wordpress.com...science begins with observing the natural world and asking questions. the first step...

Name ______________________

Class _______________________

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Ms Stephanie Portanier

What do scientists

do?

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What do scientists do?

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What is a scientist? You have probably heard of scientists, but you may not have ever stopped to think about what exactly makes someone a scientist. A scientist is a person who studies the world around them. A scientist looks for patterns that help explain how and why things work.

What do scientists study?

A scientist can study lots of different topics. A scientist can study plants, animals, chemicals, space and much more. In fact, a scientist can study almost anything.

I know all about

animals!

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Types of scientists

All scientists are experts in science, but most focus on a specific area. Scientists study all sorts of things. They study our world from the bottom of the ocean to top of the mountains. They study the air, the weather and space. Scientists even study living things.

There are special names for the different types of scientists. Astronomers study the skies. Oceanographers study the oceans. Biologists study living things. Geologists study the Earth. Palaeontologists study dinosaurs. Volcanologists study volcanoes.

Where do scientists work?

Different types of scientists do different jobs. A scientist studying chemicals might work in a laboratory doing experiments, but not all scientists do. A scientist studying dinosaurs in a museum restoring bones. A scientist studying volcanoes might work on an island. A scientist studying the ocean might work on a boat. There are many types of scientists. Which one would you be?

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How do they figure things out?

Even though scientists do many different jobs, they all know a special method to help them discover how and why things works. It is called the scientific method. There are six steps:

Make a prediction or hypothesis which can be tested.

Ask questions about the natural environment.

Try things out and conduct experiments.

Observe and describe.

Document results.

Share and discuss results.

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Science begins with observing the natural world and asking questions. The first step in the scientific method is asking a question. First scientists ask a question about the natural environment. Then they use their knowledge to predict the answer to the question. They develop a possible answer to their question that they can test. Next, scientists design an experiment to test their hypothesis. Scientists are careful to observe what is happening during their experiments. What happens during and after an experiment is known as the results. Scientists collect data, notice details and make observations to get as much information as possible about what happened during the experiment. Scientists take notes and collect data to record all this information. Data can be shown as notes, tables, drawings, photographs, charts or graphs.

Sometimes the results will support the hypothesis. Sometimes the results do not. Scientists know the results are important in either case. Once scientists have the results of an experiment they draw conclusions. That means they decide what the results mean. Was the hypothesis supported? Was it disproven? If the results do not match the hypothesis, it is disproven. If that happens, the scientists do NOT change their predictions. They try to figure out why the results were different from what they expected. Amazing discoveries have been made when an experiment turned out differently from what scientists expected. Scientists make a point of sharing their results and conclusions with each other because they know that they can learn from each other.

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Scientific Tools

Scientists use several different tools to protect themselves, for measuring and observing scientific phenomena while doing experiments. For example:

Goggles and gloves are used to protect their eyes and hands.

A magnifying glass is used to see small details close up.

A ruler and a measuring tape are used for meausuring length.

A pan balance is used to measure mass.

A measuring jug is used to measure capacity (volume of a liquid).

A thermometer is used to measure the temperature.

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A stopwatch is used to measure an exact duration of time.

A microscope is used to see things too small for the naked eye. It makes tiny things look larger.

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What dissolves?

1.

2.

3.

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Growing Gummy Bear

Question: What solution will make the gummy bear grow in length?

Prediction (guess): I think the ____________ will make the gummy bear grow in length.

Our Class Predictions

water

vinegar

1. What solution did the class predict the most? ________________________

2. What solution did the class predict the least? ________________________

3. How many predictions were there in all? ________________________

before after

Results:

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

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How do we stay alive?

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Living and non-living things

We are surrounded by living and non-living things. All animals and plants are living things. A cat playing with a ball is obviously living. A pigeon flying from tree to tree is also a living thing.

Sometimes it is not so easy to decide. Plants are living things but they do not play with balls or fly. If something is living it will carry out all of these seven activities which are:

movement

breathing

nutrition (food) excretion (getting rid of waste) growth

sensitivity (5 senses) reproduction (have babies)

Some non-living things show one or two of the seven characteristics of living things. Machines, such as cars, can move but living things show all seven characteristics.

Non-living things can be divided into two groups, those which were once part of a living thing and those which were never part of a living thing.

