48-502.indd
Research Trends and Issues of Industrial Agglomeration in Korean Geography
Chulwoo Lee*
: ‘’
. ‘’ .
.
,
.
.
.

.
: , , , ,
Abstract : This study reviews geographical research trends on ‘New industrial agglomeration’ in Korea and recommends research issues for further studies. Recent studies on industrial agglomeration region have typically concentrated on empirical case studies from new ‘perspectives’. As a result, the establishment and theorizing of frameworks for analysis on industrial agglomeration have been given too little attention. To solve this problem research should be conducted to develop frameworks for analysis integrating non- economic factors and existing economic factors, a strategy emphasized in new industrial agglomeration theory. By doing so, research investigating viability mechanism and generalization will be invigorated. Meanwhile, research focused excessively on social and cultural conditions of region-related networks between actors in economic space at specific scales should be excluded. In addition, academic research on vitalizing industrial agglomeration region, such as cluster policy, should be strengthened. In order to conduct these research objectives effectively, it is necessary to vitalize overall understanding among researchers of industrial agglomeration and provide a place for collaborative learning.
Key Words : Location Theory, Industrial Agglomeration, Theory of New Industrial Agglomeration, Viability Mechanism, Cluster Policy
2011 (This research was supported by Kyungpook National University Research Fund, 2011) * (Director, Institute of Regional Development, and Professor, Department of
Geography, Kyungpook National University), cwlee@knu.ac.kr
- 630 -

,
.
19 (Marshall), (Weber),
(Hoover), (Isard)

.
,
. 1980



(Hayter, 1997; , 2008).
,


(Amin
and Wilkinson, 1999).
‘’
‘ ’
,
. 1980
Scott(1988) Storper(1997)
Camani(1991)
(GREMI)
‘ ’
. Krug-
man(1991) Porter(1998)

.
,

, 3

(, 2009).
·
.

(, 2003).
,

‘’ ‘’
(Storper and Salais, 1997).
2000
·

. 2003
‘
’ “ ”
(, 2007).
,
.
“
,
”

(, 2000).


, (collective lock-in)
(Appold, 1995).
, ?’ ‘

?’ ‘
() (positive effect)
?’

.
- 631 -


.

.
(, 1977; , 1996,
2005; , 2011)
.

3

. 3
,
.
2.
1980 ‘
’ ,
1990
.
‘’

‘ ’
. ,
(
, 2009, 102) .

.
,
.

(Markusen, 2003;
·, 2008). (cluster),
(regional innovation system),

()
(Martin and Sunley, 2003).

(Marshall, A.) (Weber,
A.) ‘’
‘’
.
1) (Marshall, A.) (Weber, A.)

(1890) “
”
. ,
.
‘(Industrial Districts)’
; Industry and Trade(1919) “



”(, 2005, 62) ,
(Sheffield) (Solingen)
, (industrial atmosphere)
,

(Marshall, 1919, 287).
.

‘’
.


.
.
. 1
(1909) 5 .
“
”(,
- 632 -



. 2)

.

‘
(external economy)’
.


.

.
‘ ’

‘
’
.

.
20
3

. Piore Sabel 2
(The Second Industrial Divide)(1984)
‘ (f lexible specialization)’
.3)

,
,
.
‘ ’ 4
,
,
,
.
.
.
Piore Sabel(1984)
. Piore
Sabel(1984)
.
Harrison(1992)

Granovetter(1985) “(embeddedness)”
’ .
Granovetter(1985) “”

,
.
Malmberg(1996)
·
.
(, ), (, )
(, ) (milieu)
.
, ‘ ’
. 1984 Aydalot,
P.
(Groupe de Recherche Europeen sur les Milieux In-
novateurs: GREMI)
(, 2009, 182).
Camagni, R.
“
” ,
· ,

- 633 -

(Camagni,
1991). Florida, R.(1995)
,
(learning region) .
(Di-
giovanna, 1996),
(Cooke and Morgan,
1993),
.
(2) ‘(new industrial spaces)’
Scott, A. J. 1970~80

(New Industrial Spaces) , Coase(1937)
Williamson(1975)
‘
’ . (New Industrial
Spaces)(1988)


,
.


,
·
(linkage) · ,

. “ (industrial locality)”

(complex)
.

,
.

. ,

.
,
.
Scott
.



.
.


.

. ,

. Stor-
per(1997) Scott
,
, (relational
assets) (territorialization)
. ·


.

. Poter(1998) “
, , ,
, (, , )

” .
, ,

.
.

- 634 -

.

