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EXPLAMATION ®F ul^^ THIS C(Jst-- ts A CASE
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CC 90/1758
'Tbe fptdte of Obto, I ss:COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
Common Pleas Court within and for said County, and in whose custody the Files, Journals
and Records of said Court are required by the laws of the State of Ohio, to be kept, hereby
certify that the foregoing is taken and copied from the Journal k"iyT4,1 0,& _5-{S /!
of the proceedings of the Common Pleas Court within and for said Cuyahoga County, and
that the said foregoing copy has been compared by me with the original entry on said
Journat CN7W (^y& 5 y5 %" and that the same is a correct transcript thereo£
3Jn Te5timonp WTjereof, I do hereunto subscribe my name
officially and affix the seal of said Court, at the Court House in
the City of Cleveland, in said County, this 2_16t
day of, , A.D. 20
GERALD E. FUERST, Clerk of Courts
By Deputy Clerk
Feb. 9, 2012
CDUrt of ZippPaY!5 of 0010
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICTCOUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINIONNo. 96885
STATE OF OHIO
.i . APPeal fromunty Court of Comm
ase No. CR-545799
vs.
ADRIAN MADDOX^r^o I rq I
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT
JUDGMENT:AFFIRMED
^CriCuyahoga
BEFORE: S. Gallagh
PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE
Pleas
rti- \17' kz'^r, P.J., Rocco, J., an
RELEASED AND JOUR m 0
.eough, d .. , w
February 9, 29ij
EEV--F
U
A
N
UZ 3 ^... ,..... -. ^^" n+rv o>voo i
yai{ ► 1 4 7 ps j^) 4 2 9
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT
Brett M. MancinoJanik L.L.P.9200 South Hills BoulevardSuite 300Cleveland, OH 44147•3521
Also listed:
Adrian Maddox, pro seInmate No. 601-191Marion Correctional InstitutionP.O. Box 57Marion, OH 43301
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
William D. MasonCuyahoga County Prosecutor
By: James HofelichAssistant Prosecuting AttorneyThe Justice Center, 8th Floor1200 Ontario StreetCieveiand, v.TrTi 44ii3
FILED AND JOURNALIZEDPER APP.R, 22(0)
FEB 0 9 2012'
GERALD E, FUERSTCLERK WHF'CCYIRTAF APPEALS
DEP,y
vpi. ) i 4 7 PG 10 4 3 0
-1-
SEAN C. GALLAGHER, P.J.:
This cause came to be heard upon the accelerated calendar pursuant to
App.R. 11.1 and Loc.R. 11.1, the trial court records, and briefs of counsel.
Defendant-appellant Adrian Maddox appeals his conviction in Cuyahoga
County C.P. No. CR-545799 for one count of vandalism in violation of R.C.
2909.05(B)(1)(b) and one count of breaking and entering in violation of R.C.
2911.13(A), both felonies of the fifth degree. The trial court sentenced Maddox
to one year of imprisonment on both counts, with the sentences to run
consecutively. For the following reasons, we affirm.
On December 25, 2010, Maddox threw a rock through the window of a
delicatessen, ransacked the store causing damage to the owner's property, and
stole less than $500 worth of tobacco products.
Maddox was indicted on one count of vandalism for causing damage to the
delicatessen's property needed to engage in business, one count for breaking and
entering with the intent to commit a theft offense, and one count for theft of
property worth less than $500. Maddox pleaded guilty to the vandalism and
breaking and entering charges. The state nolled the remaining theft charge.
Prior to his sentencing hearing, but after securing a reduced bond and posting
bail, Maddox filed a pro se motion to withdraw his guilty plea. At all times
Maddox was represented by appointed counsel. At the sentencing hearing, the
YO!'^7^: i P5 i43 1
-2-
trial court heard arguments on Maddox's pro se motion, denied the motion, and
sentenced Maddox to an aggregate two-year term of imprisonment. Maddox
timely appealed his conviction, raising five assignments of error, which provide
the following:
I. Maddox's offenses are allied offenses of similar import andshould have been merged into a single conviction. Ohio's mergerlaw, Maddox's right to due process, and his double jeopardy rightagainst cumulative punishments for the same offense were
violated.