Living things may look

different but they ALL

carry out these 7 life

processes.

http://www.saburchill.com/chapters/chap0001.html#Movement

http://www.saburchill.com/chapters/chap0001.html#Excretion

http://www.saburchill.com/chapters/chap0001.html#Growth

http://www.saburchill.com/chapters/chap0001.html#Sensitivity

http://www.saburchill.com/chapters/chap0001.html#Reproduction

http://www.saburchill.com/chapters/chap0001.html#Non

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Plants

Plants are all around us. Plants come in all sorts of different shapes, sizes and colours. A plant is made up of four parts. Roots

Roots can help a plant in multiple ways. Roots anchor the plant down into the ground. This allows the plant to stay in one location. Roots also gather the water and nutrients for the plant. Roots can also store these nutrients for the plant. Roots grow under the ground and are usually the first stage of the plant life cycle that you can see.

flower

leaves

roots

stem

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Stem

The stem is the support and the central part of the plant. The stem is where the leaves and flowers will develop from. The stem also carries the food and water to the plant that the roots gathered. The stem is strong enough to hold the plant up. Leaves

Leaves are the busy part of the plant. Leaves are used in the food production for the plant. Leaves also absorb the sunlight for photosynthesis to occur. Leaves will use the sunlight and energy to create food. Most leaves have veins which are like tiny pipes that carry water and nutrients from the roots. The veins also carry the food the leaf makes to the rest of the plant. Some plants use their leaves to store water (like a cactus). Flowers

The flower attracts insects which allow them to pollinate the flowers. Once the flower has been pollinated it will begin to produce seeds. It is these seeds that will continue the plant life cycle.

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In order for plants to grow and stay alive, they need:

water

air

good soil

sunlight

nutrients and vitamins

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Investigation 1: Sprouting Beans

(see link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U9SWwnWe0VQ) Materials needed:

a plastic cup

paper towels

some beans

water

Method:

1. Fill the plastic cup with paper towels.

2. Gently water your seed jar to wet the paper towels.

3. Carefully push seeds down into the paper towels around the edge of

the jar so they can still be seen. Make sure they are firmly held in

place.

What happens after six days? What happens after twelve days?

______________________________ _____________________________

______________________________ _____________________________

______________________________ _____________________________

______________________________ _____________________________

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U9SWwnWe0VQ

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Investigation 2: Light or darkness?

Put some bean sprouts from Investigation 1 in the light and others in a

dark cupboard and compare the difference in appearance and growth of

the plants.

Light Darkness

______________________________ _____________________________

______________________________ _____________________________

______________________________ _____________________________

______________________________ _____________________________

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Investigation 3: Air or without air?

What happens to a bean in a closed jar, as opposed to a jar with no

lid? Will it sprout?

Lid No lid

______________________________ _____________________________

______________________________ _____________________________

______________________________ _____________________________

______________________________ _____________________________

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Investigation 4: Watered or not watered?

What happens if a seed is not watered?

Watered Not watered

______________________________ _____________________________

______________________________ _____________________________

______________________________ _____________________________

______________________________ _____________________________

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Investigation 5:

What if it is ‘watered’ with other types of liquid, such as vinegar, milk or orange juice? Will it still grow?

Vinegar Milk

______________________________ _____________________________

______________________________ _____________________________

______________________________ _____________________________

Orange juice

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

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What does a plant need?

Can you remember the parts of a plant and what each part does?

Look at the picture of this plant.

Does it look healthy?

Why do you think that?

Explain your answer to your partner.

Just like us, plants need certain things in order to grow and be healthy.

water the right temperature light

Plants need water for many reasons…

• When you first plant a seed, water is needed to help turn the seed into the start of a plant.

• Plants need water to suck up nutrients from the soil. Nutrients are the good things in soil which will help a plant grow and be healthy.

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• The leaves of a plant need water to help it turn sunlight in to food.

• Although plants need water, it is important that they get the right amount of water. If plants don’t have enough water, they will die. However, they can also die if they have too much water.

• To know how much is the right amount of water, we need to know what type of plant it is. For example, lavender and sage need very little water. Whereas, irises and hydrangeas need lots of water.

• When you buy a packet of seeds, the packet will often give you information about how much water a plant needs. If you aren’t sure, you could find out using a book or the Internet.

We need sunlight to keep healthy. Our bodies make vitamin D from sunlight. Vitamin D helps our bodies use something called calcium which makes our bones strong. Plants need light to keep them strong

too!

Leaves turn sunlight in to food for the whole plant. Without light, a plant won’t be healthy.