.
(Porter, 1990, 72)
,
.

,

. ,
.
,

.

·
.


.
(4)
.
· Newlands
(2003) (·, 2008).
Newlands
, , , ,
,
, ,
( 1).
‘’
‘ ’ ,
‘’
1. Newlands(2003) ()




.
,


.

.
.

.
,

. , , ()
, ,

,
(cluster)
.

(·
, 2008). , 4
,


.
1980
‘’ .
,

. ,
(),
, ()

··
(Paniccia, 2002). 1990

‘’ ‘ ’
(Malm-
berg, 1996; 1997). ,



(
·, 2008).


.4)




,
(
) 3
.
,
-
.

1990
.5)
(Sam Ock
Park and Ann Markusen, 1995; Sam Ock Park, 1996)
.

- 636 -

‘(new industrial
4 . 4
(embedded-
ness) 4
9 ,
.
‘’
()
.

(, 1977) “
, ”
.



‘’

.

(Regional Innovation

2000
(, 1999; , 1999;
, 2000).


. 2003

(·, 2001;
, 2003; ·, 2004; , 2004;
, 2004; , 2005; , 2006; ,
2006; , 2006; , 2006b; ·
, 2007; , 2007; 2009; , 2007;
, 2008; , 2011)
.

. (, 1994; 2006; 2008; ,
2003; , 2003; ·, 2008 )
, 21
·
7)

.

.

.

,
,
.


(Audretsch, 1998),

(Amin and Wilkinson,
1999) .


,

.



, ‘’
- 637 -
.

.

.


(, 1998).

(1995; 1997; 1998; 2000) .
,

,


. ·

,
. (2005)
()
.

(Urbanization
Economics) ·
(Localization Economics)
,
, , ,
·

. (1996)



.
,

.
(2011) 1990


.
‘ ’ ,
.


.
.

,
8)

,
.



.


,
.

.

. ‘’

.
(1994; 1995; 1996) , ·
(1998; 2000), (2001), (2002)
- 638 -

. ·(1998; 2000)




.
(2002) ()

, (2001)

,
.

(, 2011; , 2012;
, 2013) .


.

.


.

.
2)
1970 (relational turn)
(cultural turn)

, , , ·
(Boggs
and Rantisi, 2003).


,
.


.
(1)


. 9)
‘’ ‘(hierarchy)’
(·
, 2000),

.



(
·, 2000).

.
·
(2000), (2004), (2005),
(2006) ·(2012)
. ·(2000)


. ,
JIT(Just-In-Time) ,
,
, R&D


- 639 -
.

,
.
R&D
.

R&D ,
.
(2006)
·
,

. ,
, ,
. 1990



.


.


,

.
(2005) ·

. ·
,
.


.


.

(lock-in effect)

(Lorenzoni and
Ornati, 1988). (2004)

.

,
.


,
, ()

. ·(2012)


.

,

.

,

.

.
, ,
(Tri-
ple Helix) . , ,
3
,
3
10)
( , 2002; , 2012) .
- 640 -


.
, ,
.
( , 2009)
()( , 2009)
.
, 3
3
.

,

··

. (2012)


.
-
3
. , , 3

.

,
,
(intermediate organization)
.

(value chains)11)

(2006a), ·(2007, 2010), ·
(2013) .


.
(2)

(, 2004),

(Arndt and Sternberg, 2000).
‘’12),
‘’13)
(, 2003).
, ·· ‘
’
‘(learning region)’.


(, 2001),

.
,
.
,
. (2000)


.


.


. (2001)

, .
4 ,
Nonaka and Tacheuchi(1995)
·. 4
/
, 3
.
- 641 -
4
,

. (2010)
7
, Nonaka
and Tacheuchi(1995) ,

,
.

.
,
,
.

14).
,
(
, 2003).
,

,
(Dibben, 2000)
. (2003)

·.

,
,
.

IT,

, ,

.

.

. (2003)


.



.
·

.

·

.


.
3) ()



.
“
”
.

(Raines,
2002) .
.


.
- 642 -

. ·(2001)
IT
. IT

. ·
· ,

IT

. (2004)


.
(2006b) ,
.
,


.


, , ·, ·
, IT
·
.
, .
(2005)
.


.

.

, ,
,

. (2008)


,
(mini-cluster) ,
,

‘’ .
(2007, 2009)
·

.
·

.



.

,

.


.

,
(governance)15)
.
,
·
. (2006)

- 643 -
.
,
. (2006)
.
, ,
, ,
.

,


.
(2011)

.