II. Maddox's guilty plea was not made knowingly,voluntarily, and intelligently, and, as a result, the court'sacceptance of that plea was in violation of Maddox's constitutionalrights and Criminal Rule 11.
III. [Maddox's] defense counsel was ineffective for not raisingthe issues of allied offenses of similar import, [and] also wasineffective for not acting on Maddox's request to withdraw his pleabefore sentencing.
IV. The trial court abused its discretion in refusing to allow.-.-:11....1....iviaaaox to wrc^^uraw uta gutiuy yica.
V. The trial judge was biased and therefore denied Maddox
due process of law.
We will combine any overlapping arguments.
Allied Offenses
The record reflects that Maddox never raised or affirmatively waived the
issue of merger in the trial court and therefore has waived all but plain error on
appeal. State u. Underwood, 124 Ohio St.3d 365, 2010-Ohio-1, 922 N.E.2d 923,
VOi.) 714 7 PnO 432
-3-
¶ 31. "Plain errors or defects affecting substantial rights may be noticed
although they were not brought to the attention of the court." Crim.R. 52(B).
"Plain error exists only if but for the error, the outcome of the trial clearly would
have been otherwise, and is applied under exceptional circumstances and only
to prevent a manifest miscarriage of j ustice." (Citation and quotations omitted.)
State v. Harrison, 122 Ohio St.3d 512, 2009-Ohio-3547, 912 N.E.2d 1106, ¶ 61.
The legislature enacted R.C. 2941.25 to uphold double jeopardy principles.
R.C. 2941.25 provides as follows:
(A) Where the same conduct by defendant can be construedto constitute two or more allied offenses of similar import, theindictment or information may contain counts for all such offenses,but the defendant may be convicted of only one.
(B) Where the defendant's conduct constitutes two or moreoffenses of dissimilar import, or where his conduct results in two ormore offenses of the same or similar kind committed separately orwith a separate animus as to each, the indictment or informationmay --`-'-- ------`- r--. all _--°i.. ,.rc ... . ...... ..'.a +ti", a^C^^A+ V^may conca^n wun^.^ Lvr au ^uLll Vilolloc6, allu ^l+a uci^+iua++^ +++u,7 +^
convicted of all of them.
In State v. Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d 153, 2010-Ohio-6314, 942 N.E.2d 1061, the
Supreme Court established, through a two-tiered test, that the conduct of the
accused must be considered when determining whether offenses are allied
offenses of similar import subject to merger. The first inquiry focuses on
whether it is possible to commit multiple offenses with the same conduct.
Johnson at ¶ 48. If the offenses "correspond to such a degree that the conduct
10Lt 7 4 7 P6U 4 33
4
of the defendant constituting commission of one offense constitutes commission
of the other, then the offenses are of similar import." (Emphasis added.) Id. It
is not necessary that both crimes are always committed by the same conduct,
only whether it is possible for the defendant's conduct to result in the
commission of both offenses. Id. If it is possible to commit both offenses with
the same conduct, then courts must look at the "state of mind" of the offender to
determine if the offender acted with a separate animus or purpose in committing
two or more offenses. Id.
The Johnson test relies on the facts of the criminal conduct in order to
determine whether the offenses are allied offenses subject to merger. "Post
Johnson, courts must undertake a case-by-case inquiry as to whether the
defendant's conduct can constitute the commission of more than one charged
offense." State v. Hicks, 8th Dist. No. 95169, 2011-Ohio-2780, 2011 WL 2376467,
¶ 10; State v. Snuffer, 8th Dist. Nos. 96480, 96481, 96482, and 96483, 2011-Ohio-
6430, 2011 WL 6245774 (noting that the court must undergo a factual inquiry
during sentencing to determine whether the offenses are allied). We are,
therefore, cognizant that in the event of a plea, the state must proffer sufficient
evidence at the sentencing hearing of how the subject offenses occurred in order
to determine whether they merge. Snuffer at ¶ 10.
VCL::r '7 ^ 7 PG tJ 4 3^a
-5-
Maddox argues that the only damage to the store was the broken window
that fell in on the scale the store owners needed to operate the business. In his
pro se motion to withdraw his plea, Maddox claimed that the damage to the
window and scale only cost $800 and the window and the scale were damaged
through the process of breaking and entering. Maddox argues the window he
forced open fell on and caused the damage to the scale. The state counters by
stating that the delicatessen was "ransacked," causing almost $3,000 of damage
to the owner's store.