If you put a plant in a very dark place, such as a cupboard, you will notice some interesting things…

- As the plant grows, it will grow in the direction of the cupboard door, trying to find some sunlight.

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A cactus is from the desert, so it is used to a

hot temperature.

Daisies can grow and be healthy in much cooler temperatures.

- At first, the plant might grow taller, but it will be thinner than usual. This is because the plant is putting all its energy in to finding light.

- The leaves of the plant will start to turn yellow. Leaves are green because of a chemical in them, which helps turn sunlight in to food. Without light, this can’t be made, so the leaves lose their green colour.

- Although the plant will continue to grow at first, it won’t be healthy and will eventually die.

Plants need the right temperature to stay healthy too!

The right temperature is different for different types of plants.

Seeds need the right temperature to start turning into a plant. Plants also need the right temperature to be able to turn sunlight into food.

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Habitats

A habitat is all the living and non-living things in an area. All around the world there are many different kinds of habitats. Plants and animals live in habitats that have the things they need to survive.

Rainforests are a kind of forest habitat. Rainforests are wet, warm habitats that are crowded with plants and animals. They get a lot of rain. There are rainforests in Africa, Asia, Australia, and Central and South America. The biggest rainforest is the Amazon rainforest. More than half of it is in Brazil, but parts are in several other South American countries, including Ecuador and Bolivia.

The Amazon Rainforest is a beautiful place that is full of unique animals, millions of miles of trees, and rare species of plants and bugs – some that haven’t even been discovered yet! This stunning rainforest gives us so much more than interesting plants and animals to learn about, it also gives the Earth a lot of its oxygen!

https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/explore/countries/brazil/

https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/explore/countries/ecuador/

https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/explore/countries/bolivia/

https://www.coolkidfacts.com/oxygen-facts/

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Interesting facts about the Amazon rainforest

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Plants we eat

Plants have different parts to them, just like you. We have different body parts such as arms, legs and a mouth. A plant has different parts too and they all do different jobs. We can eat parts of some plants!

The roots of a plant anchor it in the ground. Without roots, a plant would fall over. Roots also take in nutrients and water from the soil. Here are some root vegetables that we can eat. Can you name them?

The stem helps to support the plant and keep it upright. Water and food are taken up from the roots and transported through the stem. Leaves are very important as they make food for the plants. Leaves are made to catch the sunlight, as plants need sunlight to make food. This process is called photosynthesis. Leaves come in all sizes and shapes.

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Here are some stem and leaf vegetables that we can eat. Can you name them?

Flowers look pretty and come in lots of different colours. They can also smell lovely. These colours and smells are important because they attract bees, birds and butterflies that pollinate the plant. The plant will then produce seeds or fruit. Here are some flower vegetables that we can eat. Can you name them?

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Many plants have fruit to carry and spread their seeds. Some of the foods we might think are vegetables are actually fruits. If the food has seeds, it is a fruit. The seeds might be on the inside or outside of the fruit.

Some of the foods we eat are the seeds of plants. Can you name them?

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How do we keep fit and

healthy?

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KWL Healthy Eating

K What do I know about healthy eating?

W

What do I want to know about healthy eating?

L

What did I learn about healthy eating?

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KWL Food Hygiene

K What do I know about food hygiene?

W

What do I want to know about food hygiene?

L

What did I learn about food hygiene?

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Always wash hands after handling raw

meats.

How clean was your sandwich?

After preparing the sandwich this is where I saw the bacteria:

On the sandwich On the chicken On the preparation area On my hands Other places

What about your kitchen?

1. Imagine all the bacteria on your hand are painted blue and you will leave a blue mark every time you touch something. 2. In the box provided draw a plan of your kitchen. Make a blue mark on everything you would touch to make a sandwich.

Conclusion

If we don’t wash our hands after touching the raw chicken what could happen? ___________________________________________________________

How can we stop the microbes from the raw chicken spreading to other areas? ___________________________________________________________

If someone ate the sandwich with the microbes on it, what might happen? ___________________________________________________________

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How do our senses help us gather

information?

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Our senses Have you ever had a really good meal? You smell the delicious aroma of your favourite food cooking, and it looks so tasty on your plate. Your mouth explodes with flavour as you take a bite. You can hear the sound of your teeth chewing each bite and feel the soft napkin on your lips as you wipe your mouth.

