© mcgraw-hill higher education. all rights reserved. chapter 13 evaluating youth fitness and...

© McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Chapter 13Chapter 13

Evaluating Youth Fitness and Evaluating Youth Fitness and Physical ActivityPhysical Activity


Chapter 13 OutlineChapter 13 Outline

Historical View of Youth Fitness TestingHistorical View of Youth Fitness TestingNational Youth Fitness TestsNational Youth Fitness TestsFITNESSGRAM®FITNESSGRAM®The President’s ChallengeThe President’s ChallengeComparison of Youth Fitness TestsComparison of Youth Fitness TestsFITNESSGRAM® Physical Activity FITNESSGRAM® Physical Activity AssessmentAssessmentPresident’s Challenge Physical Activity President’s Challenge Physical Activity AssessmentAssessment


Historical View of Youth Fitness Historical View of Youth Fitness TestingTesting

1954 publication of Kraus-Weber test results 1954 publication of Kraus-Weber test results (Kraus & Hirschland, 1954) heightened (Kraus & Hirschland, 1954) heightened concern with youth fitness.concern with youth fitness.– showed European children score higher than showed European children score higher than

American children on minimum muscular fitness American children on minimum muscular fitness test.test.

– motivating force behind first AAHPER Youth motivating force behind first AAHPER Youth Fitness Test in 1958.Fitness Test in 1958.

More recent evidence linking physical activity More recent evidence linking physical activity and obesity to health emphasizes importance and obesity to health emphasizes importance of youth fitness testingof youth fitness testing


What is Physical Fitness?What is Physical Fitness?

“… “… ability to carry out daily tasks with vigor ability to carry out daily tasks with vigor and alertness, without undue fatigue, and and alertness, without undue fatigue, and with ample energy to enjoy leisure time with ample energy to enjoy leisure time pursuits and to meet unforeseen pursuits and to meet unforeseen emergencies.”emergencies.”


Motor Fitness TestsMotor Fitness Tests

Place an emphasis on athletic emphasis.Place an emphasis on athletic emphasis.

Initial youth fitness tests were motor Initial youth fitness tests were motor fitness tests.fitness tests.

Recent youth fitness tests are health-Recent youth fitness tests are health-related fitness tests.related fitness tests.


Motor Fitness ComponentsMotor Fitness Components

ComponentComponent Common Test ItemCommon Test Item

Muscular StrengthMuscular Strength Pull-ups, Push-ups,Pull-ups, Push-ups,Flexed-arm hangFlexed-arm hang

Muscular EnduranceMuscular Endurance Bent-knee sit-upBent-knee sit-up

Cardiorespiratory Cardiorespiratory

EnduranceEndurance 600-yard run600-yard run

Muscular PowerMuscular Power Standing long jumpStanding long jump

AgilityAgility Shuttle runShuttle run

SpeedSpeed 50-yard dash50-yard dash


Health-related Physical FitnessHealth-related Physical Fitness

Shift away from athletic emphasis to focus on Shift away from athletic emphasis to focus on health.health.

Criteria for test selection:Criteria for test selection:– Test should measure an area that extends from Test should measure an area that extends from

severely limited dysfunctional to high levels of severely limited dysfunctional to high levels of functional capacity.functional capacity.

– Test should measure capacities that can be Test should measure capacities that can be improved with appropriate physical activity.improved with appropriate physical activity.

– Test should reflect person’s fitness status by Test should reflect person’s fitness status by corresponding test scores and changes in these corresponding test scores and changes in these scores.scores.


Health-related Fitness Health-related Fitness ComponentsComponents

Cardiorespiratory FunctionCardiorespiratory Function

Body Composition (leanness/fatness)Body Composition (leanness/fatness)

Abdominal and low back/hamstring Abdominal and low back/hamstring musculoskeletal functionmusculoskeletal function


National Youth Fitness National Youth Fitness ProgramsPrograms

FITNESSGRAM®FITNESSGRAM®– developed by Cooper Institute for Aerobics developed by Cooper Institute for Aerobics

ResearchResearch– adopted by AAHPERDadopted by AAHPERD

President’s ChallengePresident’s Challenge– sponsored by President’s Council on Physical sponsored by President’s Council on Physical

Fitness and SportsFitness and Sports


Criterion-referenced TestsCriterion-referenced Tests

Both national youth fitness tests are criterion-Both national youth fitness tests are criterion-referenced (CR) tests.referenced (CR) tests.– standards thought to be suitable for health promotion standards thought to be suitable for health promotion

are predetermined.are predetermined.– test scores are compared to the CR standard to test scores are compared to the CR standard to

determine passing/failing statusdetermine passing/failing status

FITNESSGRAM® provides “Healthy Fitness Zone” FITNESSGRAM® provides “Healthy Fitness Zone” – lower level (“good”) reflects minimally acceptable level lower level (“good”) reflects minimally acceptable level

of healthof health– upper level (“better”) represents level designed to upper level (“better”) represents level designed to

motivate students and provide challengemotivate students and provide challenge


Assessment of Physical ActivityAssessment of Physical Activity

Both national youth fitness tests now Both national youth fitness tests now provide options to assess “physical provide options to assess “physical activity”, in addition to physical fitness.activity”, in addition to physical fitness.

