live there.
FACTS1.) Once covered 14% of the world but now
cover a mere 6%!
2.) One and a half acres of the rainforest are destroyed each second!
3.) We lose 137 plants, animal and insect species/day. About 50,000/yr!
25 % of modern medicines 25 % of modern medicines originate here.originate here.
The leaves of this plant , The leaves of this plant , foxglove, contain foxglove, contain digitalis, a substance used digitalis, a substance used to treat heart problems.to treat heart problems.
4). 1 out of every 4 ingredients in our medicines is 4). 1 out of every 4 ingredients in our medicines is from the rainforest.from the rainforest.
For example, more than 70 percent of the plants For example, more than 70 percent of the plants known to produce compounds with anti-known to produce compounds with anti-cancerous properties live in rainforestscancerous properties live in rainforests
They regulate They regulate our climate.our climate.
How Do You Study How Do You Study Life?Life?
Study interactions—Study interactions— Biotic and abioticBiotic and abiotic
Honeybees, flowers, pollination,plant Honeybees, flowers, pollination,plant reproduces, provides oxygen, provides reproduces, provides oxygen, provides foodfood
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS (Organism)LIVING THINGS (Organism)
1. Cell (s)1. Cell (s)2. Displays Organization2. Displays Organization3. Grows & Develops 3. Grows & Develops 4. Reproduces4. Reproduces5. Responds to Stimuli5. Responds to Stimuli6. Requires Energy6. Requires Energy7. Maintains homeostasis7. Maintains homeostasis8. Adaptations evolve over time8. Adaptations evolve over time
1. Cells1. Cells Basic unit of lifeBasic unit of life One or moreOne or more
2. Displays Organization2. Displays Organization
Atoms to molecules to organelles to cells to Atoms to molecules to organelles to cells to organs to organ systems to organismorgans to organ systems to organism
Each organized structure has specific functionEach organized structure has specific function
Fig. 1.5a, p. 6
(see next slide)
Fig. 1.5b, p. 6
(see previous slide)
3. Grows and Develops3. Grows and Develops Growth: add massGrowth: add mass
More cells & new structures.More cells & new structures.
Organisms increase in size and Organisms increase in size and complexitycomplexity
Development: all the changes throughout a Development: all the changes throughout a lifetime.lifetime.
..
such as a HUMMINGBIRD…such as a HUMMINGBIRD…
……....
Almost ready to hatch!!Almost ready to hatch!!
Growing…growing…Growing…growing…
4. Reproduces4. Reproduces
Pass traits to offspringPass traits to offspring
Continuation of Continuation of
the speciesthe species
Species__________Species__________
Organisms reproduce their own kind.Organisms reproduce their own kind.
55. Respond to Stimuli. Respond to Stimuli Stimulus: Stimulus:
Causes some reactionCauses some reaction external or internalexternal or internal
ResponseResponse Reaction to a stimulusReaction to a stimulus
The speed of the response may be “fast” or The speed of the response may be “fast” or “slow”.“slow”.
Even bacteria sense and respond.Even bacteria sense and respond.
6. Requires Energy6. Requires Energy
Required for all life processesRequired for all life processes
Organisms are “open” systems, they must Organisms are “open” systems, they must continually take in energy.continually take in energy.
7.Maintains Homeostasis7.Maintains Homeostasis ““homeo” = same “stasis” =statehomeo” = same “stasis” =state Maintain stable internal environment\within Maintain stable internal environment\within
tolerable limits.tolerable limits.
8. Adaptations Evolve over time8. Adaptations Evolve over time
Inherited changesInherited changes Occur over timeOccur over time
Help species surviveHelp species survive
1.2 The Nature of Science1.2 The Nature of Science
Theory: Theory: Explanation of a natural phenomenonExplanation of a natural phenomenon Supported by many experiments and observationsSupported by many experiments and observations
Pseudoscience: not science-basedPseudoscience: not science-based
1.3 methods of Science1.3 methods of Science
Scientific MethodScientific Method Logical, objective approach to investigating a Logical, objective approach to investigating a
problem, or attempt to explain observations.problem, or attempt to explain observations.