Whether you are eating a meal, doing homework, or playing, you are using your five senses, which are the ways that our bodies help us learn about, explore, and interact with the world around us. These senses - which include sight, smell, hearing, taste, and touch - each use a specific body part to help gather information.

Sight: our eyes help us detect light and form images. You use your sense of sight when you read, colour, watch movies, and even walk. When your eyes are open, they constantly take in pictures of the world and send them to your brain for it to figure out what you're seeing. These images help you understand the people, places, movement, and things around you.

Hearing: our ears detect sound because of the movement of the air (vibrations). The vibrations then extend to the inner ear through special bones which further transmit the information to the brain. The brain then advises on what one has heard like hooting, screaming, noise and so on.

Smell: we detect smells using our nose. You use your smell when you notice the smell of food cooking or the perfume form a flower. Your nose is always taking in smells around you through the two holes of your nose called the nostrils. When air enters your nostrils, special tiny cells inside absorb the air and send messages to your brain about what smells are in the air. Your brain then processes this information and helps you understand what you are smelling.

Taste: the sense of taste manifests through the tongue. The tongue detects tastes: salty, sweet, sour, and bitter. Taste is the ability to detect different chemicals in food, minerals, and even poisonous substance. This happens through

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the taste buds, which are the sensory organs of the tongue. Using these tastes, the body is able to distinguish nutritious from harmful substances. The tongue distinguishes palatable and disgusting substances.

Touch: we are able to detect the many sensations associated with touch because of the receptors in the skin which are sensitive to touch, pain and temperature. Its multiple receptors transmit the impulses through the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system and the brain. The brain then interprets and one is able to know whether it is hot or cold and or when in pain or friction.

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My five senses scavenger hunt

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Let’s do an experiment using the

scientific method!

1. Ask a question

2. Make a hypothesis

3. Test your hypothesis…draw or write what

you observe

5. Analyse the results

6. Draw a conclusion

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Where does light come from?

Light seems to be all around us. But where does it come from? Can you name some sources of light? A source of light makes its own light. The sun and other stars, fires, torches and lamps all make their own light and so are examples of sources of light. Remember! You must never look directly at the sun. It is so bright that it can damage your eyes very quickly. Some animals, such as fireflies and glow-worms, are light sources. They make their own light to attract mates.

Light travels as a wave. But unlike waves of water, or sound waves, it does not need any medium to travel through. This means light can travel through a vacuum - a completely airless space. Light waves travel out from sources of light in straight lines. These lines are often called rays or beams of light. Rays of light travel from a light source and hit objects around us. The rays of light reflect, or bounce, off an object, and then travel into our eyes. This reflection of light allows us to see the object.

A mirror is not a source of light. It doesn’t make its own light, it just reflects light. Reflection is when light bounces off a surface, changing the direction of a ray of light. All objects reflect light; smooth and shiny surface reflect all the rays of light at the same angle, rather than scattering the rays of light like rough or dull surfaces. The light ray that hits the mirror or other object is described as the incident ray, and the ray of light that bounces off is known as the reflected ray.

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

-

- -

- -

- -

-

reflected ray Incident ray

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You would not be able to see a reflector of light, such as a mirror, in a completely

dark room. When you look in a mirror you see a reflection of yourself. If you have

more than one mirror, these will produce a lot of the same image.

Look at the things below. Are they light sources? Colour

the light sources.

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What is a nocturnal animal? Nocturnal animals are mostly awake at night and rest during the day. Many of them have an excellent sense of smell and very good hearing. Some nocturnal animals have special eyesight. These extra strong senses make it easier for them to hunt, but it also means they can see the predators more easily.

Seeing in the dark Some animals like cats, have eyes to adapt to seeing in both the day and the night. However, many nocturnal animals have specially adapted eyes. Many people think that bats are blind but they can actually see almost as well as humans. However, at night, their hearing is more important to them. This is because bats use a special sense called echolocation to help them navigate at night. The bats make sounds and when the sound hits an object, it makes an echo. Bats then use this to judge how close they are to things. Owls have very large eyes compared to the size of their bodies which helps them to see well in the

dark.

Badgers live in setts under the ground and come out at night. They have very poor eyesight and very good sense of smell and hearing.

The red fox has tendencies to become nocturnal in areas of human interference for example cities. Foxes are more active at night and twilight and hunt alone.

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My Favourite Nocturnal Animal

My favourite nocturnal animal is __________________________.

Draw a picture of the animal you chose.

