- programming

7/30/2019 - Programming

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Programming

Chapter 8


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Introduction

Deciding what should be distributed to the public and when.

For internet when is not that important.

Internet has influenced the whole programming process need to combine old programming + interactivity + creativity

Need to follow societal change

MTV from music style to retool dramas, sitcoms, and others

Sources of Programs

Self-Produced

Related & Nonrelated Media

get from each other

from affiliate network

for radio voice tracking

Nonrelated media not related through ties or affiliation agreements Major & Independents

pod deals produce programs for the network

windows a time between a film is shown in theatre and when it shown elsewhere

umbrella deal gives office and some financing produce for them

Syndicators

Others sports franchises, music company, video game producer


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Developments

from idea to distribution

Ideas it needs to be nurtured, tested and fine-tune before public consumption

Idea needspitching

If the idea is for a series may need apilot one program that might appear in a seriesdevelopment hell

maybe making it into sequel or a spin-off

The News Process

based on whatever is happening in the world

no pitch-pilot development process

decisions are made quickly

News Gathering

assign own reporters local, national & international

assignment editor keeps a list of stories that likely to become important

reporters who were embedded stringers not in a payroll paid for stories or footages

major providers CNN

news agencies using wire services

today- sound bites & video footages via satellite

the public

news releases scanners , helicopters and others.


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The News Process

News Compilation

decides what story to broadcast

rewrites news agency copymakes phone calls to confirm facts

news director overall responsibility news operation, hiring & firing people, setting

basic guidelines for the approach

news producer organizes the programs & decides what will be included

segment producers segment stories

assignment editors reporters

for radio process selecting stories is ongoing news is broadcast many times

throughout the day

for television major effort is devoted to evening news

decision making what stories to go on air until close to airtime

anchors get into position

director and crew prepare for the broadcast

material is put in order

teleprompter copy is readied

computer graphics are polished

and the newscast begins

last minute changes can still occur


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The News Process

Presentation

radio disc jockeys or reporters

anchor teams to present the news television newscasters who appeal to viewers

to establish trustworthy and loyal audience

Websites

updates constantly

include video clips used in a newscast - or maybe reedit

may also include material that does not make it to the newscast webno timelimitation

Formats

particular type of material that they program adult contemporary, classic rock, top 40, country, alternative, all-news, oldies, talk

based from this develop special features, original programming

decision factors how to grab the audience


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Scheduling

for radio main scheduling elementa clock

will all segments that appear within an hours worth of programming

each time segment within an hour resembles that same time at other hours.most stations change their clocks to some degree during different dayparts- example

traffic reports


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Scheduling

for movie business high budgets movies holiday periods

video games near Christmas to maximize sales

internet just need to keep up to date.

Scheduling Strategies

block programming the scheduling of one type of programs (comedies) for an entire

evening. To ensure audience flow.

hammocking putting new series between two successful existing series with the idea

that people will stay tuned through the whole block.

tentpoling scheduling new or weak series before and after a very successful program

stripping used mostly by TV stations. Show programs from the same series at the sametime Monday through Friday.


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Genres of Programs

Drama basic, enduring & high profile form of entertainment

movies are still heavy on drama

many are part of television

forms of drama

soap operastune in tomorrow

telenovela- from Latin America

anthology dramas individual story did not have same characters within the

series

episodic serialized dramas characters & problems solved in 60 minutes

miniseries several episodes

docudrama factual base but includes fictionalized events

expensive to produce

suspense and conflict lead to violence


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Genres of Programs

Comedy

aim to make people laugh not an easy task

in the form of sitcoms

Reality

1990s

Real people engaged in real activities

no actors to pay, no sets to build, technical requirements were minimal

summer 2000 went into new direction Mark BurnettSurvivor

reality TV has been extended to some other forms of programming game shows or

music shows

Games

ordinary people using skill or luck to win prizes - excitement

some of them were quite intellectual

Music

minor role in TV than in radio

MTV

negative impact of music on youth


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Genres of Programs

News

Journalist=gatekeepers decide what people need to know

more sources for news finding news content and style delivering political information

sometime making rush judgment

encapsulated news yet often trivial

sensationalism

biased

Sports

value to broadcasting

right fees

blackout (not airing)

Talk Shows

radio talk shows early development no telephone technology

simply in studio interviews

interviews, interactions, newscasts

cost depends on quality and demands of the guests and host


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Genres of Programs

Documentaries & Information

film theorists believe - deal with controversial subjects and present a point of view

Magazine consist of a number of minidocs not go into enough depth

more featurelike than documentary

Discovery Channel opened the door for more documentary production

fairly non controversial

wildlife, science & other aspects of nature

Religion

part of radio & tv since their beginnings

part of the day or the rest of the day

some limit religious programs to Sunday morning

most do not contain paid advertising

ask people to donate money

buy religious items

or support the particular religion

some radio stations have religious music format


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Genres of Programs

Childrens Programming

radio first aired childrens programs during Saturday morning and after-school hours

today radio programs very little for children television started emphasis on puppets

longest-running kids show on commercial network TV (1955-1982) Captain Kangaroo

most programs consisted of host or hostess introduce cartoons and promote

commercial products

new approach educate & inform not simply entertain

1979 Nickelodeonhas become top purveyor of popular childrens programs


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Issues & the Future

changes programming will go through changes in the near future

internet the role of internet and portable devices in distributing entertainment &

information programming choices = choice fatigue

still there is nothing good on tv

entertainment area dominated by reality tv

difficult for writers to find jobs

limit opportunity for actors

soap operas smaller audiences than in the past when there was less choice

sex & violence will continue to draw fire elements that sell programs

news will be criticized exhibit viewpoints that are not popular

improvements on childrens TV

new ideas


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