ACTIVITYGRAM®ACTIVITYGRAM®– part of FITNESSGRAM®part of FITNESSGRAM®

Presidential Active Lifestyle AwardPresidential Active Lifestyle Award– part of President’s Challengepart of President’s Challenge


FITNESSGRAMFITNESSGRAM Test Items Test Items

Aerobic CapacityAerobic Capacity– PACER*PACER*– One-mile runOne-mile run– Walk test (secondary students)Walk test (secondary students)

Body CompositionBody Composition– Skinfold measurements*Skinfold measurements*– Body mass index (BMI)Body mass index (BMI)



Abdominal Strength and EnduranceAbdominal Strength and Endurance– Curl-up*Curl-up*

Upper Body StrengthUpper Body Strength– Push-up*Push-up*– Modified pull-upModified pull-up– Pull-upPull-up– Flexed arm hangFlexed arm hang



Trunk Extensor Strength and FlexibilityTrunk Extensor Strength and Flexibility– Trunk lift*Trunk lift*

Flexibility Flexibility (may select one)(may select one)

– Back-saver sit and reachBack-saver sit and reach– Shoulder stretchShoulder stretch


PACER 20-meter Multi-stage PACER 20-meter Multi-stage Shuttle RunShuttle Run

Starts out slowly and gets faster each Starts out slowly and gets faster each minute.minute.Pace is controlled by CD and can be set Pace is controlled by CD and can be set to music.to music.Students run back and forth across 20-m Students run back and forth across 20-m distance until they cannot maintain pace.distance until they cannot maintain pace.– less fit students end the test firstless fit students end the test first

Score is number of laps competed.Score is number of laps competed.


PACERPACER

VOVO22 max = max = 31.025 31.025

+ 3.238(speed) + 3.238(speed)

– – 3.3248(age) 3.3248(age)

+ 0.1536(speed * age)+ 0.1536(speed * age)

where speed is maximal shuttle run speed where speed is maximal shuttle run speed in kin k..hrhr-1-1..

Equation was developed on 188 boys and Equation was developed on 188 boys and girls aged 8 to 19 years.girls aged 8 to 19 years.

(R = .71, SEE = 5.9 ml.kg-1.min-1)


PACERPACER

Equipment Needs: flat surface at least 20 m long, PACER CD or cassette tape, CD or cassette player, measuring tape, marker cones.


PACERPACER

Practice: Allow two practice sessions so students know how to follow pace and know what to expect.


PACERPACER

Standards are not provided for children aged 9 years and younger. Young children are encouraged to participate.


FITNESSGRAM® Criterion-referenced Standards for the PACER, 1-mile Run, and Walk Tests for Boys

Age PACER 1-Mile Run Walk Test(# laps) (min:sec) (VO2 max in ml.kg-1.min-1)

56 Participation Participation Recommended7 only. only. for secondary8 No standards No standards students only.9 recommended. Recommended.

10 23 61 11:30 9:0011 23 72 11:00 8:3012 32 72 10:30 8:0013 41 72 10:00 7:30 42 5214 41 83 9:30 7:00 42 5215 51 94 9:00 7:00 42 5216 61 94 8:30 7:00 42 5217 61 94 8:30 7:00 42 5217+ 61 94 8:30 7:00 42 52


FITNESSGRAM® Criterion-referenced Standards for the PACER, 1-mile Run, and Walk Tests for Girls

Age PACER 1-mile Run Walk Test(# laps) (min:sec) (VO2 max in ml.kg-1.min-1)

56 Participation Participation Recommended7 only. only. for secondary8 No standards No standards students only.9 recommended. Recommended.

10 15 41 12:30 9:3011 15 41 12:00 9:0012 23 41 12:00 9:0013 23 51 11:30 9:00 37 4514 23 51 11:00 8:30 36 4415 23 51 10:30 8:00 35 4316 32 61 10:00 8:00 35 4317 41 61 10:00 8:00 35 4317+ 41 61 10:00 8:00 35 43


1-Mile Run1-Mile Run

Run 1 mile as fast as possible.Run 1 mile as fast as possible.

Students need to be motivated to provide Students need to be motivated to provide good effort.good effort.

It is necessary for students to understand It is necessary for students to understand pacing.pacing.– practicepractice


1-Mile Run1-Mile Run

VOVO22 max = max = 108.94 108.94

+ 0.21(age*gender) + 0.21(age*gender) – – 0.84(BMI) 0.84(BMI) – – 8.41(1-mile time)8.41(1-mile time)+ 0.34(1-mile time+ 0.34(1-mile time22))

where gender is 1 = male and 0 = female, 1-where gender is 1 = male and 0 = female, 1-mile time is in minutes.mile time is in minutes.Equation was developed on over 750 males Equation was developed on over 750 males and females 8 to 25 years of age.and females 8 to 25 years of age.

(R = .72, SEE = 4.84 ml.kg-1.min-1)


Walk TestWalk Test

Walk 1 mile as quickly as possible.Walk 1 mile as quickly as possible.An alternative for participants 13 years An alternative for participants 13 years and older.and older.Heart rate during final 15 seconds of the Heart rate during final 15 seconds of the test is measured.test is measured.Important to maintain same pace Important to maintain same pace throughout the walk.throughout the walk.Developed from Rockport Fitness Developed from Rockport Fitness Walking Test.Walking Test.


Walk TestWalk Test

VOVO22 max = max = 132.853 132.853

– – 0.0769(weight) 0.0769(weight) – – 0.377(age) 0.377(age) + 6.315(gender) + 6.315(gender) – – 3.2649(walk time) 3.2649(walk time) – – 0.1565(heart rate)0.1565(heart rate)

where weight is in pounds, gender is 1 = male and 0 where weight is in pounds, gender is 1 = male and 0 = female, walk time is in minutes.= female, walk time is in minutes.Equation was developed on over 343 males and Equation was developed on over 343 males and females 30 to 69 years of age.females 30 to 69 years of age.