Forming a hypothesisForming a hypothesis
Hypothesis: A testable explanation of a Hypothesis: A testable explanation of a situationsituation
Serendipity: the occurrence of unexpexted, Serendipity: the occurrence of unexpexted, but fortunate resultsbut fortunate results PenicillinPenicillin Post-it-notesPost-it-notes
Collect the DataCollect the Data
ExperimentExperiment Controlled settingControlled setting Testing of a hypothesisTesting of a hypothesis
1. Controlled Experiments1. Controlled Experiments A) Control Group: basis of comparisonA) Control Group: basis of comparison B) Experimental Group: exposed to factor being B) Experimental Group: exposed to factor being
tested.tested.
2. Experimental Design2. Experimental Design Only one factor can be changed at a timeOnly one factor can be changed at a time
A) Independent Variable: A) Independent Variable: The tested factorThe tested factor
B) Dependent Variable: B) Dependent Variable: What is measured (measures the effect of the What is measured (measures the effect of the
Independent variable).Independent variable). C) Constant: factor (s) that remain fixedC) Constant: factor (s) that remain fixed
3. Data Gathering3. Data Gathering Quantitative: numericalQuantitative: numerical
mass, temperature, linear measure, volumemass, temperature, linear measure, volume
Qualitative: what our senses detectQualitative: what our senses detect Flavor, color, smellFlavor, color, smell
4. Investigations4. Investigations When a controlled experiment is not possibleWhen a controlled experiment is not possible Involves ObservationsInvolves Observations
Can’t be completely controlledCan’t be completely controlled BehaviorBehavior
Analyze the DataAnalyze the Data Has my hypothesis been _________?Has my hypothesis been _________? Do I need more data?Do I need more data? Do I need to change my procedure?Do I need to change my procedure?
Replicate Experiment to ________ findings.Replicate Experiment to ________ findings.
Lastly—Report ConclusionsLastly—Report Conclusions
Review Scientific MethodReview Scientific Method
The Scientific Method
Parts of the Scientific Parts of the Scientific MethodMethod
Identify an unknown.Identify an unknown. Make a Make a hypothesishypothesis
(a testable prediction).(a testable prediction). ExperimentExperiment to test to test
the hypothesis.the hypothesis. Draw a valid Draw a valid conclusionconclusion..
DataDataObservations are also called Observations are also called datadata..
There are two types of data.
qualitative data quantitative data
descriptions; measurements; no numbers must have numbers
Controlled ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsOnly one condition is changed at a Only one condition is changed at a
timetime..
The Independent VariableThe Independent Variable: The condition : The condition that’s changed or manipulated.that’s changed or manipulated.
The Dependent Variable:The Dependent Variable: What you are What you are measuring.measuring.
A Controlled Experiment?A Controlled Experiment?
Control Experiment PracticeControl Experiment Practice 1.) State Your Problem: Will the salt content of my soil impact the growth of the 1.) State Your Problem: Will the salt content of my soil impact the growth of the
corn plants?corn plants? 2) Hypothesis: Salt in the soil will have an effect on the growth of my corn plants.2) Hypothesis: Salt in the soil will have an effect on the growth of my corn plants. 3) Design experiment to test your hypothesis (Procedure & Experiment). Collect 3) Design experiment to test your hypothesis (Procedure & Experiment). Collect
datadata QuantitativeQuantitative qualitativequalitative
Analyze dataAnalyze data Does it support your hypothesis?Does it support your hypothesis?
TheoriesTheories
Explanation of a natural phenomenon that is Explanation of a natural phenomenon that is supportedsupported by _____separate observations; by _____separate observations; subjected to repeated testing.subjected to repeated testing.
Have limited certaintiesHave limited certainties
Scientific Law vs. Scientific Law vs. Scientific TheoryScientific Theory
Law of GravityLaw of Gravity
A A lawlaw –facts of nature. –facts of nature.
A A theorytheory tries to explain why tries to explain why
or how something happens; supported by many separate or how something happens; supported by many separate investigations.investigations.
Cell TheoryCell Theory Atomic TheoryAtomic Theory
No amount of No amount of experimentation can ever experimentation can ever
prove me right; prove me right; A single experiment can A single experiment can
prove me wrong."prove me wrong."
