© copyright paradise first aid pty ltd 01/05/2012 v1.0 first aid

© Copyright Paradise First Aid Pty Ltd 01/05/2012 V1.0

First Aid

Andy

Trainer to take time to answer any questions. Stop for break


Snake Bite Paired fang marks, but often only a

single mark or a scratch mark may be present

Signs and symptoms will depend on the type of snake and venom

Signs and symptoms may not appear for hours

Treatment DRS ABCD & Call 000 Lay the casualty down and keep completely still Apply a pressure immobilisation bandage to the affected limb Splint the affected limb & Immobilise the casualty completely

Andy



DO NOT! Wash the bite site Try to catch and identify the snake Cut the bite site Suck the venom out Move the casualty unless in danger Apply a tourniquet

Snake Bite

Andy



Funnel Web Spider &

Mouse Spider


Andy



Red Back & White TailedSpider

Treatment DRS ABCD Apply cold pack Watch for allergic reaction Seek medical advice

Andy



Bee & Wasp Sting

Potential Signs & Symptoms Immediate pain Local swelling and redness

Treatment Remove Sting (bee) Apply ice pack for the pain

Andy



Potential Signs & Symptoms Pain and burning at the site Swelling

Treatment Rinse ants off with running water Wash with soap and water or disinfectant Apply ice packs for the pain

Fire Ants

Andy



Potential Signs & Symptoms Local irritation Lethargy Muscle weakness Unsteadiness in walking Double vision Difficulty in swallowing and breathing

Treatment DRS ABCD Tweezers either side of the head and pull straight out Apply disinfectant

Paralysis Ticks

Andy




Blue Ringed Octopus&

Cone Shell

Andy



Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 Carefully remove tentacles but do not rub Apply liberal amounts of vinegar to the area DO NOT use a pressure immobilisation bandage Be prepared to start CPR

Box Jelly Fish & Irukandji Jelly Fish

Andy



Potential Signs & Symptoms Blue tentacles stuck to the body Red welts on the skin Pain for some hours Pain in the groin and armpits

Treatment DRS ABCD & reassure patient Remove tentacles, do not rub Immerse the affected area in hot water, as hot as the casualty can tolerate If hot water is not available, apply an ice pack

Blue Bottle Jelly Fish

Andy



Potential Signs & Symptoms Extreme pain Bleeding, swelling and discolouration at the site Panic, irrational behaviour

Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 Immerse the affected area in hot water, as hot as the casualty can tolerate

Fish Stings

Andy



Diabetes

What is it?

Type 1 & Type 2

Hypoglycaemia – Too little blood sugar

Hyperglycaemia – Too much blood sugar

Andy



Diabetes

Hypoglycaemia Potential Signs & Symptoms Quick onset of symptoms Sweating Pale, clammy skin Weakness, tiredness Trembling Confusion & aggression Vomiting

Andy



Hypoglycaemia Treatment DRS ABCD Give a sugary drink If no improvement after 5 mins give more Call 000 if no improvement If casualty is unconscious do not give them anything to eat or drink,

follow DRS ABCD

Diabetes

Andy



Seizures

Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 Provide a safe environment Place padding around the person if safe to do so Put person into the recovery position once the seizure stops or diminishes Cover with a blanket if loss of bladder control Get bystanders to move away Do not restrain the person (unless essential to prevent injury) Do not put anything in their mouth (including fingers) Do not hold on to their head Record start/finish time of seizure Reassure until fully recovered

Andy



Febrile Convulsions

Andy



Heart Attack

Andy



Potential Signs & Symptoms Pain or discomfort in the chest Pain described as crushing or squeezing Pain may radiate to the left arm, jaw, shoulder, back and neck Shortness of breath Nausea / vomiting Sweating Pale/grey clammy skin Feeling of impending death Feeling of needing to use the toilet

Heart Attack

Andy



Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 Get the casualty to stop and rest Sit the casualty upright with knees supported Assist with medication Loosen tight and restrictive clothing Reassure Be prepared to start CPR

Heart Attack

Andy



Stroke

Andy



Potential Signs & Symptoms Flushed face Loss of movement and feeling down one side of the body Severe headache Difficulty swallowing Slurred speech Altered level of consciousness Pupils may differ in size Pounding, rapid pulse Facial droop Look and feel ill Nausea / vomiting