(R = .88, SEE = 5.0 ml.kg-1.min-1)


Body CompositionBody Composition

Percent fat from skinfoldsPercent fat from skinfolds

body mass index (BMI) from weight and body mass index (BMI) from weight and heightheight


SkinfoldsSkinfolds

Triceps and calf sites are used.Triceps and calf sites are used.Skinfold calipers are needed.Skinfold calipers are needed.Provide privacy for people being tested.Provide privacy for people being tested.Healthy Fitness Zone:Healthy Fitness Zone:– Boys: 10 – 25% fatBoys: 10 – 25% fat– Girls: 17 – 32% fatGirls: 17 – 32% fat

Optimal Range:Optimal Range:– Boys:Boys:10 – 20% fat10 – 20% fat– Girls:Girls: 15 – 25% fat15 – 25% fat


Prediction of Percent FatPrediction of Percent Fat

Boys:Boys:

%fat = 0.735 * (Sum of triceps + calf) + 1%fat = 0.735 * (Sum of triceps + calf) + 1

Girls:Girls:

%fat = 0.61 * (Sum of triceps + calf) + 5.1%fat = 0.61 * (Sum of triceps + calf) + 5.1

Equations were developed on 310 people 8 to 29 Equations were developed on 310 people 8 to 29 years of age.years of age.

(R = .88, SEE = 3.8% fat)


Triceps SkinfoldTriceps Skinfold


Calf SkinfoldCalf Skinfold


Body Mass IndexBody Mass Index

Calculated from weight and height.Calculated from weight and height.

Does not provide a measure of body Does not provide a measure of body fatness.fatness.

BMI can misclassify people who are BMI can misclassify people who are lean, but muscular, as overfat.lean, but muscular, as overfat.

A person who does not weigh much, but A person who does not weigh much, but has a high %fat with little muscular has a high %fat with little muscular development can be misclassified into development can be misclassified into Healthy Fitness Zone with BMI.Healthy Fitness Zone with BMI.


Body Mass Index (BMI)Body Mass Index (BMI)

BMI = weight (kg) BMI = weight (kg) height height22 (meters) (meters)– pounds pounds 2.2 = kg 2.2 = kg– inches * 0.0254 = metersinches * 0.0254 = meters

Example: 110 pounds (50 kg) and 5 Example: 110 pounds (50 kg) and 5 feet 4 inches (64 inches or 1.6256 m)feet 4 inches (64 inches or 1.6256 m)

BMI = 50 BMI = 50 (1.6256) (1.6256)22 = 18.92 kg = 18.92 kg..mm-2-2


FITNESSGRAM® and President’s Challenge Health Fitness Test Criterion-referenced Standards for Body Mass Index (kg.m-2)

BOYS GIRLSAge FITNESSGRAM® President’s FITNESSGRAM® President’s

Challenge Challenge

5 20 14.7 21 16.26 20 14.7 19.5 13.3 21 16.2 19.5 13.37 20 14.9 19.5 13.3 22 16.2 19.5 13.38 20 15.1 20.5 13.4 22 16.2 20.5 13.49 20 15.2 21.4 13.7 23 16.2 21.4 13.7

10 21 15.3 22.5 14.0 23.5 16.6 22.5 14.011 21 15.8 23.7 14.0 24 16.9 23.7 14.012 22 16.0 24.1 14.8 24.5 16.9 24.1 14.813 23 16.6 24.7 15.4 24.5 17.5 24.7 15.414 24.5 17.5 25.4 16.1 25 17.5 25.4 16.115 25 18.1 26.4 16.6 25 17.5 26.4 16.616 26.5 18.5 26.8 17.2 25 17.5 26.8 17.217 27 18.8 27.5 17.7 26 17.5 27.5 17.717+ 27.8 19.0 27.3 18.0


Muscle Strength, Endurance, Muscle Strength, Endurance, and Flexibilityand Flexibility

Abdominal strength and enduranceAbdominal strength and endurance– curl-upcurl-up

Trunk extensor strength and flexibilityTrunk extensor strength and flexibility– trunk lifttrunk lift

Upper body strength and flexibilityUpper body strength and flexibility– push-uppush-up– modified pull-upmodified pull-up– pull-uppull-up– flexed arm hangflexed arm hang

FlexibilityFlexibility– back-saver sit-and-reachback-saver sit-and-reach– shoulder stretchshoulder stretch


Curl-upCurl-up

Modification of sit-up test to isolate Modification of sit-up test to isolate abdominal muscles and minimize abdominal muscles and minimize involvement of hip flexors.involvement of hip flexors.Feet are not held and only first part of sit-Feet are not held and only first part of sit-up is completed.up is completed.Completed at specified cadence of 20 Completed at specified cadence of 20 curl-ups per minutes.curl-ups per minutes.Student completes as many curl-ups as Student completes as many curl-ups as possible at specified cadence to a possible at specified cadence to a maximum of 75 curl-ups.maximum of 75 curl-ups.


Curl-upCurl-up

Equipment Needed: mats, CD or cassette tape with cadence, measuring strip (3” for 5- to 9-year-old, 4.5” for older subjects.


FITNESSGRAM® Criterion-referenced Standards for Curl-up

BOYS GIRLSAge FITNESSGRAM® FITNESSGRAM®

5 2 10 2 106 2 10 2 107 4 14 4 148 6 20 6 209 9 24 9 22

10 12 24 12 2611 15 28 15 2912 18 36 18 3213 21 40 18 3214 24 45 18 3215 24 47 18 3516 24 47 18 3517 24 47 18 3517+ 24 47 18 35


Trunk LiftTrunk Lift

Student starts in prone (face down) Student starts in prone (face down) position on mat and slowly lifts upper body position on mat and slowly lifts upper body off floor using back muscles.off floor using back muscles.

Maximum is 12”.Maximum is 12”.

Measurement of trunk lift emphasizes to Measurement of trunk lift emphasizes to students importance of this area of body to students importance of this area of body to low back pain.low back pain.