- Einstein- Einstein
Unit 1: ECOLOGYUnit 1: ECOLOGYChapter 2Chapter 2
..
Chapter 2:Chapter 2: Principles of Ecology Principles of Ecology
.. Ecology: Study…Ecology: Study… Organisms and their Organisms and their
environment.environment.
Relationships among living Relationships among living organismsorganisms
Interaction with their Interaction with their environmentenvironment
BiosphereBiosphere
The portion of the Earth that The portion of the Earth that supports lifesupports life
FromFrom High in the atmosphereHigh in the atmosphere To the bottom of the oceanTo the bottom of the ocean
Components of the BiosphereComponents of the Biosphere
Biotic Factors: LivingBiotic Factors: Living
Abiotic Factors: NonlivingAbiotic Factors: Nonliving Organisms are adapted to surviving in the abiotic Organisms are adapted to surviving in the abiotic
factors in their natural environment.factors in their natural environment.
Abiotic factors: influence what survives.Abiotic factors: influence what survives.
For Example:Ozone LayerFor Example:Ozone Layer
Region 17 to 27 kilometers above sea level in the Region 17 to 27 kilometers above sea level in the
stratospherestratosphere
Molecules of ozone absorb most layers of Molecules of ozone absorb most layers of
ultraviolet lightultraviolet light
Protects living organisms from excess exposure to Protects living organisms from excess exposure to
UV lightUV light
Levels of Organization-used to Levels of Organization-used to study these interactions.study these interactions.
1. Individual Organism1. Individual Organism
An individual organism.An individual organism.
2. Population2. Population Members of the same Members of the same
speciesspecies may interbreedmay interbreed living in same place at living in same place at
same time.same time. Compete for….Compete for….
3. Biological Community3. Biological Community Interacting populationsInteracting populations Occupy same geographic area at same timeOccupy same geographic area at same time
Biological Community Biological Community
Factors Shaping Factors Shaping Community StructureCommunity Structure
Climate and topographyClimate and topography
Available foods and resourcesAvailable foods and resources
Adaptations of species in communityAdaptations of species in community
Species interactionsSpecies interactions
Arrival and disappearance of species Arrival and disappearance of species
Physical disturbancesPhysical disturbances
EcosystemEcosystem A biological Community AND the abiotic A biological Community AND the abiotic
factors that affect its make-up.factors that affect its make-up.
EcosystemEcosystem
Ecosystems can changeEcosystems can change Because the animals, plants and abiotic factors Because the animals, plants and abiotic factors
within may change.within may change. Boundaries somewhat flexibleBoundaries somewhat flexible
Coral reefCoral reef A puddleA puddle
BiomeBiome
Formed by a group of ecosystemsFormed by a group of ecosystems That share the same climate & have similar types That share the same climate & have similar types
of communitiesof communities Examples: Marine, Fresh Water, DesertExamples: Marine, Fresh Water, Desert
BiosphereBiosphere
Highest level of Biological OrganizationHighest level of Biological Organization
EcosystemsEcosystems- - 2major kinds2major kinds
1. 1. TerresterialTerresterial 2. 2. AquaticAquatic
Marine (saltwater)--70 % of Earth’s Marine (saltwater)--70 % of Earth’s surfacesurface
Freshwater: ponds, lakes, streamsFreshwater: ponds, lakes, streams
Ecosystems InteractionsEcosystems Interactions HabitatHabitat-place where org. lives-place where org. lives
Example: for a birdExample: for a bird A single treeA single tree A grove of treesA grove of trees
Several species may share a habitatSeveral species may share a habitat Examples: stream, lawnExamples: stream, lawn
NicheNiche: An organism’s role in its environment: An organism’s role in its environment How it meets its needs for food, shelter and How it meets its needs for food, shelter and
reproduction.reproduction.
Community InteractionsCommunity Interactions
1. Competition1. Competition
2. Predation2. Predation AnimalsAnimals Even some plants-Venus Fly TrapEven some plants-Venus Fly Trap
3. Symbiotic Relationships: close relationship 3. Symbiotic Relationships: close relationship between 2 + species that live closely together.between 2 + species that live closely together. 3 Kinds3 Kinds
3 types of Symbiosis3 types of Symbiosis
MUTUALISM
Both species benefit.