.
·(2007)

, , ,
.


.



.

.
(2004) ,
,
,
,
,


.



.
·(2004)
,
,
.
,
,

,

,

.
,
,

,

.


. (2003)


.
, ,
,


.

.


- 644 -


. (2006) 1990

(SPL)
,
,
,
. (2007)

.

,
, ,
,
.
,
,
.
,

.



.
4.


.

.
.

.
’ ,


.

··
,

.

.
.

.

.
,
(
) .
,


.
.



.
,
,


.


- 645 -
.
·

.
·


.
.


.


.

‘’
.


.
, ‘’




. ,



.



. ,
,

.
,
.
·
.

’

,
(social capital) ··
.
’ .
‘
(flexible specialization)’ 2 .
4) Newlands(2003) ,

.


.

. , ·


.

.

. ‘’
2000
.
- 646 -

1995 ‘the Center of Techonol-
ogy Assessment’ (regional innovation
systems) ,
· Regional Inno-
vation Systems-The Role of Governances in a Globalized
World (, 2001).
, , ,
,

(·, 2002).
·
, , (superstructure)
(in-
frastructure) (, 2007).
,
, , , , ,
.
8) Krugman
‘ (cultural
turn)’ .
··
( , 2011).
9)
. ,

(Gelsing, 1992).

, (reciprocity),
(interdependence), (loose coupling)
(power) 4 (Grabher, 1993)
.
,
(trust)
(Dicken, 1994).
(Consensus Space), (Innovation Space)
. 3
,
( , 2009).
11) (value chain)
·
·· (,
2005).

(, , , ,
)
(
, 2007).
, , , ,
(, 2011),
. (ex-
plicit knowledge)
, ,

. (tacit knowledge)
,
(, 2003; ,
2009).

(, 1999).
‘’

,
‘ ’ (
, 2003).
‘
,
, , ,
’ .
, ,
(Putnam, 1993).
15) (governance)
. Rhodes(1997)
(governing)
,
(government)
. Johansson(2001) ,

(policy community) (stakehold-
- 647 -
.
27-61.
,”
, 18(3), 283-297.
, 23, 27-50.
,”
, 11(6), 543-558.
: ,
.
, 22(2), 183-202.
,
, 6(1), 45-60.
, 7(3), 407-432.
,
: ,”
, 114, 193-212.
- ,” ,
: ,
,” , 13, 12-45.
, 2005,
, .
.
,” , 13(2),
171-186.
:
,” , 13(4), 601-622.
,” , 40(6), 653-670.
,” , 54, 117-136.
,” , 31(2), 160-197.
, 2005, “ 60 ,”
, 40(6), 770-788.
,” , 41(6), 639-656.
, 2008, “
,” , 11(1), 8-23.
,” , 11(1), 195-214.
,” , 23, 1-14.
:
,” , 59, 269-295.
, 2006, “
: ,”
, 9(1), 81-96.
,” ,
: ,”
, 9(2), 167-180.
1909, Über den Standort der Industrien. 1. Teil,
- 648 -

·· , 2011,
, , (Coe, N.M., Kelly, P.F., Yeung,
H.W.C., 2007, Economic Geography: A Contempo-
rary Introduction, Blackwell, Oxford).
,” ,
, 16(1), 17-36.
.
: ·
,” ,
, 27, 87-109.
,”
, 12(4), 477-493.
:
,
.
, .
, 23, 315-326.
: ,”
, 11(2), 233-246.
,” ,
,”
, 11(3), 302-318.
, .
,” , 3(1), 135-154.
, 70, 275-291.
- ,”
, 13, 46-93.
, 10(1), 9-22.
,” ,
10(4), 377-393.
: ,”
, 14(4), 506-523.
()
,” , 15(5), 554-571.
,” , 18, 24-59.
·, 2000, “
,” , 20, 84-112.
·, 2002, “EU
,” , 34, 15-28.
, 2011, , 3, , .
, 1999, “ ,” ,
199, 79-98.
,” , 48, 65-93.
·, 2013, “·
,”
, 19(1), 45-59.