Maddox was charged with a violation of R.C. 2909.05(B)(1)(b), which
provides in pertinent part: "No person shall knowingly cause physical harm to
property that is owned or possessed by another, when * * * the property or its
equivalent is necessary in order for its owner or possessor to engage in the
owner's or possessor's profession, business, trade, or occupation[,]" and a
violation of R.C. 2911.13(A), which provides: "(A) No person by force, stealth, or
deception, shall trespass in an unoccupied structure, with purpose to commit
therein any theft offense, as defined in section 2913.01 of the Revised Code, or
any felony."
The state argued that several thousand dollars of damage, including the
damage to the scale, was caused after Maddox forcibly entered the premises.
Even if the scale was indeed damaged by the falling window caused by Maddox's
r^l'-; 7 4 7 PG i_) 4 3 5
-6-
entry into the delicatessen, Maddox's conduct of breaking the window could not
have resulted in the commission of both offenses; i.e., the act of breaking into the
store alone could not cause the $3,000 damage to the rest of the store underlying
the vandalism charge in this case. In fact, Maddox himself argues the damage
to the scale and window only cost $800. Maddox never addresses the rest of the
damage to the store, and we must therefore overrule his first assignment of
error. Maddox's ineffective assistance of counsel argument based on the merger
issue is likewise overruled.
Presentence Motion to Vacate Plea
Maddox next challenges the trial court's decision to deny his presentence
motion to vacate his plea. His arguments are without merit.
Crim.R. 32.1 states as follows: "A motion to withdraw a plea of guilty or
no contest may be made only before sentence is imposed or imposition of
sentence is suspended; but to correct manifest injustice the court after sentence
may set aside the judgment of conviction and permit the defendant to withdraw
his plea." A presentence motion to withdraw a guilty plea should be freely
granted. "Nevertheless, it must be recognized that a defendant does not have an
absolute right to withdraw a plea prior to sentencing. Therefore, the trial court
must conduct a hearing to determine whether there is a reasonable and
legitimate basis for the withdrawal of the plea." State v. Xie, 62 Ohio St.3d 521,
VOL;`/4 7 Pvi f!4 3 b
.7.
527, 584 N.E.2d 715 (1992). The decision to grant or deny such motion is
entirely within the trial court's discretion. We will not alter a trial court's
decision absent a showing of an abuse of discretion. Id.; State v. Peterseim, 68
Ohio App.2d 211, 428 N.E.2d 863 (8th Dist.1980), at syllabus.
"A trial court does not abuse its discretion in overruling a motion to
withdraw: (1) where the accused is represented by highly competent counsel, (2)
where the accused was afforded a full hearing, pursuant to Crim.R. 11, before
he entered the plea, (3) when, after the motion to withdraw is filed, the accused
is given a complete and impartial hearing on the motion, and (4) where the
record reveals that the court gave full and fair consideration to the plea
withdrawal request." State v. Johnson, 8th Dist. No. 83350, 2004-Ohio-2012,
2004 WL 857782, citing Peterseim at syllabus.
In respect to the second factor above, "[w]hen a defendant enters a plea in
a criminal case, the plea must be made knowingly, intelligently, and
voluntarily." State v. Engle, 74 Ohio St.3d 525, 527, 1996-Ohio-179, 660 N.E.2d
450. The standard of review for determining whether a plea was knowing,
intelligent, and voluntary within the meaning of Crim.R. 11 for
nonconstitutional issues is substantial compliance. State v. Nero, 56 Ohio St.3d
106, 108, 564 N.E.2d 474 (1990), citing State v. Stewart, 51 Ohio St.2d 86, 92-93,
364 N.E.2d 1163 (1977). "A plea is in substantial compliance with Crim.R. 11
,fl^^"^ / 47 (iliJ 43 7
-8-
when it can be inferred from the totality of the circumstances that the defendant
understands the charges against him." State v. Walker, 8th Dist. No. 65794,
1994 WL 530892 (Sept. 29, 1994). Furthermore, a defendant must show a
prejudicial effect. Stewart at 93.