Some obligatory
Example:
Lichen( fungi & algae)
COMMENSALISM
One species benefits
AND the other is
Either unharmed
nor is benefited.
Example:
Lichens on a tree
PARASITISM
One species benefits,
AND one is harmed—
But usually not killed.
Examples:
ticks, heartworms
ParasitismParasitism
Natural selection favors parasites Natural selection favors parasites
that do not kill that do not kill
their host too quickly.their host too quickly.
SYMBIOSIS-What SYMBIOSIS-What kind is this??kind is this??
Isn't Symbiosis cool?Isn't Symbiosis cool?That's when two different That's when two different species live together and help species live together and help each other to survive.each other to survive.
<== In this case the tickbird <== In this case the tickbird is eating the ticks off the is eating the ticks off the zebra. This partnership zebra. This partnership feeds the bird and keeps the feeds the bird and keeps the zebra from having ticks zebra from having ticks sucking on it.sucking on it.
Mutualism example: Yucca and Mutualism example: Yucca and Yucca MothYucca Moth
Moth feeds AND pollinatesMoth feeds AND pollinates
Moth larvae can grow only in that Moth larvae can grow only in that
one species of yuccaone species of yucca
Commensalism:Commensalism:Spanish Moss ;OrchidsSpanish Moss ;Orchids
2.2: Flow of energy in an Ecosystem2.2: Flow of energy in an Ecosystem
2 ways organisms obtain food for energy.2 ways organisms obtain food for energy.
1. Autotrophs 1. Autotrophs 2. Heterotrophs2. Heterotrophs
energy input from sun
nutrientcycling
PHOTOAUTOTROPHS(plants, other producers)
HETEROTROPHS(consumers, decomposers)
energy output (mainly heat)
Tracing the Energy Flow.Tracing the Energy Flow.
Sun—ultimate source of Sun—ultimate source of energy for the planet.energy for the planet.
1. The Producers: Autotrophs1. The Producers: Autotrophs
Able to make their own food.Able to make their own food. Capture sunlight or chemical energy & convert it Capture sunlight or chemical energy & convert it
into energy-rich compounds (like glucose)into energy-rich compounds (like glucose) Plants, algae, SOME bacteriaPlants, algae, SOME bacteria Foundations for all ecosystems!!!Foundations for all ecosystems!!!
2. Heterotrophs2. Heterotrophs
Gets its energy from consuming other organismsGets its energy from consuming other organisms
Also called ConsumersAlso called Consumers HerbivoresHerbivores CarnivoresCarnivores OmnivoresOmnivores Detritivores (decomposers): eat fragments of dead matter & return Detritivores (decomposers): eat fragments of dead matter & return
nutrients to the ecosystem—making it available for the Producers.nutrients to the ecosystem—making it available for the Producers. Fungus, some bacteria –planet’s biggest decomposers.Fungus, some bacteria –planet’s biggest decomposers.
Flow of matter and Energy in Flow of matter and Energy in EcosystemsEcosystems
Matter and energy is cycled.Matter and energy is cycled.
3. Models of Energy Flow through 3. Models of Energy Flow through an Ecosysteman Ecosystem
1. Food Chains1. Food Chains 2. Food Webs2. Food Webs
Each step in FC & FW : Tropic LevelEach step in FC & FW : Tropic Level
3. Ecological Pyramids3. Ecological Pyramids
Food ChainsFood Chains Simplified modelSimplified model LinearLinear Shows only one possible route of energy Shows only one possible route of energy
transfer and material in an ecosystem.transfer and material in an ecosystem. Many other routes exist.Many other routes exist. Arrows represent one-way energy flowArrows represent one-way energy flow
From Autotroph to heterotrophFrom Autotroph to heterotroph
Trophic LevelsTrophic Levels
Represent Links in the ChainRepresent Links in the Chain All the organisms at a given trophic level are the All the organisms at a given trophic level are the
same number of steps away from the energy input same number of steps away from the energy input into the systeminto the system
Producers are closest to the energy input and are Producers are closest to the energy input and are
the first trophic level.the first trophic level.
