Major emergency arm of the community 1st gatekeeper Awareness agents Mediators Public Reassurance/Marketing/PR agents Status quo maintainers Moral censors Custodians of the public conscience Enforcers of state wishes

Crime prevention was not and will not be listed, but it may be soon.

750,000 sworn officers 400,000 PSO 17,500 agencies

Local: City police City attorney Regulatory agencies

County: Sheriff County/District Attorney Regulatory agencies

State: State Police/State Patrol Fish and Game Wardens Correctional officials (probation, parole, pen) Attorney General Regulatory Agencies

Federal (70 agencies) Department of the Treasury:

Internal Revenue Service (use to have more)

Department of Justice: Federal Bureau of Investigation Marshals Service Drug Enforcement Administration Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms

Department of Homeland Security: Secret Service Customs and Border Protection Citizenship and Immigration Service Immigration and Customs Enforcement Coast Guard Transportation and Security Administration Air Marshals Federal Law Enforcement Training Center Federal Emergency Management Agency

Miscellaneous Agencies: Postal Inspectors National Park Service Officers Bureau of Indian Affairs Federal Probation Officers Supreme Court Police U.S. Capital Police U.S. Park Police

Federal Prosecutors Federal Regulatory Agencies:

FDA SEC EPA

Interpol Europol United Nations?

Limited coordination Limited cooperation Turf battles Service duplication Crime displacement Inconsistent crime responses

Get the police out of politics Train the police Screen applicants Move the police into more of a kinetic, law

enforcement orientation (crime control)

Re-affirmed the first three points of the Wickersham Commission:

Get the police out of politics Train the police Screen applicants

Added an educational component Rejected the kinetic, law enforcer model for a

social service/due process orientation

Most positive image of the police is held by: White Middle-aged (50+ year of age) Females College Graduates Married White collar job Husband has a white collar job Good income Lives in a good neighborhood No police initiated contact

Most negative image of the police is held by: Non-white Young (under 20 years of age) Male Grade school educated Single Manual laborer, if employed Lower income Lives in a poor neighborhood Some, but not extensive police initiated contact

Police tend to view the population in a negative light. In their study, Chang and Zastrow asked police who deserves our highest admiration:

1 - me (the person filling out the questionnaire)2 - police officers3 - medical doctors4 - prison security officers5 - scientists6 - women7 - people8 - businessmen9 - lawyers10 - college students11 - politicians12 - inmates

Characteristics of the citizen Behavioral Demographic

Legal Characteristics of the problem Characteristics of the local legal culture

Police department Local justice system actors

Characteristics of officers Officers as a group Officers as individuals

Corruption

Citizen to police contact time delays 911 311

Processing time delays Police travel time delays

Code 0 Code 1 Code 2 Code 3

Kansas City Study Community Policing Problem Solving Policing Community Partnership Policing One strike “Hug-a-Thug”

Professional

Failure

Frustration

Recommit Disenchantment

Cynicism

Anomie Quit

Corrupt

Education Training Union involvement Democratic leadership Selflessness Change the people vs. change the program

Proactive Social Service/Problem Solving Orientation Citizen Involvement Foot Patrol Bicycle Patrol Permanent Beat Assignments 4/10 personnel deployment Greater use of civil sanctions Greater use of creative sting operations

Electronic surveillance Street cameras Public transportation (buses/trains) Traffic light motion detectors Traffic photo-cops Open microphone walkie-talkies on officers Cameras in all police vehicles

Consolidation of rural departments Prosecutor/police cooperation Officer Friendly More creative computer applications

Fingerprints Data management tool Personnel deployment (time and location) Probability and solvability modeling

Weapons issues 311 and 911 phone options Differentiated Police Response systems Forensics “Hot Spots” policing Enhanced public police – private security

cooperation

Increase interaction with other involved and active communal awareness agents Probation and parole officers Social welfare agents Real estate agents Insurance agents Meter readers Taxi drivers (use them to transport prisoners)

Outreach programs focused on immigrant and minority communities Officers learn their language Translate brochures Develop bi-lingual newsletters Officers serve on their community boards Invite them to serve on police committees/citizen

advisory boards Hire them as officers and as PSOs