‘‘Education for Democratic Education for Democratic Citizenship, Civil Renewal and Citizenship, Civil Renewal and

Lifelong Learning’Lifelong Learning’

BILL- Nov.4,2005BILL- Nov.4,2005

Professor John AnnetteProfessor John AnnetteBirkbeck College, University of LondonBirkbeck College, University of London

J.Annette@bbk.ac.ukJ.Annette@bbk.ac.uk

When governments become interested When governments become interested in lifelong learning it is well to be in lifelong learning it is well to be cautious; when they add active cautious; when they add active

citizenship and social inclusion to the list, citizenship and social inclusion to the list, it may be time to be positively sceptical-it may be time to be positively sceptical-

not to say suspicious.not to say suspicious.How do we cope with this sudden official How do we cope with this sudden official

enthusiasm for causes we have long enthusiasm for causes we have long espoused?espoused?

Ian Martin(2000) Ian Martin(2000)

I. Citizenship and Civil Renewal-I. Citizenship and Civil Renewal-Policy Context and Key Issues Policy Context and Key Issues

A. Policy Context-Political A. Policy Context-Political ContextContext

Is Citizenship British?Is Citizenship British? Communitarianism (Amitai Etzioni)Communitarianism (Amitai Etzioni) Social Capital (Robert Putnam and Peter Hall)Social Capital (Robert Putnam and Peter Hall) Community and Communities (Gabriel Community and Communities (Gabriel

Channan,www.cdf.org.uk)Channan,www.cdf.org.uk) Neighborhood and Social Exclusion Neighborhood and Social Exclusion

(www.neighbourhood.gov.uk)(www.neighbourhood.gov.uk) cf. Marilyn Taylor, cf. Marilyn Taylor, Public Policy in the CommunityPublic Policy in the Community, ,

Palgrave,(2003)Palgrave,(2003)

B. Civil Renewal and Community B. Civil Renewal and Community InvolvementInvolvement

‘‘Civil Renewal’/’Third Way’ politicsCivil Renewal’/’Third Way’ politics civic republicanism- active citizenshipcivic republicanism- active citizenship civil society- participatory spacecivil society- participatory space role of the voluntary and community sectorsrole of the voluntary and community sectors capacity building for civil renewal? NB. ‘community capacity building for civil renewal? NB. ‘community

assets’ vs ‘deficit’ modelsassets’ vs ‘deficit’ models ‘‘deliberative democracy’ and new local deliberative democracy’ and new local

governancegovernance ‘‘Everyday politics’ – (Boyte,2004; Bentley/Demos, Everyday politics’ – (Boyte,2004; Bentley/Demos,

2005; Ginsbourg,2005)2005; Ginsbourg,2005)

‘‘The Civil Renewal Agenda is about The Civil Renewal Agenda is about supporting interdependence and mutuality, supporting interdependence and mutuality,

not simply leaving individuals or communities not simply leaving individuals or communities to fend for themselves. We are talking about to fend for themselves. We are talking about building the capacity, the social assets, and building the capacity, the social assets, and

the leadership which will enable communities the leadership which will enable communities to take advantage of both the targeted help to take advantage of both the targeted help

which is available and broader economic and which is available and broader economic and social improvements and investment.social improvements and investment.

David Blunkett,’Active Citizens, Strong Communities’ David Blunkett,’Active Citizens, Strong Communities’ 11.12.0311.12.03

We aim at no less than a change in the We aim at no less than a change in the political culture in this country both political culture in this country both nationally and locally; for people to think of nationally and locally; for people to think of themselves as active citizens….themselves as active citizens….

Education for Citizenship and the Teaching Education for Citizenship and the Teaching of Democracy in Schoolsof Democracy in Schools (‘Crick Report 1’) (‘Crick Report 1’) 1998,p.71998,p.7

C. Policy Context- the Voluntary C. Policy Context- the Voluntary and Community Sectorsand Community Sectors

What are the Voluntary and Community Sectors? What are the Voluntary and Community Sectors? (Justin Davis-Smith,1997)(Justin Davis-Smith,1997)

New Roles? The ‘Compact’-National and Local?New Roles? The ‘Compact’-National and Local?(www.homeoffice.gov.uk/acu and (www.homeoffice.gov.uk/acu and www.ncvo.org.uk)-service delivery and community www.ncvo.org.uk)-service delivery and community leadership!leadership!