Stroke

Andy



Stroke

Andy



Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 Reassure the casualty Loosen tight clothing Maintain body temperature Rest in semi reclined position (if able to maintain airway) Roll in to recovery position if unconscious or unable to maintain airway Ensure airway is open and clear Nil by mouth

Stroke

Andy



Ingested (Swallowed) Inhaled (Breathed In) Absorbed (Through the Skin) Injected (Pierced Skin)

Poisoning

Andy



Potential Signs & Symptoms

Ingested Looking & feeling unwell Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea Abdominal and / or chest pain Altered conscious state Headache Breathing difficulties Seizures

Inhaled Pale or bluish skin to indicate lack of oxygen Breathing difficulties Altered conscious state Possible visible burns to face and neck

Injected Possible visible injection site Red / discoloured skin Other signs and symptoms will depend

on the injected poison

Absorbed Red or burnt skin Other poisoning sign & symptoms

Poisoning

Andy



Poisoning

Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 if required Treat life threatening conditions Do not make the casualty vomit If vomiting occurs, keep to show emergency services

If CPR is required, ensure protection is taken to ensure you do not become contaminated

(i.e Mouth to mask technique)

Andy



13 11 26

Poisons Information Centre

Andy



Drug & Alcohol Abuse

Common DrugsAmphetaminesAlso known as speed, goey, whiz, crystal, meth, base, paste, ice, shabu.

Alcohol CannabisAlso known as marijuana, grass, pot, ganja, mull, hash, dope, yarndi, skunk, hydro. CocaineAlso known as coke and sometimes available as freebase or crack. EcstasyAlso known as E, pills. HallucinogensIncludes Magic Mushrooms and LSD (also known as trips, acid, tabs, wangers, microdots). HeroinAlso known as hammer, H, shit, smack, horse, harry, white, scag, junk, slow, rock. Steroids (Anabolic Androgenic Steroids) Volatile Substances (Solvents, Inhalants)Includes a wide range of different substances such as petrol, spray paints, some glues, laughing gas (nitrous oxide), butane and other chemicals.

Andy



Drug & Alcohol Abuse

Treatment of Suspected Drug Use/Overdose DRS ABCD Call 000 Be aware of your own safety including the possibility of contaminated

needles. Do not put yourself in danger Manage life threatening conditions Do not leave the casualty alone unless you are in danger Roll casualty into recovery position if they have a reduced level of

consciousness or are unconscious

If CPR is required, ensure protection is taken(i.e Mouth to mask technique or continual chest compressions only)

Andy



Needle Stick Injury

Treatment of Needle Stick Injury Wash the area with soap and water If water is not available use hand wipes

and alcohol-bases liquid or gel An antiseptic such as povidine-iodine

may also be applied Cover with a dressing Immediately seek medical attention

Andy


Questions & Break


Andy


Secondary Survey


Top to toe examination of the casualty Monitor vital signs Ask bystanders for information Look for medical alert devices Take a good history from the casualty

– Allergies– Medication– Previous relevant medical history– Last food and/or drink– Events leading to the incident

Andy


Shock


Shock is a loss of effective circulation resulting in impaired tissue oxygen, and nutrient delivery and causes life threatening organ failure.

Severe bleeding Major or multiple fractures or major trauma Severe burns or scalds Severe diarrhoea and vomiting Severe sweating and dehydration

Andy

Trainer to discuss what shock is and what casues shock. Place emphasis on the difference between medical shock and emotional shock


Potential Signs & Symptoms Pale, cool, clammy skin Irritability / restlessness / anxiety Irrational behaviour & confusion Drowsiness Muscle weakness Rapid, shallow breathing Rapid weak pulse Nausea / vomiting Thirst Feeling cold Reduced level of consciousness Collapse or unconsciousness

Shock

Andy

Trainer to discuss the signs and symptoms of shock as per slide


Shock

Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 Lay casualty down Render the necessary first aid treatment Elevate the legs if injuries permit Provide reassurance Maintain body temperature Loosen tight and restrictive clothing Ensure good oxygen flow Nil by mouth

Andy

Trainer to discuss the treatment of shock including the use of the shock position


External Bleeding

Treatment

Pressure, Elevation, Rest, Treat for Shock Wear personal protective equipment Apply direct pressure to wound Elevate above the level of the heart Rest and reassure the casualty Treat for shock if required Nil by mouth

