energy flow in ecosystems section one energy roles an organisms role is determined by how it...
TRANSCRIPT
Matter and Energy in Organisms and
Ecosystems
Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Section One
Energy Roles
An organisms role is determined by how it obtains energy and how it interacts with other organisms.
What are the three energy roles an organism may have: Producer Consumer Decomposer
Producers
It is important to remember that energy enters an ecosystems as sunlight
Plants use the light in photosynthesis to turn water and carbon dioxide into food molecules
An organism that can make its own food is a producer
Producers are the source of all the food
in the ecosystem.
Consumers
An organism that obtains its food by feeding on other organisms is called a consumer
Consumers are classified by what they eat: Herbivores-only eats plants Carnivores- only eats animals Omnivores –eats both plants and animals
What are some examples?
Carnivore HerbivoreOmnivore
Consumer
Decomposers
Decomposers break down wastes and dead organisms and return the raw materials to the ecosystems.
What are some examples of decomposers?
What would happen if there were none?
Food chain and food webs
Energy enters most ecosystems as sunlight
The energy is transferred to each organism that eats a producer.
The movement of energy through an ecosystem can be shown in diagrams called food chains and food webs
Food Chains
A food chain is a series of events in which one organism eats another and obtains energy.
Remember that the first organism in the food chain is always going to be a producer
The second organism feeds on the producer is called 1st level consumer ‘
The organism that feeds on the 1st level consumer is called the 2nd level consumer
Food chain
Producer1st level Consume
r
2nd levelConsume
r
Food webs
A food web consists of many overlapping food chains
An organism may play more than one role in the ecosystem.
Example: An omnivore like a mouse is a 1st level
consumer when it eats grass When the mouse eats a grasshopper it is a
second-level consumer
Food webs
Just as food chains overlap and connect, food webs interconnect as well
All the world’s food webs interconnect in what can be thought of as a global food web.
Food Webs
Energy pyramids
When an organisms eats, it obtains energy.
The organism is going to use this energy to carry out its daily functions such as moving growing, and reproducing
Since the animals use energy, it means that only a portion of the energy it obtains will be available to the next organism
Energy Pyramids
A diagram called an energy pyramid shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another
The most energy is available at the producer level of the pyramid. As you move up the pyramid, each level has less energy available than the level below.
Energy Pyramids
In general only about 10% of the energy is passed on to the next higher level.
The organisms at higher higher levels of an energy pyramid do not require less energy than animals on the lower levels.
Since so much energy is lost, it limits the number of consumers an ecosystem can hold.
Energy pyramids
Photosynthesis
Section Two
Every living thing needs energy in order to survive. Cells use energy to:
Carry out their functions Make proteins Transport substances in and out of the cell
Most organisms get their energy from the food that they eat. However, plants are different they lack the ability to graze or hunt so they obtain their energy in a different way.
Photosynthesis
They Make It Using……. !!
Photosynthesis
Sources of Energy
The process by which a cell captures energy in sunlight and uses it to make food is called photosynthesis
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Sources of Energy
Nearly all living things obtain energy either directly or indirectly from the energy of sunlight captured photosynthesis
Sources of Energy
Plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis.
An organism that makes it own food is called an autotroph
Sources of Energy
An organism that cannot make its own food is called a heterotroph.
Heterotrophs survive by eating other organisms or absorbing them.
Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups
Cell Energy:• Cells usable source of energy is called ATP• ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate
• ADP stands for adenosine diphosphate
Adenine Ribose 2 Phosphate groups
• All energy is stored in the bonds of compounds—breaking the bond releases the energy
• When the cell has energy available it can store this energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP, producing ATP
• ATP is converted into ADP by breaking the bond between the second and third phosphate groups and releasing energy for cellular processes.
During photosynthesis plants and some other
organisms use energy from the sun and to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugars.
Occurs in two stages: Stage One: Capturing the Sun’s Energy Stage Two: Using Energy to Make Food
The Two Stages of Photosynthesis
The Two Stages of Photosynthesis
Stage One: Capturing the Sun’s Energy
The first stage of photosynthesis involves capturing the energy in sunlight.
This energy-capturing process occurs mostly in the leaves.
The chloroplast are green organelles inside plant compounds that absorb light.
The green color comes from pigments, colored
chemical compounds that absorb light. The main photosynthetic pigment in
chloroplast is chlorophyll
Stage One: Capturing the Sun’s Energy
Stage One: Capturing the Sun’s Energy
Chlorophyll has a similar function as solar panels. They capture the sun energy, and use the energy to carry out its functions.
Chlorophyll captures light energy and uses it to power the second stage of photosynthesis.
In the second stage, the cell uses the captured
energy to produce sugars.