Trophic Levels-feeding relationshipsTrophic Levels-feeding relationships
Primary ProducersPrimary Producers Primary Consumers: HerbivoresPrimary Consumers: Herbivores Secondary Consumers: Carnivores that eat HerbivoresSecondary Consumers: Carnivores that eat Herbivores Tertiary Consumers: Carnivores that eat other carnivoresTertiary Consumers: Carnivores that eat other carnivores
Detritivores– heterotrophs found at varying levelsDetritivores– heterotrophs found at varying levels
Food WebFood Web
A network of interconnected Food Chains in A network of interconnected Food Chains in an ecosystem.an ecosystem.
All the possible feeding relationships between All the possible feeding relationships between organisms living within an ecosystem.organisms living within an ecosystem.
Most org. feed on more than one species.Most org. feed on more than one species.
Food WebFood Web..
The arrows The arrows indicate the indicate the
flow of flow of materials and materials and energy being energy being passed alongpassed along
Identify the Food ChainsIdentify the Food ChainsInstructions:Instructions:
Get out your markers and highlighters!! Step 1: Print this page out. Get out your markers and highlighters!! Step 1: Print this page out. Step 1: Use the picture above to answer the following question. Step 1: Use the picture above to answer the following question.
1. Identify the organism(s) that are producers? 1. Identify the organism(s) that are producers?
2. Identify the organism(s) that are consumers? 2. Identify the organism(s) that are consumers? Identify them as one of the following: Producers; Primary Consumers; Secondary Consumers; Identify them as one of the following: Producers; Primary Consumers; Secondary Consumers;
Tertiary ConsumersTertiary Consumers2. Identify all the food chains food chains 4. How many food chains can you find in the above 2. Identify all the food chains food chains 4. How many food chains can you find in the above
food web? food web?
Food Web Assignment: Name: _________________ Due:__________Food Web Assignment: Name: _________________ Due:__________ 35 point assignment35 point assignment You will turn inYou will turn in: Food Web poster with Key and Answers to 3 questions together.: Food Web poster with Key and Answers to 3 questions together.
( 30 points for both these items) Food web, ( 30 points for both these items) Food web, with key (see below): on a poster board maximumwith key (see below): on a poster board maximum ( 5 points) Answers to the 3 questions below (typed, complete sentences (or a ven diagram)—( 5 points) Answers to the 3 questions below (typed, complete sentences (or a ven diagram)—
with the questions):with the questions): (attach these to an area of your poster—the front).(attach these to an area of your poster—the front).
1. What is the difference between a Food Web and a Food Chain?1. What is the difference between a Food Web and a Food Chain? 2. What do the arrows indicate?2. What do the arrows indicate? 3. What would be a possible impact on this ecosystem if one of the Primary Consumers was removed (disease wiped them 3. What would be a possible impact on this ecosystem if one of the Primary Consumers was removed (disease wiped them
out), and explanation?out), and explanation? Your full name and class section are to be on the poster.Your full name and class section are to be on the poster.
The Food Web Details:The Food Web Details: A). ( 20 points) Make a food web for an ecosystem. A). ( 20 points) Make a food web for an ecosystem. ( you can even make one up!)( you can even make one up!) B). This food web should include a minimum of 10 food chains.B). This food web should include a minimum of 10 food chains.
C) ( 10 points) C) ( 10 points) Make a key for the following:Make a key for the following: producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, detritivore. producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, detritivore.
PastPaste/tape ( or draw) the pictures to/onto posterboarde/tape ( or draw) the pictures to/onto posterboard..
Draw arrowsDraw arrows connecting the organisms to show feeding relationships. connecting the organisms to show feeding relationships. Be sure your arrows are pointing in the direction that the energy flows. Be sure your arrows are pointing in the direction that the energy flows.
Use magazines or other picture source ( hand drawing would be great) Possible magazines to search: Dog Fancy, National Geographic, Use magazines or other picture source ( hand drawing would be great) Possible magazines to search: Dog Fancy, National Geographic, Field and Stream, Outdoor Life.Field and Stream, Outdoor Life.