FITNESSGRAM® Criterion-referenced Standards for Trunk Lift


5 6 12 6 12 6 6 12 6 12 7 6 12 6 12 8 6 12 6 12 9 6 12 6 12

10 9 12 9 12 11 9 12 9 12 12 9 12 9 12 13 9 12 9 12 14 9 12 9 12 15 9 12 9 12 16 9 12 9 12 17 9 12 9 12 17+ 9 12 9 12


Push-upPush-up

Complete as many push-ups as possible at Complete as many push-ups as possible at a specified cadence of 20 push-ups per a specified cadence of 20 push-ups per minute.minute.

Continue until student cannot maintain Continue until student cannot maintain pace or demonstrates poor form.pace or demonstrates poor form.

Practice on correct form is very important.Practice on correct form is very important.


FITNESSGRAM® Criterion-referenced Standards for Push-up


5 3 8 3 8 6 3 8 3 8 7 4 10 4 108 5 13 5 13 9 6 15 6 15

10 7 20 7 15 11 8 20 7 15 12 10 20 7 15 13 12 25 7 15 14 14 30 7 15 15 16 35 7 15 16 18 35 7 15 17 18 35 7 15 17+ 18 35 7 15


Modified Pull-upModified Pull-up

Hands are placed on bar with heels on floor. Hands are placed on bar with heels on floor. Back is a few inches from the floor. While Back is a few inches from the floor. While keeping heels on floor and back straight, keeping heels on floor and back straight, student pulls up until chin is above elastic student pulls up until chin is above elastic band suspended 7 to 8” below the bar.band suspended 7 to 8” below the bar.

Easier than traditional pull-up. Fewer zero Easier than traditional pull-up. Fewer zero scores.scores.

Participant completes as many modified pull-Participant completes as many modified pull-ups as possible.ups as possible.

Equipment Needed: modified pull-up stand.Equipment Needed: modified pull-up stand.


FITNESSGRAM® Criterion-referenced Standards for Modified Pull-up


5 2 7 2 7 6 2 7 2 7 7 3 9 3 98 4 11 4 11 9 5 11 4 11

10 5 15 4 13 11 6 17 4 1312 7 20 4 13 13 8 22 4 13 14 9 25 4 1315 10 27 4 1316 12 30 4 13 17 14 30 4 13 17+ 14 30 4 13


Modified Pull-upModified Pull-up


Pull-upPull-up

Complete as many push-ups as possible at Complete as many push-ups as possible at a specified cadence of 20 push-ups per a specified cadence of 20 push-ups per minute.minute.

Not recommended because many students Not recommended because many students cannot even do one pull-up and the pull-up cannot even do one pull-up and the pull-up is not sensitive to changes in upper body is not sensitive to changes in upper body strength.strength.


FITNESSGRAM® Criterion-referenced Standards for Pull-up


5 1 2 1 2 6 1 2 1 2 7 1 2 1 28 1 2 1 2 9 1 2 1 2

10 1 2 1 2 11 1 3 1 2 12 1 3 1 2 13 1 4 1 2 14 2 5 1 2 15 3 7 1 2 16 5 8 1 2 17 5 8 1 2 17+ 5 8 1 2


Flexed Arm HangFlexed Arm Hang

Student holds chin above the bar with Student holds chin above the bar with arms in a flexed position for as long as arms in a flexed position for as long as possible.possible.

Overhand grasp (palms forward) is used.Overhand grasp (palms forward) is used.

Equipment Needed: stopwatchEquipment Needed: stopwatch

Stopwatch is stopped when:Stopwatch is stopped when:– chin touches barchin touches bar– head tilt’s back to keep chin above barhead tilt’s back to keep chin above bar– chin falls below level of barchin falls below level of bar


FITNESSGRAM® Criterion-referenced Standards for Flexed Arm Hang (seconds)


5 2 8 2 8 6 2 8 2 8 7 3 8 3 88 3 8 3 10 9 4 10 4 10

10 4 10 4 10 11 6 13 6 12 12 6 13 7 12 13 12 17 8 12 14 15 20 8 12 15 15 20 8 12 16 15 20 8 12 17 15 20 8 12 17+ 15 20 8 12


Back-Saver Sit-and-ReachBack-Saver Sit-and-ReachModification of sit-and-reach test, but testing only one Modification of sit-and-reach test, but testing only one leg at a time.leg at a time.Shoes should be removed. One leg should be extended Shoes should be removed. One leg should be extended with foot against sit-and-reach box. Knee of other leg is with foot against sit-and-reach box. Knee of other leg is bent.bent.Student reaches forward along scale and holds farthest Student reaches forward along scale and holds farthest reach.reach.Appears to be a measure of hamstring, but not low back Appears to be a measure of hamstring, but not low back flexibility.flexibility.Maximum score recorded is 12”.Maximum score recorded is 12”.Passing standard:Passing standard:– Boys: 8”Boys: 8”– Girls: 9” up to age 10; 10” for ages 11 to 14; 12” for 15 years Girls: 9” up to age 10; 10” for ages 11 to 14; 12” for 15 years

and older.and older.


Shoulder StretchShoulder Stretch

Test of shoulder flexibility that can help teach Test of shoulder flexibility that can help teach that flexibility is joint specific.that flexibility is joint specific.Student tries to touch fingers behind the back Student tries to touch fingers behind the back while reaching one arm over the shoulder and while reaching one arm over the shoulder and the other arm under the elbow.the other arm under the elbow.No equipment is necessary. Most students find No equipment is necessary. Most students find this test enjoyable.this test enjoyable.Each shoulder is tested separately and is Each shoulder is tested separately and is scored as “Yes” is student can touch fingers scored as “Yes” is student can touch fingers together and “No” is student is unable to touch together and “No” is student is unable to touch fingertips.fingertips.