Some facts about this animal:

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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What is a shadow? Shadows are created when a source of light shines on an object but the light is blocked and does not pass through it. Opaque objects do not let any light through. They completely block the light and stop it travelling any further. These objects create shadows. Shadows are areas of darkness where light has been blocked.

a tracing Paper a glass

A translucent object allows some light to pass through it.

When light passes through an object, it is called a transparent

object.

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light

transparent source

longest light shadow straight

opaque

translucent glass

shortest

Challenge Do you know how light travels?

Select the missing words from the torch below and fill in the gaps.

Light travels in lines from a ________________of

light, which bounces off an object. We can see the object because the

__________________enters our eyes. Wood and cardboard

are_______________objects, which light cannot travel through. _

is a _____________material which allows light to pass through. Tissue paper

is _______________which will let some light travel through. When an object

blocks out the , a is

formed. Shadows are at midday and _

at the end of the day.

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What are things made

of?

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What is a mixture and what is a solution?

Mixture Solution

A mixture is two or more substances mixed together.

The substances can be easily separated.

Each substance keeps its original shape.

You can separate the substances based on their original physical properties.

A solution is two or more substances mixed together.

The substances cannot be easily separated and the combination creates a new substance.

One substance dissolves into another.

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Let’s Experiment! Prediction: Can the following mixtures be separated easily?

Salt and water

sand and water

pepper and water

Sugar and water

Results:

Tick if it is a mixture or a substance.

Mixture Substance

Salt and water

Sand and water

Pepper and water

Sugar and water

Write yes or no.

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What is a physical change? A physical change is when an object changes from one type of matter to another without creating a new substance or changing chemically. When you change the physical properties, you have a physical change.

Examples of physical changes:

Tearing, folding, cutting, bending, breaking, freezing, warming, cooling, boiling, dissolving, separating, changing colour and evaporation.

Physical Properties:

weight shape

colour

smell

texture width

volume

length

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What is a chemical change? Chemical changes break up and reform molecules to create a new substance. The new substance will have different properties from the original substance and is not reversible.

Examples of chemical changes:

Frying an egg, fireworks, baking a cake, lightning a match, burning wood and burning of fuels.

Signs of chemical change:

A chemical reaction occurred

Gas is released (bubbles)

Light is released

Heat is released

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Investigation 1 Some coins are bright and shiny and some are dull and dark. The dark ones had a chemical reaction done on the surface of the copper (water, oxygen and a chemical sulphur have joined with the copper to produce the dark appearance of the coin). How can we bring the coin back to being bright and shiny?

What happened? What did you observe?

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

Ideas:

Before After

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Investigation 2 Hypothesis: What do you think will happen?

Results: What happened? What did you observe?

Cup 1 Cup 2

Cup 1 Cup 2

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Reversible and Irreversible

Change

An irreversible change is a permanent change that cannot be undone.

Can you think of something that once it changes, it cannot return back to its previous state?

In an irreversible change, new materials are always formed. Sometimes these new materials are useful to us.

Heating a substance can cause an irreversible change.

Mixing substances can cause an irreversible change.

Burning is an example of an irreversible change.

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A reversible change is a change that can be undone or reversed.

Can you think of something that changes and then can change back to its original state?

A reversible change might change how a material looks or feels, but it doesn’t create new materials.

Melting is an example of a reversible change.

Freezing is an example of a reversible change.

Boiling, evaporating and condensing are all examples of reversible changes.

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Change Detectives

Changes from Heating Experiment

Solid It will melt into a liquid

It will burn

Reversible change

Irreversible change

chocolate

wax

metal

butter

ice lolly

paper

wood

Hypothesis: What will happen to these solids when heated?

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Solid It melted into

a liquid It burned

Reversible change

Irreversible change

chocolate

wax

metal

butter

ice lolly

paper

wood

Results: What happens to these solids when heated?

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Natural and Man-made

Materials Natural Materials

These are materials that are ‘naturally’ found around us. We may have to dig them out of the ground, grow them or take them from living things.

Wood comes from stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It isn’t chemically processed so it is natural. It is used for burning, furniture and lots of other things.

Coal is a black rock found underground. It does not go through any chemical processes so it is a natural material. It is burned for providing heat and producing electricity.

Cotton is a soft, fluffy material that grows around the seed of the cotton plant. There are no chemical processes used to make cotton so it is a natural material. The cotton is spun into yarn to make a soft, breathable fabric. Cotton is used to make clothes and furnishings.

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