*Winter Review Week

*Homework

*Set up for “Memory”

*Create flashcards for:

* Perimysium

* Synergist

*Aerobic

* Leukocytes

* Plasma

* Eccentric contraction

* Leukemia

*Motor Unit

* Smooth Muscle

* Tendon

*Types of Muscle

• Attaches to bone/face skin• Long, cylindrical, striated• Voluntary

Skeletal

• Walls of the heart• Involuntary• Rhythmic contraction

Cardiac• Walls of hollow organs• Involuntary, hormones/nervous

system• Slow contraction

Smooth

*Function

1. Producing Movement

2. Maintain posture and position

3. Stabilize joints

4. Generate heat

*Type I v. Type II

*Type I – Slow twitch

*Type II – Fast twitch

*Type II(a)

*Type II(b)

*Type I

*Oxygen efficient

*Necessary for extended muscle contraction (over time)

*Longer time before fatige

*Type II

*Anaerobic

*Speed and strength

*Fatigue quickly

*Type II(a)

*Combination of type I and type II

*Type II(b)

*Classic fast twitch

*Rapid firing

*Think Critically

*In what areas of the body are you likely to NOT find type 1 fibers, only type II fibers?

*Muscle Tissue Anatomy

*What are the 6 parts of that make up muscle tissue?

*Muscle Fiber

*Endomysium

*Fascicle

*Perimysium

*Epimysium

*Tendon

*Structure of Muscle

*Actin/Myosin

*At a much smaller level, myofibrils are made up of smaller myofilaments

*Myofilaments composed of 2 different types of contractile proteins, Actin and Myosin

*Slide past each other to create a shortening (contraction)

*Neuromuscular Junction

*Neuron

*Neuromuscular Junction

*All muscle must be stimulated

*In between axon and muscle is a neuromuscular junction

*Motor axon breaks into several branches called axon terminals

*Each branch forms a neuromuscular junction with a single muscle cell

*1 neuron stimulates many muscle fibers

*Motor unit – neuron and all the muscles it stimulates

*Neuromuscular Junction

*Neuron and muscle fibers DO NOT touch

*Separated by small, fluid filled gap called the synaptic cleft

*Acetylcholine (neurontransmitter) carries the impulse across the gap and delivers the message

*If enough acetylcholine is released, the permeability of the receiver changes, allowing for sodium to enter the surface

*Results in possible muscle contraction

*Types of Muscle Contraction

*Types of Muscle Contraction

*Types of Muscle Contraction

*What are the 3 types of muscle contraction? Explain each one

*Isometric

*Concentric

*Eccentric

*REVIEW

*Direct Phosphorylation

*Phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate (CP)

*Creatine Phosphate found in muscles

*As ATP depletes, CP and ADP react to create ATP and Creatine

*Muscles store about 5x as much CP as ATP

*CP stores are quickly depleated as well (15 seconds)

*Review

*Aerobic Respiration

*At rest, during light or moderate exercise, the majority of ATP used for muscle contraction comes from Aerobic Respiration

*95%

*Occurs in mitochondria of the cell

*Glucose is broken down to CO2 and water

*Energy released from broken bonds are captured in ATP molecules

*What happens to the CO2?

*32 ATP per 1 glucose

*Slow and requires continuous oxygen and fuel

*Review

*Anaerobic glycolysis

*Does not require oxygen

*Occurs in cytosol

*Glucose broken down to pyruvic acid and small amounts of energy are captured in ATP bonds

*2 ATP per 1 glucose

*If enough oxygen is present, pyruvic acid enters mitochondria and follows aerobic pathway

*When exercise becomes intense, pyruvic acid turns to lactic acid and process is referred to as anaerobic glycolysis

*Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen

Deficit

*Muscle fatigue – when muscles are exercised strenuously for a long time

*Unable to contract even though it is being stimulated

*Contractions will weaken until they are no longer possible

*Muscle fatigue due to oxygen deficit

*Not able to keep up with oxygen demand

*Muscles lack oxygen, lactic acid accumulates

*Worksheet!

*Use the worksheet to sequence the steps of a muscle contraction

*Bring to class on Monday

*Homework

*Set up for “Memory”

*Create flashcards for:

* Perimysium

* Synergist

*Aerobic

* Leukocytes

* Plasma

* Eccentric contraction

* Leukemia

*Motor Unit

* Smooth Muscle

* Tendon