The President’s ChallengeThe President’s Challenge

Sponsored by President’s Council on Sponsored by President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports (PCPFS).Physical Fitness and Sports (PCPFS).

Two different tests:Two different tests:– President’s Challenge Physical Fitness TestPresident’s Challenge Physical Fitness Test– President’s Challenge Health Fitness TestPresident’s Challenge Health Fitness Test


President’s Challenge President’s Challenge Physical Fitness Test ItemsPhysical Fitness Test Items

Aerobic CapacityAerobic Capacity– 1-mile run (for 10- to 17-year-olds)1-mile run (for 10- to 17-year-olds)– ½-mile run (for 8- to 9-year olds)½-mile run (for 8- to 9-year olds)– ¼-mile run (for 6- to 7-year-olds)¼-mile run (for 6- to 7-year-olds)


President’s Challenge President’s Challenge Physical Fitness Test ItemsPhysical Fitness Test Items

Muscular Strength, Endurance, and FlexibilityMuscular Strength, Endurance, and Flexibility– Abdominal strength and endurance:Abdominal strength and endurance:

Partial curl-ups (recommended)Partial curl-ups (recommended)Curl-upsCurl-ups

– Upper body strength and endurance:Upper body strength and endurance:Right angle push-ups (recommended)Right angle push-ups (recommended)Pull-upsPull-upsFlexed-arm hangFlexed-arm hang

– FlexibilityFlexibilityV-sit reachV-sit reachSit and reachSit and reach

Agility: Shuttle runAgility: Shuttle run


President’s Challenge President’s Challenge Health Fitness Test ItemsHealth Fitness Test Items

Aerobic CapacityAerobic Capacity– 1-mile run (for 10- to 17-year-olds)1-mile run (for 10- to 17-year-olds)– ½-mile run (for 8- to 9-year olds)½-mile run (for 8- to 9-year olds)– ¼-mile run (for 6- to 7-year-olds)¼-mile run (for 6- to 7-year-olds)

Body Composition: Body mass indexBody Composition: Body mass index


President’s Challenge President’s Challenge Health Fitness Test ItemsHealth Fitness Test Items

Muscular Strength, Endurance, and Muscular Strength, Endurance, and FlexibilityFlexibility– Abdominal strength and endurance: Partial Abdominal strength and endurance: Partial

curl-upscurl-ups– Upper body strength and endurance:Upper body strength and endurance:

Right angle push-ups (recommended)Right angle push-ups (recommended)

Pull-upsPull-ups

– FlexibilityFlexibilityV-sit reachV-sit reach

Sit and reachSit and reach


1-Mile Run or ½-Mile Run or ¼-1-Mile Run or ½-Mile Run or ¼-Mile RunMile Run

Cover distance in fastest possible time.Cover distance in fastest possible time.

Knowledge of and practice with pacing is Knowledge of and practice with pacing is important.important.


Standards and AwardsStandards and Awards

The President’s Challenge offers three The President’s Challenge offers three awards:awards:– Presidential AwardPresidential Award

Standards set at 85Standards set at 85thth percentile percentile

– National AwardNational AwardStandards set at 50Standards set at 50thth percentile percentile

– Health Fitness AwardHealth Fitness AwardAdopted from various sourcesAdopted from various sources


Qualifying Standards for the President’s Challenge Awards Program for the Aerobic Capacity Tests (1-Mile, ½-Mile, or ¼-Mile Run)

Boys GirlsAge Presidential National Health Fitness Presidential National Health Fitness

Award Award Award Award Award Award(min:sec) (min:sec) (min:sec) (min:sec) (min:sec) (min:sec)

6 1:55 2:21 2:30 2:00 2:26 2:507 1:48 2:10 2:20 1:55 2:21 2:40

8 3:30 4:22 4:45 3:58 4:56 5:359 3:30 4:14 4:35 3:53 4:50 5:25

10 7:57 9:48 9:30 9:19 11:22 10:0011 7:32 9:20 9:00 9:02 11:17 10:0012 7:11 8:40 9:00 8:23 11:05 10:3013 6:50 8:06 8:00 8:13 10:23 10:3014 6:26 7:44 8:00 7:59 10:06 10:3015 6:20 7:30 7:30 8:08 9:58 10:0016 6:08 7:10 7:30 8:23 10:31 10:0017 6:06 7:04 7:30 8:15 10:22 10:00


Partial Curl-upPartial Curl-up

Designed to better assess abdominal strength Designed to better assess abdominal strength than traditional curl-up by minimizing than traditional curl-up by minimizing contribution of hip flexors.contribution of hip flexors.Complete as many as possible to a cadence of Complete as many as possible to a cadence of 20 curl-ups per minute.20 curl-ups per minute.At starting position, knees are bent with feet 12” At starting position, knees are bent with feet 12” from buttocks.from buttocks.Arms extended, fingers resting on front of thighs. Arms extended, fingers resting on front of thighs. Feet are not held. Feet are not held.Curl-up until fingertips touch knees.Curl-up until fingertips touch knees.Pace controlled by metronome or by clapping.Pace controlled by metronome or by clapping.


Curl-upCurl-up

Feet are held by partner.Feet are held by partner.

Complete as many curl-ups as possible in 1 Complete as many curl-ups as possible in 1 minute.minute.

At starting position, knees are bent with feet At starting position, knees are bent with feet 12” from buttocks.12” from buttocks.

Arms placed across chest with hands at Arms placed across chest with hands at opposite shoulders.opposite shoulders.

Curl-up so elbows touch the thighs.Curl-up so elbows touch the thighs.

Then lower shoulder blades back to floor.Then lower shoulder blades back to floor.