In this case, the trial court held a hearing to determine the reasonableness
of Maddox's pro se motion to vacate his plea and thoroughly considered the
arguments advanced. Maddox, represented by counsel at all times, claimed he
would not have pleaded guilty to the vandalism and breaking and entering
charges had he known they were allied offenses.
At the plea hearing, the trial court conducted a thorough colloquy detailing
Maddox's rights, ensuring he understood those rights, and informing him of the
potential penalties of the breaking and entering and vandalism charges. More
specifically, Maddox acknowledged that he could face up to one year of
imprisonment for each count of his plea. The allied offense issue is a sentencing
issue, which of course does not preclude the defendant and the state from
stipulating to the facts that can be used to determine whether the offenses are
allied. See Snuffer, 2011-Ohio-6430. Pleading guilty to crimes that are
determined at the sentencing hearing to be allied reduces the potential penalty,
and therefore Maddox cannot show he was prejudiced by pleading guilty to both
charges. See Stewart at 93.
'^.Olt 1 ^'i "rU^^^^38
-9-
Because the trial court strictly adhered to the mandates of Crim.R. 11
during the plea colloquy, thoroughly considered Maddox's motion to vacate the
plea, and Maddox failed to demonstrate any prejudice, we find the trial court did
not abuse its discretion in denying Maddox's motion to vacate his plea. Maddox
did not have a reasonable or legitimate basis for withdrawing his plea. We
accordingly overrule Maddox's arguments to the contrary, including Maddox's
claim that his attorney was ineffective for failing to argue Maddox's pro se
motion to withdraw his plea.
Judicial Bias
Finally, Maddox argues that the trial court's statement during the
sentencing hearing directed at Maddox constitutes judicial bias. Specifically, the
trial court stated during the sentencing hearing that "you [Maddox] scare me."
Maddox cites State u. Dean, 127 Ohio St.3d 140, 2010-Ohio-5070, 937 N.E.2d 97,
for the proposition that
opinions formed by the judge on the basis of facts introduced orevents occurring in the course of the current proceedings, or of priorproceedings, do not constitute a basis for a bias or partiality motionunless they display a deep-seated favoritism or antagonism thatwould make fair judgment impossible. 1'hus, judicial remarksduring the course of a trial that are critical or disapproving of, oreven hostile to, counsel, the parties, or their cases, ordinarily do notsupport a bias or partiality challenge. Id., citing Liteky u. United
States, 510 U.S. 540, 555, 114 S.Ct. 1147, 127 L.Ed.2d 474 (1994).
vau.) 7 G.7 ^^i'J 4 39
-10-
It is important to note that Maddox, with at least nine theft-related
convictions dating to 1986, was released on reduced bail during the pendency of
his case. Maddox originally indicated in securing that release that he was not
a drug addict. Despite his assurances, Maddox tested positive for cocaine
several times while out on bail. The trial court, after relating Maddox's case
history, announced Maddox's jail sentence. When the court announced its
decision, Maddox became confrontational and asked the court to remove him
from the courtroom. The court then noted that Maddox was unable to conform
his conduct while under the watchful eye of a deputy and court staff and that he
failed to be truthful with his history of drug abuse. It was under these
circumstances and in light of Maddox's history of recidivism, that the court
stated that Maddox's conduct "scared" the court.
The record indicates that the court's comment was based on the facts and
circumstances gleaned from the course of Maddox's trial proceedings. The
comment also does not demonstrate a deep-seated favoritism or antagonism that
made fair judgment impossible. In fact, the comment merely reflects the court's
1 i. .] li..:4<. M rlnnoivn thnattention to iviaddox's extensive criminal ,L^^S 5_ 1, _^ty ar^u procuV.., u
court. Accordingly, no judicial bias was demonstrated, and Maddox's fifth
assignment of error is overruled.
The decision of the trial court is affirmed.
'e;74 r FL E.1440
-11-
It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the
common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. Case remanded to the
trial court for execution of sentence.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to
Rule 27 of the jRules of Appellate Procedure.
/^ C_..-...
KENNETH A. ROCCO, J., andKATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, J., CONCUR
^V.^^174'1 ^G^JLi 14