The cell needs two materials to make this work: Water Carbon dioxide
Water enters the plant through the roots and the carbon dioxide enters the plant through small openings on the underside of the leaves called stomata
Stage Two: Using Energy to Make Food
Stage Two: Using Energy to Make Food Inside the
chloroplasts, the water and carbon dioxide undergo a series of complex chemical reactions.
The reactions are powered by the energy captured in the first phase.
Stage Two produces two products:
Sugar Oxygen
Recall that the sugar is a type of carbohydrate and the cells use energy in the sugar to carry out important cell function.
Stage Two: Using Energy to Make Food
Stage Two: Using Energy to Make Food The other product of
photosynthesis is oxygen, which exits the leaf through the stomata.
Almost all oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere was produced through the process of photosynthesis
The events of photosynthesis can by summed
up by the following equation:
The Photosynthesis Equation
How photosynthesis is used:
1. Plants use some of the sugar for food.2. The plant breaks down the sugar molecule to
release the energy they contain.3. The energy is then used to carry out the cells
functions.4. Used in the cell wall as cellulose5. Stored for later use
The Photosynthesis Equation
When you eat food from plant, such as
potatoes or carrots, you are eating the plant’s stored energy.
The Photosynthesis Equation
Respiration
Section Three
1. Before your body can provide your body with energy,
it must pass through your digestive system.
2. In your digestive system your food is broken into small molecules.
3. Molecules go from your digestive system through the bloodstream to your body cells.
4. Inside the cells, the energy in the molecules is released
How Food Gets to Your Cells
Cellular Respiration is the process by which
cells obtain energy from glucose.
During cellular respiration, cells break down simple food molecules such as sugar and release the energy they contain.
Cells of all living things carry out cellular respiration continuously.
What is Cellular Respiration?
There are two types of cellular
respiration: Aerobic –requires oxygen Anaerobic – does not require oxygen
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Types of Cellular Respiration
During photosynthesis, plants capture and the
energy from sunlight and “save” it in the form of carbohydrates, including sugars and starches.
When cells need energy they “withdraw” it by breaking down the carbohydrates in the process of cellular respiration.
Storing and Releasing Energy
Like photosynthesis, respiration is a two-stage
process.
Stage one also known as glycolosis, takes place in the cytoplasm of the organism’s cells
The Two Stages of Cellular Respiration-
Aerobic
There, molecules of glucose are broken down
into smaller molecules. In this stage oxygen is not involved and only a
small amount of energy is released
The Two Stages of Cellular Respiration-
Aerobic
Stage Two also known as oxidization, takes
place in the mitochondria.
Small food particles are broken down more
The chemical reactions require oxygen, and they release a lot of energy.
This is way they call the mitochondria the “power house” of the cell
The Two Stages of Cellular Respiration-
Aerobic
The Two Stages of Cellular Respiration-
Aerobic
Products of respiration:
Energy is release in both glycolysis(stage 1) and oxidation (stage 2).
Carbon dioxide Water
These products are going to be diffused through the cell membrane
The Two Stages of Cellular Respiration-
Aerobic
The Two Stages of Cellular Respiration-
Aerobic
Although respiration occurs in a series of
complex steps, the overall process can be summarized in the following equation:
The Respiration Equation
How organisms get the raw materials for
respiration: Plants undergo photosynthesis to make their
own sugar Animals get their sugar from consuming food The oxygen used in respiration comes from the
air or the water surrounding the organism
The Respiration Equation
Photosynthesis vs. Respiration
Photosynthesis Chemical formula is
opposite respiration Turn carbon dioxide and
water into sugar and oxygen
Respiration Chemical formula is
opposite photosynthesis
Turn sugar and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water
Photosynthesis vs. Respiration
Photosynthesis and respiration keep the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide fairly consistent in Earth’s atmosphere.
Some cells are able to obtain energy from food
without using oxygen ----anaerobic respiration
Organisms who do this: Single celled organisms who live in places that
contain no oxygen Mud Deep ocean
Fermentation
Organisms who obtain their energy through
fermentation, an energy-releasing process that does not require oxygen.
The amount of energy released during fermentation, however, is much lower than the amount released during respiration.
Fermentation
Two Examples of Fermentation:
Alcoholic fermentation Lactic acid fermentation
Types of Fermentation
One type of fermentation occurs when yeast
and some other singled-celled organisms break down sugars.
This is sometimes called alcoholic fermentation because this is one product that is produced.
The products of alcoholic fermentation are carbon dioxide and a small amount of energy.
Alcoholic Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation
CO2 in bread caused by yeast causes it to rise.
CO2 is the source of bubbles in beer
Lactic Acid Fermentation occurs when your
cells use up oxygen faster than it can be replaced. Because your cells lack oxygen, fermentation occurs.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
The fermentation supplied your cells with
energy
One product of this type of fermentation is an acid called lactic acid.
When lactic acid builds up you feel pain in your muscles
Lactic Acid Fermentation