Qualifying Standards for the President’s Challenge Awards Program for Muscular Strength, Endurance, and Flexibility Components for Boys

Partial Curl-ups Curl-upsAge Presidential National Health Fitness Presidential National

Award Award Award Award Award(#) (#) (#) (# in 1 minute) (# in 1 minute)

6 22 10 12 33 227 24 13 12 36 288 30 17 15 40 319 37 20 15 41 32

10 35 24 20 45 3511 43 26 20 47 3712 64 32 20 50 4013 59 39 25 53 4214 62 40 25 56 4515 75 45 30 57 4516 73 37 30 56 4517 66 42 30 55 44


Qualifying Standards for the President’s Challenge Awards Program for Muscular Strength, Endurance, and Flexibility Components for Girls

Partial Curl-ups Curl-upsAge Presidential National Health Fitness Presidential National

Award Award Award Award Award(#) (#) (#) (# in 1 minute) (# in 1 minute)

6 22 10 12 32 237 24 13 12 34 258 30 17 15 38 299 37 20 15 39 30

10 33 24 20 40 3011 43 27 20 42 3212 50 30 20 45 3513 59 40 25 46 3714 48 30 25 47 3715 38 26 30 48 3616 49 26 30 45 3517 58 40 30 44 34


Right Angle Push-upRight Angle Push-up

Student completes as many push-ups as Student completes as many push-ups as possible to a cadence of 1 push-up every 3 possible to a cadence of 1 push-up every 3 seconds.seconds.Hands under shoulders, body straight.Hands under shoulders, body straight.Push-up until arms are straight. Lower body Push-up until arms are straight. Lower body until elbows are bent at 90until elbows are bent at 90 angle. angle.Pace is controlled by metronome or by clapping.Pace is controlled by metronome or by clapping.Test continues until student cannot maintain Test continues until student cannot maintain pace.pace.


Pull-upPull-up

Pull body weight upward while arms are Pull body weight upward while arms are fully extended.fully extended.

Body should be lowered until arms are Body should be lowered until arms are straight.straight.

Not recommended because most students Not recommended because most students cannot even do one pull-up.cannot even do one pull-up.


Flexed-Arm HangFlexed-Arm Hang

Student remains in up position of pull-up Student remains in up position of pull-up for as long as possible (arms flexed and for as long as possible (arms flexed and chin above bar).chin above bar).

Stopwatch is needed for timing.Stopwatch is needed for timing.

Can use either overhand or underhand Can use either overhand or underhand grasp.grasp.

Can not be used for Presidential Award.Can not be used for Presidential Award.


Qualifying Standards for the President’s Challenge Awards Program for Upper Body Strength and Endurance Components for Boys

Right Angle Push-ups Pull-ups Flexed-armHang

Age Presidential National Health Fitness Presidential National Health Fitness NationalAward Award Award Award Award Award Award

(#) (#) (#) (#) (#) (#) (sec)

6 9 7 3 2 1 1 67 14 8 4 4 1 1 88 17 9 5 5 1 1 109 18 12 6 5 2 1 10

10 22 14 7 6 2 1 1211 27 15 8 6 2 2 1112 31 18 9 7 2 2 1213 39 24 10 7 3 2 1414 40 24 12 10 5 3 2015 42 30 14 11 6 4 3016 44 30 16 11 7 5 2817 53 37 18 13 8 6 30


Qualifying Standards for the President’s Challenge Awards Program for Upper Body Strength and Endurance Components for Girls

Right Angle Push-ups Pull-ups Flexed-armHang

Age Presidential National Health Fitness Presidential National Health Fitness NationalAward Award Award Award Award Award Award

(#) (#) (#) (#) (#) (#) (sec)

6 9 6 3 2 1 1 67 14 8 4 2 1 1 68 17 9 5 2 1 1 89 18 12 6 2 1 1 8

10 20 13 7 3 1 1 811 19 11 7 3 1 1 712 20 10 8 2 1 1 713 21 11 7 2 1 1 814 20 10 7 2 1 1 915 20 15 7 2 1 1 716 24 12 7 1 1 1 717 25 16 7 1 1 1 7


V-Sit ReachV-Sit Reach

Students sits with legs in “V” position, with feet Students sits with legs in “V” position, with feet about 8 to 12” apart at baseline.about 8 to 12” apart at baseline.

Slowly reach forward as far as possible along Slowly reach forward as far as possible along measuring stick.measuring stick.

Measuring line should be extended two feet Measuring line should be extended two feet from baseline on each side. Zero point is at from baseline on each side. Zero point is at baseline.baseline.

Legs are kept straight.Legs are kept straight.

Stretching exercises should be included in Stretching exercises should be included in warm-up before this test.warm-up before this test.


Sit and ReachSit and Reach

Sit with feet at side of sit-and-reach box Sit with feet at side of sit-and-reach box and reach forward as far as possible and reach forward as far as possible keeping knees straight.keeping knees straight.

Starting point of feet is at 23 cm mark on Starting point of feet is at 23 cm mark on sit-and-reach box.sit-and-reach box.

This is a better measure of hamstring This is a better measure of hamstring flexibility than lower back flexibility.flexibility than lower back flexibility.