Food Web Assignment: Name: _________________ Due:__________Food Web Assignment: Name: _________________ Due:__________ 35 point assignment35 point assignment You will turn inYou will turn in: Food Web poster with Key and Answers to 3 questions together.: Food Web poster with Key and Answers to 3 questions together.
( 30 points for both these items) Food web, ( 30 points for both these items) Food web, with key (see below): on a poster board maximumwith key (see below): on a poster board maximum ( 5 points) Answers to the 3 questions below (typed, complete sentences (or a ven diagram)—( 5 points) Answers to the 3 questions below (typed, complete sentences (or a ven diagram)—
with the questions):with the questions): (attach these to an area of your poster—the front).(attach these to an area of your poster—the front).
1. What is the difference between a Food Web and a Food Chain?1. What is the difference between a Food Web and a Food Chain? 2. What do the arrows indicate?2. What do the arrows indicate? 3. What would be a possible impact on this ecosystem if one of the Primary Consumers was removed (disease wiped them 3. What would be a possible impact on this ecosystem if one of the Primary Consumers was removed (disease wiped them
out), and explanation?out), and explanation? Your full name and class section are to be on the poster.Your full name and class section are to be on the poster.
The Food Web Details:The Food Web Details: A). ( 20 points) Make a food web for an ecosystem. A). ( 20 points) Make a food web for an ecosystem. ( you can even make one up!)( you can even make one up!) B). This food web should include a minimum of 10 food chains.B). This food web should include a minimum of 10 food chains.
C) ( 10 points) C) ( 10 points) Make a key for the following:Make a key for the following: producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, detritivore. producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, detritivore.
PastPaste/tape ( or draw) the pictures to/onto posterboarde/tape ( or draw) the pictures to/onto posterboard..
Draw arrowsDraw arrows connecting the organisms to show feeding relationships. connecting the organisms to show feeding relationships. Be sure your arrows are pointing in the direction that the energy flows. Be sure your arrows are pointing in the direction that the energy flows.
Use magazines or other picture source ( hand drawing would be great) Possible magazines to search: Dog Fancy, National Geographic, Use magazines or other picture source ( hand drawing would be great) Possible magazines to search: Dog Fancy, National Geographic, Field and Stream, Outdoor Life.Field and Stream, Outdoor Life.
Energy and Trophic LevelsEnergy and Trophic Levels
Ecological Pyramids(see p. 52)Ecological Pyramids(see p. 52)
Model energy flow through ecosystem.Model energy flow through ecosystem. 3 Types3 Types
1. Pyramid of Energy1. Pyramid of Energy 2. Pyramid of Numbers2. Pyramid of Numbers 3. Pyramid of Biomass3. Pyramid of Biomass
Show the relative amounts of energy, biomass or Show the relative amounts of energy, biomass or numbers of organisms at each tropic level in an numbers of organisms at each tropic level in an ecosystem.ecosystem.
1.Pyramid of Energy (flow)1.Pyramid of Energy (flow) Each level represents the energy available within that trophic level.Each level represents the energy available within that trophic level.
detritivores
21
383
3,368
20,810 kilocalories/square meter/year
top carnivores
carnivores
herbivores
producers
decomposers
Energy Losses Energy Losses
Energy transfers are never 100 % efficient.Energy transfers are never 100 % efficient.
Some energy is lost at each step.Some energy is lost at each step.
Pyramid of EnergyPyramid of Energy The amount of energy available decreases with The amount of energy available decreases with
each succeeding trophic level.each succeeding trophic level. Total energy transfer to next level is 10%Total energy transfer to next level is 10%
90% is transformed90% is transformed Energy for organism or as heatEnergy for organism or as heat
Least Energy AvailableLeast Energy Available
Most Energy AvailableMost Energy Available
2. Pyramid of Biomass2. Pyramid of Biomass
The total mass of living The total mass of living matter at each tropic matter at each tropic level.level.
DecreasesDecreases
3. Pyramid of Numbers3. Pyramid of Numbers
Relative number of organisms Relative number of organisms also decreases at each also decreases at each successive tropic level.—successive tropic level.—
there is less energy available there is less energy available to support organisms.to support organisms.
..