Home Office ‘Active Citizenship Home Office ‘Active Citizenship Survey’,2001/2003Survey’,2001/2003

Cf. M.Harris and C.Rochester,Cf. M.Harris and C.Rochester,Voluntary Organisations and Voluntary Organisations and Social Policy in BritainSocial Policy in Britain,Palgrave,2001,Palgrave,2001

D. Policy Context- Inclusion and D. Policy Context- Inclusion and Community CohesionCommunity Cohesion

Black and Minority Ethnic Black and Minority Ethnic V&CS(www.cemvo.org.uk);McLeod(2003)V&CS(www.cemvo.org.uk);McLeod(2003)

Faith Based Community Sector Faith Based Community Sector (www.interfaith.org.uk and (www.interfaith.org.uk and www.urban.odpm.org.uk/faith and Farnell (2003))www.urban.odpm.org.uk/faith and Farnell (2003))

Youth Volunteering-www.nya.org.uk and DfES Youth Volunteering-www.nya.org.uk and DfES ‘Young Volunteer Challenge’-Russell Commission‘Young Volunteer Challenge’-Russell Commission

Community Cohesion- Cantle Report,etc, bridging Community Cohesion- Cantle Report,etc, bridging vs bonding social capital.vs bonding social capital.

II. Partnership Working and Civil II. Partnership Working and Civil Renewal-education for Renewal-education for

democratic citizenship through democratic citizenship through community involvementcommunity involvement

A. ‘Partnership’ Working, A. ‘Partnership’ Working, ‘Politics’ and Regeneration‘Politics’ and Regeneration

Partnership in regeneration cf. Susan Partnership in regeneration cf. Susan Balloch and MarilynTaylor,eds.,Balloch and MarilynTaylor,eds.,Partnership Partnership Working,Working, The Policy Press,2001 The Policy Press,2001

SRB and ESF Programmes- research SRB and ESF Programmes- research findings-where have we been?findings-where have we been?

New Deal for Communities- where are we?New Deal for Communities- where are we? Neighbourhood Renewal Programme and Neighbourhood Renewal Programme and

LSP’s.-where are we going?LSP’s.-where are we going?

B. Community Leadership B. Community Leadership from Belowfrom Below

Cf. Derrick Purdue,et. al., Community Leadership in Cf. Derrick Purdue,et. al., Community Leadership in Area Regeneration, Policy Press, 2000 Area Regeneration, Policy Press, 2000

ODPM(G.Channan) ‘Sustainable ODPM(G.Channan) ‘Sustainable Communities:Building for the Future,ODPM,2003Communities:Building for the Future,ODPM,2003

Community Leadership pilots-NIACE-cf. Community Leadership pilots-NIACE-cf. www.niace.org.ukwww.niace.org.uk

- Participatory action research (Neighbourhood Participatory action research (Neighbourhood Renewal Unit-www.neighbourhood.gov.uk)Renewal Unit-www.neighbourhood.gov.uk)

cf. Alison Gilchrist, cf. Alison Gilchrist, The Well Connected Community, The Well Connected Community, Policy PressPolicy Press,2004,2004

C. Local Governance and Civil C. Local Governance and Civil Renewal- the ‘Lonely Citizen’Renewal- the ‘Lonely Citizen’

Local Governance and the Local Local Governance and the Local Government Act 2000Government Act 2000

Public Involvement and Local Government- Public Involvement and Local Government- cf. Vivien Lowndes, Sue Goss,etc.cf. Vivien Lowndes, Sue Goss,etc.

‘‘Together We Can’-cross governmentTogether We Can’-cross government Power Inquiry- Heinz 57Power Inquiry- Heinz 57 The Lonely Citizen’ (IPPR,2004)The Lonely Citizen’ (IPPR,2004)

III. Lifelong Learning-III. Lifelong Learning-policy,community development policy,community development

and civil renewal renewaland civil renewal renewal

the fundamental problem facing civil society is the the fundamental problem facing civil society is the challenge of providing citizens with “the literacy challenge of providing citizens with “the literacy

required to live in a civil society, the competence to required to live in a civil society, the competence to participate in democratic communities, the ability to participate in democratic communities, the ability to

think critically and act deliberately in a pluralist think critically and act deliberately in a pluralist world, the empathy that permits us to hear and thus world, the empathy that permits us to hear and thus accommodate others, all involve skills that must be accommodate others, all involve skills that must be

acquired.” acquired.”

((Barber, Benjamin, An Aristocracy of Everyone, Barber, Benjamin, An Aristocracy of Everyone, Oxford University Press,1992Oxford University Press,1992 ) )

A. Lifelong Learning and Civic A. Lifelong Learning and Civic EngagementEngagement

1. Lifelong Learning through Volunteering- ( cf. 1. Lifelong Learning through Volunteering- ( cf. Kenneth Elsdon’s publications ) Kenneth Elsdon’s publications )

2. Adult and Community Education and Active 2. Adult and Community Education and Active Citizenship, NIACE-cf. Coare and Johnston(2003) Citizenship, NIACE-cf. Coare and Johnston(2003)

3. Learning through Involvement in Community 3. Learning through Involvement in Community Development nb.NIACE cf. Development nb.NIACE cf.