Qualifying Standards for the President’s Challenge Awards Program for Flexibility Components for Boys

V-Sit Reach Sit and ReachAge Presidential National Health Fitness Presidential National Health Fitness

Award Award Award Award Award Award(inches) (inches) (inches) (cm) (cm) (cm)

6 +3.5 +1.0 +1 31 26 217 +3.5 +1.0 +1 30 25 218 +3.0 +0.5 +1 31 25 219 +3.0 +1.0 +1 31 25 21

10 +4.0 +1.0 +1 30 25 2111 +4.0 +1.0 +1 31 25 2112 +4.0 +1.0 +1 31 26 2113 +3.5 +0.5 +1 33 26 2114 +4.5 +1.0 +1 36 28 2115 +5.0 +2.0 +1 37 30 2116 +6.0 +3.0 +1 38 30 2117 +7.0 +3.0 +1 41 34 21


Qualifying Standards for the President’s Challenge Awards Program for Flexibility Components for Girls

V-Sit Reach Sit and ReachAge Presidential National Health Fitness Presidential National Health Fitness

Award Award Award Award Award Award(inches) (inches) (inches) (cm) (cm) (cm)

6 +5.5 +2.5 +2 32 27 237 +5.0 +2.0 +2 32 22 238 +4.5 +2.0 +2 33 28 239 +5.5 +2.0 +2 33 28 23

10 +6.0 +3.0 +2 33 28 2311 +6.5 +3.0 +2 34 29 2312 +7.0 +3.5 +2 36 30 2313 +7.0 +3.5 +3 38 31 2514 +8.0 +4.5 +3 40 33 2515 +8.0 +5.0 +3 43 36 2516 +9.0 +5.5 +3 42 34 2517 +8.0 +4.5 +3 42 35 25


Shuttle RunShuttle Run

A measure of agility.A measure of agility.Only test included on President’s Challenge that is Only test included on President’s Challenge that is not a health-related fitness test.not a health-related fitness test.Student runs a total of 40 yards by running back Student runs a total of 40 yards by running back and forth across a 10-yard course.and forth across a 10-yard course.Two blocks (2” x 2” x 4”) are carried from one side Two blocks (2” x 2” x 4”) are carried from one side to the other.to the other.Student runs from start to other side, picks up one Student runs from start to other side, picks up one block and brings it back to start. Then does this block and brings it back to start. Then does this again with the other block in fastest possible time.again with the other block in fastest possible time.


Qualifying Standards for the President’s Challenge Awards Program for Agility Component

Boys GirlsAge Presidential National Presidential National

Award Award Award Award(sec) (sec) (sec) (sec)

6 12.1 13.3 12.4 13.87 11.5 12.8 12.1 13.2 8 11.1 12.2 11.8 12.99 10.9 11.9 11.1 12.5

10 10.3 11.5 10.8 12.1 11 10.0 11.1 10.5 11.5 12 9.8 10.6 10.4 11.3 13 9.5 10.2 10.2 11.1 14 9.1 9.9 10.1 11.2 15 9.0 9.7 10.0 11.016 8.7 9.4 10.1 10.917 8.7 9.4 10.0 11.0


Body Mass IndexBody Mass Index

Weight (kilograms) Weight (kilograms) height height22 (meters) (meters)

Only body composition test included on Only body composition test included on President’s Challenge.President’s Challenge.– Only used with Health Fitness AwardOnly used with Health Fitness Award

Standards for desirable range are similar Standards for desirable range are similar to those used on FITNESSGRAM®.to those used on FITNESSGRAM®.


FITNESSGRAM® and President’s Challenge Health Fitness Test Criterion-referenced Standards for Body Mass Index (kg.m-2)

BOYS GIRLSAge FITNESSGRAM® President’s FITNESSGRAM® President’s

Challenge Challenge

5 20 14.7 21 16.26 20 14.7 19.5 13.3 21 16.2 19.5 13.37 20 14.9 19.5 13.3 22 16.2 19.5 13.38 20 15.1 20.5 13.4 22 16.2 20.5 13.49 20 15.2 21.4 13.7 23 16.2 21.4 13.7

10 21 15.3 22.5 14.0 23.5 16.6 22.5 14.011 21 15.8 23.7 14.0 24 16.9 23.7 14.012 22 16.0 24.1 14.8 24.5 16.9 24.1 14.813 23 16.6 24.7 15.4 24.5 17.5 24.7 15.414 24.5 17.5 25.4 16.1 25 17.5 25.4 16.115 25 18.1 26.4 16.6 25 17.5 26.4 16.616 26.5 18.5 26.8 17.2 25 17.5 26.8 17.217 27 18.8 27.5 17.7 26 17.5 27.5 17.717+ 27.8 19.0 27.3 18.0


Comparison of Youth Fitness Comparison of Youth Fitness TestsTests

President’s Challenge Physical Fitness President’s Challenge Physical Fitness Test does not include a measure of Test does not include a measure of body composition and does include a body composition and does include a measure of agility (a motor fitness measure of agility (a motor fitness component).component).

FITNESSGRAM® and President’s FITNESSGRAM® and President’s Challenge Health Fitness Test appear Challenge Health Fitness Test appear to have similar goals.to have similar goals.


Comparison of Youth Fitness Comparison of Youth Fitness TestsTests

1-Mile Run is a component of both 1-Mile Run is a component of both FITNESSGRAM® and President’s FITNESSGRAM® and President’s Challenge.Challenge.– Some of passing standards for Health Some of passing standards for Health

Fitness Test are much faster than passing Fitness Test are much faster than passing standards for FITNESSGRAM®.standards for FITNESSGRAM®.

FITNESSGRAM® standards appear to FITNESSGRAM® standards appear to most closely approximate the values most closely approximate the values needed for health promotion.needed for health promotion.


FITNESSGRAM® Physical FITNESSGRAM® Physical Activity AssessmentActivity Assessment

By measuring activity, we emphasize to By measuring activity, we emphasize to students the importance of being students the importance of being physically active.physically active.

Two ways to assess physical activity:Two ways to assess physical activity:– FITNESSGRAM® Physical Activity FITNESSGRAM® Physical Activity

QuestionnaireQuestionnaire– ACTIVITYGRAM® Physical Activity RecallACTIVITYGRAM® Physical Activity Recall

For both assessments, children enter their For both assessments, children enter their own information into a computer.own information into a computer.