Biological MagnificationBiological Magnification
A nondegradable or slowly degradable A nondegradable or slowly degradable
substance becomes more and more substance becomes more and more
concentrated in the tissues of organisms at concentrated in the tissues of organisms at
higher trophic levels of a food webhigher trophic levels of a food web
How biomagnification works: How biomagnification works: Injested chemical becomes Injested chemical becomes increasingly concentrated .increasingly concentrated .
DDT in Food WebsDDT in Food Webs Synthetic pesticide banned in Synthetic pesticide banned in
the United States since the United States since 1970s.1970s.
Top carnivore birds Top carnivore birds accumulated DDT in their accumulated DDT in their tissues.tissues.
Shells are soft, crack, babies die.Shells are soft, crack, babies die.
DDT banned in US in 1972!DDT banned in US in 1972!
Biome ProjectBiome Project Choose a group of 3 studentsChoose a group of 3 students Select a specific biomeSelect a specific biome Get approvalGet approval Each person will have a role in the presentationEach person will have a role in the presentationEach will turn in a summary for their job.Each will turn in a summary for their job.
BotanistBotanist ZoologistZoologist MeteorologistMeteorologist
Cycling of MatterCycling of Matter
Law of conservation of mass.Law of conservation of mass.
Natural processes cycle matter through the Natural processes cycle matter through the biosphere.biosphere.
Matter:Matter:
Nutrient:Nutrient: Nutrient cycling: organism and physical forces Nutrient cycling: organism and physical forces
involvement.involvement.
Cycles in the BiosphereCycles in the Biosphere
Biogeochemical Cycle: The exchange of Biogeochemical Cycle: The exchange of matter through the _____________.matter through the _____________. Living organismsLiving organisms Geological processesGeological processes Chemical processesChemical processes
4 Major Cycles 4 Major Cycles biologygmh.combiologygmh.com
1. Water –or Hydrologic cycle1. Water –or Hydrologic cycle
2. Carbon Cycle2. Carbon Cycle
3. Nitrogen cycle3. Nitrogen cycle
4. Phosphorous Cycle4. Phosphorous Cycle
Water Cycle Constantly moving from Water Cycle Constantly moving from Earth to atmosphere.Earth to atmosphere.
evaporation from ocean
4 precipitation into ocean
Transpiration
Precipitation
surface and groundwater flow
Atmosphere
Oceans
Land
The Water CycleThe Water Cycle
Evaporation and Transpiration, respiration Evaporation and Transpiration, respiration release water into the atmosphere;release water into the atmosphere;
forms rain, snow or ice;forms rain, snow or ice;
falls back to earth, bodies of water;falls back to earth, bodies of water; PercolationPercolation Evaporation; absorption by autotrophsEvaporation; absorption by autotrophs
2. The Carbon Cycle2. The Carbon Cycle
Life based upon carbon molecules.Life based upon carbon molecules.
Such as …Such as …
DNA, Proteins, Carbohydrates, FatsDNA, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Fats
Carbon in AtmosphereCarbon in Atmosphere
Atmospheric carbon is mainly carbon dioxideAtmospheric carbon is mainly carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is added to atmosphere…..Carbon dioxide is added to atmosphere…..
Aerobic respiration, volcanic action, burning fossil fuels Aerobic respiration, volcanic action, burning fossil fuels
Removed by plants (photosynthesis)Removed by plants (photosynthesis)
Carbon CycleCarbon Cycle
photosynthesisTERRESTRIAL
ROCKS
volcanic action
weathering
diffusion
Bicarbonate, carbonate
Marine food webs
Marine Sediments
Atmosphere
TerrestrialRocks
Soil WaterPeat, Fossil
Fuels
Land Food Webs
3. The Nitrogen Cycle3. The Nitrogen Cycle
Critical for living organismsCritical for living organisms Protein & DNAProtein & DNA
78% of atmosphere is Nitrogen78% of atmosphere is Nitrogen Not usable by plants in this formNot usable by plants in this form Converted by bacteria in soil.Converted by bacteria in soil.
CLASS ACTIVITYCLASS ACTIVITY
Using your textbook, in trios, IDENIFY THE Using your textbook, in trios, IDENIFY THE ROLES OF THE PRODUCERS, ROLES OF THE PRODUCERS, CONSUMERS, AND DECOMPOSERS IN CONSUMERS, AND DECOMPOSERS IN THE CYCLING OF NITROGEN.THE CYCLING OF NITROGEN.
Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle
NO3-
IN SOIL
NITROGEN FIXATION
by industry for agriculture
FERTILIZERS
FOOD WEBS ON LAND
NH3-, NH4
+
IN SOIL
1. NITRIFICATION
loss by leaching
uptake by autotrophs
excretion, death,
decomposition
uptake by autotrophs
NITROGEN FIXATION
loss by leaching
AMMONIFICATION
2. NITRIFICATION
NITROGENOUS WASTES, REMAINS IN SOIL
GASEOUS NITROGEN (N2)
IN ATMOSPHERE
NO2-
IN SOIL
The 2 ways P cyclesThe 2 ways P cycles
1.Plants get phosphorous from soil.1.Plants get phosphorous from soil.Animals eat plants.Animals eat plants.Organisms die, decomposers return it to the soil.Organisms die, decomposers return it to the soil.
2. Also incorporated into rocks; upon weathering; it is 2. Also incorporated into rocks; upon weathering; it is returned as runoff!returned as runoff!
Phosphorus CyclePhosphorus Cycle
GUANO
FERTILIZER
ROCKS
LAND FOOD WEBS
DISSOLVED IN OCEAN
WATER
MARINE FOOD WEBS
MARINE SEDIMENTS
excretion
weathering
mining
agriculture
uptake by autotrophs
death, decomposition
sedimentation setting out leaching, runoff
weathering
uplifting over geolgic time
DISSOLVED IN SOILWATER,
LAKES, RIVERS
uptake by autotrophs
death, decomposition
Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect
Greenhouse gases impede the Greenhouse gases impede the
escape of heat from Earth’s surfaceescape of heat from Earth’s surface
Global WarmingGlobal Warming
Long-term increase in the temperature of Long-term increase in the temperature of
Earth’s lower atmosphereEarth’s lower atmosphere
Carbon Dioxide IncreaseCarbon Dioxide Increase
Carbon dioxide levels fluctuate seasonally Carbon dioxide levels fluctuate seasonally
The average level is steadily increasingThe average level is steadily increasing
Burning of fossil fuels and deforestation are Burning of fossil fuels and deforestation are
contributing to the increasecontributing to the increase
Other Greenhouse GasesOther Greenhouse Gases
CFCs - synthetic gases used in plastics and in CFCs - synthetic gases used in plastics and in
refrigerationrefrigeration
Methane - produced by termites and bacteriaMethane - produced by termites and bacteria
Nitrous oxide - released by bacteria, fertilizers, and Nitrous oxide - released by bacteria, fertilizers, and
animal wastesanimal wastes
Nitrogen FixationNitrogen Fixation
Plants cannot use nitrogen gasPlants cannot use nitrogen gas
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen gas Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen gas
into ammonia (NHinto ammonia (NH33))
Ammonia and ammonium can be taken up by Ammonia and ammonium can be taken up by
plantsplants
Ammonification & NitrificationAmmonification & Nitrification
Bacteria and fungi carry out ammonification, Bacteria and fungi carry out ammonification,
conversion of nitrogenous wastes to ammoniaconversion of nitrogenous wastes to ammonia
Nitrifying bacteria convert ammonium to nitrites and Nitrifying bacteria convert ammonium to nitrites and
nitratesnitrates
Nitrogen LossNitrogen Loss
Nitrogen is often a limiting factor in ecosystemsNitrogen is often a limiting factor in ecosystems
Nitrogen is lost from soils via leaching and runoff Nitrogen is lost from soils via leaching and runoff
Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates and nitrites to Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates and nitrites to
nitrogen gasnitrogen gas
Human EffectsHuman Effects
Humans increase rate of nitrogen loss by clearing Humans increase rate of nitrogen loss by clearing forests and grasslandsforests and grasslands
Humans increase nitrogen in water and air by using Humans increase nitrogen in water and air by using fertilizers and by burning fossil fuelsfertilizers and by burning fossil fuels
Too much or too little nitrogen can compromise plant Too much or too little nitrogen can compromise plant healthhealth