Thompson (2002)-SRB/NDCThompson (2002)-SRB/NDC4. Lifelong Learning and Neighbourhood Renewal-4. Lifelong Learning and Neighbourhood Renewal-

NRU Learning&Development Strategy-cf. NRU Learning&Development Strategy-cf. ““The Learning Curve”,NRU (2003)The Learning Curve”,NRU (2003)

John Annette,”Community, Politics and Citizenship John Annette,”Community, Politics and Citizenship Education,”Education,”Education for Democratic CitizenshipEducation for Democratic Citizenship, eds., , eds.,

J.Annette, Sir B.Crick and A.LockyerJ.Annette, Sir B.Crick and A.Lockyer

B. Community Based LearningB. Community Based Learning

1.What is ‘community based learning’? Learning 1.What is ‘community based learning’? Learning through volunteering, community involvement, civic through volunteering, community involvement, civic

engagement, or political participation)engagement, or political participation)2. Structured Learning Experience2. Structured Learning Experience

3. Experiential Education and Reflection**3. Experiential Education and Reflection**4. Learning through Partnership4. Learning through Partnership

5. Learning and Civic Skills5. Learning and Civic Skills6. Community Based Learning and Active 6. Community Based Learning and Active

CitizenshipCitizenship

C. Lifelong Learning and Active C. Lifelong Learning and Active CitizenshipCitizenship

1. Learning that is inclusive, pluralist, reflexive and 1. Learning that is inclusive, pluralist, reflexive and activeactive

2. Linking the informal(everyday life), the non-2. Linking the informal(everyday life), the non-formal(participation) and the formal formal(participation) and the formal

(training/education) modes of learning(training/education) modes of learning3. Experiential learning- participation as a reflective 3. Experiential learning- participation as a reflective

and critical process leading to actionand critical process leading to action4. Learning outcomes of democratic knowledge, 4. Learning outcomes of democratic knowledge,

skills and skills and understandingunderstandingcf. Pam Coare and Rennie Johnston,eds.,cf. Pam Coare and Rennie Johnston,eds.,Adult Adult

Learning, citizenship and community voicesLearning, citizenship and community voices, , NIACE,2003NIACE,2003

D. Home Office- Civil Renewal UnitD. Home Office- Civil Renewal Unit

1. 1. ‘Active Learning for Active Citizenship‘Active Learning for Active Citizenship ’- ’- development programmedevelopment programme

2. Learning Partnerships for Active Citizenship ( 8 2. Learning Partnerships for Active Citizenship ( 8 HUBS)- Schools, 16-19 LSDA Projects, LSC’s, FE HUBS)- Schools, 16-19 LSDA Projects, LSC’s, FE Colleges, HE Continuing Education and Voluntary Colleges, HE Continuing Education and Voluntary

and Community Sector (Resident and Tenants’ and Community Sector (Resident and Tenants’ Associations)PartnersAssociations)Partners

3. National Curriculum Framework for Adult 3. National Curriculum Framework for Adult Learners?Learners?

4. Links to Local Communities and Neighbourhood 4. Links to Local Communities and Neighbourhood Renewal ProgrammeRenewal Programme

5. Links to Local/Regional Governance- Citizens 5. Links to Local/Regional Governance- Citizens Juries, Civic Forums, RDA’s, Government OfficesJuries, Civic Forums, RDA’s, Government Offices

E. Research IssuesE. Research Issues

How do you measure learning outcomes in terms How do you measure learning outcomes in terms of civic engagement / active citizenship?of civic engagement / active citizenship?

Identify civic knowledge needed?Identify civic knowledge needed? Identify civic skills needed?Identify civic skills needed? Identify levels of civic understanding?Identify levels of civic understanding? Consider how do you measure learning outcomes Consider how do you measure learning outcomes

both short term and longitudinally?both short term and longitudinally? Recognition/accreditationRecognition/accreditation From Paolo Freire to the ‘wider benefits of From Paolo Freire to the ‘wider benefits of

learning’learning’

F.F. Models of ResearchModels of Research

1. Marjorie Mayo, “Learning for Active 1. Marjorie Mayo, “Learning for Active Citizenship:training for and learning from Citizenship:training for and learning from

participation in area regeneration” participation in area regeneration” Supporting Supporting Lifelong Learning,Lifelong Learning, eds. F.Reeve, et.al., eds. F.Reeve, et.al.,

Routledge/Falmer,2002Routledge/Falmer,2002

2. The Lifelong Citizenship Learning Website2. The Lifelong Citizenship Learning WebsiteCITIZENSHIP LEARNING AND PARTICIPATORY CITIZENSHIP LEARNING AND PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY: EXPLORING THE CONNECTIONSDEMOCRACY: EXPLORING THE CONNECTIONS

Daniel SchugurenskyDaniel Schugurensky Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education,

University of Toronto,2003University of Toronto,2003

J.Annette@bbk.ac.ukJ.Annette@bbk.ac.uk