FITNESSGRAM® Physical FITNESSGRAM® Physical Activity QuestionnaireActivity Questionnaire

Three questions:Three questions:– Aerobic activityAerobic activity– Strength activityStrength activity– Flexibility activityFlexibility activity


Aerobic Activity QuestionAerobic Activity Question

““On how many of the past 7 days did you On how many of the past 7 days did you participate in physical activity for a total of participate in physical activity for a total of 30-60 minutes or more over the course of 30-60 minutes or more over the course of the day? This includes moderate the day? This includes moderate activities (walking, slow bicycling, or activities (walking, slow bicycling, or outdoor play) as well as vigorous activities outdoor play) as well as vigorous activities (jogging, active games, or active sports (jogging, active games, or active sports such as basketball, tennis, or soccer).”such as basketball, tennis, or soccer).”00 11 22 33 44 55 66 7 7 (circle one)(circle one)


Strength Activity QuestionStrength Activity Question

“ “On how many of the past 7 days did you On how many of the past 7 days did you do exercise to strengthen your muscles? do exercise to strengthen your muscles? This includes exercises such as push-ups, This includes exercises such as push-ups, sit-ups, or weight lifting.” sit-ups, or weight lifting.”

00 11 22 33 44 55 66 7 7 (circle one)(circle one)


Flexibility Activity QuestionFlexibility Activity Question

“ “On how many of the past 7 days did you On how many of the past 7 days did you do stretching exercises to loosen up or do stretching exercises to loosen up or relax your muscles? This includes relax your muscles? This includes exercises such as toe touches, knee exercises such as toe touches, knee bending, or leg stretching.” bending, or leg stretching.”

00 11 22 33 44 55 66 7 7 (circle one)(circle one)


Physical Activity Assessment Physical Activity Assessment IssuesIssues

Prepare students before the recall period by Prepare students before the recall period by educating them about different types of activity educating them about different types of activity and about how to estimate the time spent in and about how to estimate the time spent in activity.activity.

Emphasize that activity accumulates. A “total Emphasize that activity accumulates. A “total of 30-60 minutes” does not all have to occur at of 30-60 minutes” does not all have to occur at once.once.

Including activity assessment will provide Including activity assessment will provide additional individualized feedback on additional individualized feedback on FITNESSGRAM® report.FITNESSGRAM® report.


ACTIVITYGRAM® Physical ACTIVITYGRAM® Physical Activity RecallActivity Recall

Requires children to recall their physical activity Requires children to recall their physical activity for the previous day.for the previous day.A computerized version of the Previous Day A computerized version of the Previous Day Physical Activity Recall (PDPAR) is used.Physical Activity Recall (PDPAR) is used.Child enters activity for previous day in 30-Child enters activity for previous day in 30-minute blocks. minute blocks. Choose from among list of activities and then Choose from among list of activities and then estimate intensity of activity.estimate intensity of activity.– Light activityLight activity– Moderate activityModerate activity– Vigorous activity Vigorous activity

2 to 3 days of assessment are recommended.2 to 3 days of assessment are recommended.


Healthy Activity ZoneHealthy Activity Zone

3 bouts of activity per day for children.3 bouts of activity per day for children.

2 bouts of activity per day for adolescents.2 bouts of activity per day for adolescents.

Report provides time profile so students Report provides time profile so students and parents can see when child can be and parents can see when child can be more active, if needed.more active, if needed.


Usefulness of Activity Usefulness of Activity AssessmentAssessment

Validity of using questionnaires to assess Validity of using questionnaires to assess physical activity in children is physical activity in children is questionable.questionable.It is still important to assess physical It is still important to assess physical activity.activity.Assessment of physical activity Assessment of physical activity emphasizes the importance of being emphasizes the importance of being physically active.physically active.


President’s Challenge President’s Challenge Physical Activity AssessmentPhysical Activity AssessmentNew Presidential Active Lifestyle Award.New Presidential Active Lifestyle Award.– To encourage all children to adopt physically active To encourage all children to adopt physically active

lifestyles.lifestyles.– Recognizes people who are physically active nearly Recognizes people who are physically active nearly

every day.every day.

Requirements:Requirements:– Be active a minimum of 5 days per week for 6 weeks.Be active a minimum of 5 days per week for 6 weeks.

Activities must be recorded each day on a log sheet.Activities must be recorded each day on a log sheet.

Accumulate 60 minutes of physical activity per day.Accumulate 60 minutes of physical activity per day.

– Use pedometer to assess steps per day.Use pedometer to assess steps per day.Boys: 13,000 steps per dayBoys: 13,000 steps per day

Girls: 11,000 steps per dayGirls: 11,000 steps per day


Formative Evaluation ofFormative Evaluation ofChapter ObjectivesChapter Objectives

Identify the general tests that compose a motor fitness Identify the general tests that compose a motor fitness test.test.Identify the general tests that compose a health-related Identify the general tests that compose a health-related battery.battery.Differentiate between motor fitness and health-related Differentiate between motor fitness and health-related fitness batteries.fitness batteries.Identify and evaluate the national youth fitness programs.Identify and evaluate the national youth fitness programs.Understand how to administer the FITNESSGRAM® test Understand how to administer the FITNESSGRAM® test battery to evaluate youth fitness and physical activity.battery to evaluate youth fitness and physical activity.Understand how to administer the President’s Challenge Understand how to administer the President’s Challenge test batteries to evaluate youth fitness and physical test batteries to evaluate youth fitness and physical activity.activity.


Chapter 13Chapter 13

Evaluating Youth Fitness and Physical Evaluating Youth Fitness and Physical ActivityActivity

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