(Pole de Competitivite) ,”
, 12(6), 704-719.
:
,” , 23(3), 759-778.
- 649 -
, 2009,
, .
,” , 15(4),
,
,” , 2003,
, , , 50-78.
, 2006a, “ ,”
, 9(1), 39-60.
,” , 12(3), 364-
381.
(),” , 10(4), 355-376.
,” , 14(3), 241-262.
, 1977, “ :
,” , 3, 43-54.
,
.
.
and industrial performance: an introduction,
Cambridge Journal of Eoconomics, 23, 121-125.
Appold, S.J., 1995, Agglomeration, interorganizational
networks, and competitive performance in the US
metalworking sector, Economic Geography, 71(1),
27-54.
firms profit from intra-regional innovation link-
ages? An empirical based answer, European Plan-
ning Studies, 8(4), 465-85.
of innovative activity, Oxford Review of Economic
Policy, 14(2), 18-29.
Boggs, J. and Rantisi, N., 2003, The ‘relational turn’ in
economic geography, Journal of Economic Geogra-
phy, 3(2), 109-116.
tives, Belhaven Press, London.
Coase, H. R., 1937, The nature of the firm, Economica, 4,
386-405.
365-382.
new departures in corporate and regional develop-
ment, Environment and Planning D, 11, 543-564.
Dibben, M., 2000, Exploring Interpersonal Trust in the En-
trepreneurial Venture, Basingstock, Macmillan.
raphy - Global-Local Tensions: Firms and States
in the Global Space-Economy, Economic Geogra-
phy, 70(2), 101-124.
Economic Development: A Regulation Approach,
Regional Studies, 30, 373-386.
527-536.
industrial networks, in Lundvall, B.-A.(ed.), Na-
tional systems of innovation, Pinter Press, London
Grabher, G., 1993, Rediscovering the social in the eco-
nomics of interfirm relations, in Grabher, G.(ed.),
The Embedd Firm: On The Socioeconomics of Indus-
trial Networks, Routledge, Londen, 1-31.
Granovetter, M., 1985, Economic action and social struc-
ture: the problem of embeddedness, American
Journal of Sociology, 91, 481-510.
Harrison, B., 1992, Industrial districts: old wine in new
bottles?, Regional Studies, 26, 469-483.
Hayter, R., 1997, The dynamics of industrial location: the
factory, the firm, and the production system, Wiley,
Chichester and New York.
for improved public services in Sweeden: the
actor-dimension of co-ordination, Multi-Level
Governance: Inter-disciplinary Perspectives, The
Cambridge.
Firms and New Ventures, 3, 41-57.
Malmberg, A., 1996, Industrial geography: agglomeration
and local milieu, Progress in Human Geography,
20, 392-403.
582.
policy distance: the case for rigour and policy rele-
vance in critical regional studies, Regional Studies,
37, 701-717.
Press, London.
Marshall, A., 1919, Industry and Trade. A Study of Indus-
trial Technique and Business Organization; and of
their Influences on the Conditions of Various Classes
and Nations, Macmillan, London.
chaotic concept or policy panacea?, Journal of Eco-
nomic Geography, 3, 5-35.
dustrial clusters: the implications for public policy,
European Planning Studies, 11(5), 521-532.
Nonaka, I. and Takeuchi, H., 1995, The Knowledge-Creat-
ing Company, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Paniccia, I., 2002, Industrial Districts: Evolution and Com-
petitiveness in Italian Firms, Edward Elgar, Chel-
tenham.
industrial districts: a theoretical agenda and an ap-
plication from a non-western economy, Environ-
ment and Planning A, 27, 81-104.
Piore, M. J. and Sabel, C. F., 1984, The Second Industrial
Divide, Basic Books Inc, New York.
Porter, M. E., 1990, The Competitive Advantage of Nations,
The Free Press, New York.
Porter, M.E., 1998, On Competition, Cambridge, MA:
Harvard Business School Press, Boston.
Putnam, R., 1993, Making democracy work: Civic traditions
in modern Italy, Princeton University Press, Princ-
eton.
Cluster Development and Policy, Ashgate, Alder-
shot.
networks, Governance, Reflexivity and Accountabil-
ity, Open University Press, Buckingham.
Scott, A. J., 1998, New Industrial Spaces, Pion, London.
Storper, M., 1992, The limits to globalization: technology
districts and international trade, Economic Geog-
raphy, 68(1), 60-94.
New York.
Storper, M. and Salais, R., 1997, Worlds of Production: The
Action Frameworks of the Economy, MA: Harvard
University Press, Cambridge.
Sturgeon, T., 2001, How do we define value chains and
production networks?, IDS Bulletin, 32(3), 9-18.
Weber, A., 1909, Über den Standort der Industrien. 1. Teil,
Verlag von J.C.B. Mohr, Tübingen.
Williamson, O. E., 1975, Markets and Hierarchies, The
Free Press, New York.
(: cwlee@
cwlee@knu.ac.kr, phone: +82-53-950-5234)