Remember to call 000 for life threatening bleeding

Andy

Trainer to discuss the types of external bleeding and basic treatment to control external bleeding


External Bleeding

Andy

Trainer to discuss the treatment for this injury


Embedded Objects

Andy

Trainer to discuss treatment for embedded objects placing emphasis on the importance of not removing the object


Amputation

Andy

Trainer to discuss the treatment for ambutation placing emphasis on the importance of dealing with bleeding before attending to the amputated part


Constrictive Bandage(Tourniquet)

As a last resort and only when other

methods of controlling bleeding have failed.

life-threatening bleeding e.g., traumatic amputation of a limb or major injuries with massive blood loss.

5cm wide Note time applied on bandage Not to be removed once applied Do not apply directly to the wound or over a joint Do not cover constrictive bandage with any other bandages or clothes

Andy

Trainer to discuss when a constrictive bandage may be used. Trainer to demonstrate how a constrictive bandage is applied. Emphasis should be placed on the importance of only using this treatment as a last resort when all other methods of controlling bleeding have failed


Minor Wounds

Use swabs and sterile saline to clean the wound Cover with a non-adherent dressing Watch for signs of infection Seek medical advice if required

Andy



Nose Bleeds

Pinch the fleshy part of the nose Get the casualty to lean forward Ask the casualty to breath through their mouth Maintain pressure for 10 minutes Apply a cool compress to the back of the

neck and the forehead If bleeding persists apply pressure for a

further 10 minutes If the bleeding is still not controlled call help

Andy



Traumatic Abdominal Injuries

Andy

Trainer to discuss the treatment of traumatic abdominal injury.


Fainting

Andy

Trainer to discuss signs, symtoms and treatment of fainting


Crush Injury

Car accidents Falling masonry Mine shaft collapse Trench cave-in

Andy

Trainer to discuss what happend to the body when a crushing force is applied


Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 If safe and physically possible, all crushing forces should be

removed as soon as possible after the injury. If the crushing force has been in place for 30 min or longer (or the

first aider is unsure of time) the crushing force should not be removed

Control any external bleeding Reassure and monitor the casualty

Crush Injury

Andy

Trainer to discuss the treatment of casualty's who have been crushed placing emphasis on removing the object as soon as possible


Internal Bleeding

Andy

Trainer to ask students what signs on this casualty's body suggests that they are sffering with internal bleeding


Potential Signs & Symptoms Pain and tenderness over or around the area Rigidity, swelling and distension Discoloration of the skin in the affected area Shock The appearance of blood from a body opening History of an injury

Internal Bleeding

Andy

Trainer to discuss signs and symptoms of internal bleeding as per slide


Internal Bleeding

Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 Control any external bleeding Treat for shock Provide reassurance Nil by mouth Place casualty in appropriate position determined by injuries Keep any body fluids to show ambulance crew

Andy

Trainer to discuss the treatment of internal bleeding


Using Bandages – Practical

Andy

Trainer to demonstrate the use of bandages to control external bleeding. This should include how to create and apply a donut bandage Students should then be given time to practice on each other


Check circulation once bandage is applied and continue to monitor

Continue the pressure and elevation If bleeding persists

Apply further, firmer bandages over the first to control heavy bleeding

It may be necessary to remove the first bandage to check the bleeding point if major bleeding continues

Bandages – Important Points

Andy

Trainer to discuss as per slide

Questions & Break


Andy



Burns • Superficial

first degree

• Partial thickness second degree

• Full thickness third degree

Andy



Burns

Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 Cool burn with cool running water for at least 20min Where possible remove clothing and jewellery close to the burn site (as

long as they are not stuck to the skin) Cover the burn with a non stick dressing (cling wrap) Where possible elevate burns to help reduce swelling Treat for shock

Andy



Do Not! Remove clothing or jewellery that sticks to the skin

Use lotions, ointments or creams other than hydrogel

Use ice or ice water

Burst blisters

Use dressings that may stick to the burn site

Burns

Andy



Chemical Burns

DRS ABCD Call 000 Avoid contact with any chemical or contaminated material Consult Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Remove contaminated clothing Brush powdered chemicals from skin Rinse with cool running water for at least 20 min Ensure that the chemical does not spread further

Andy



Electrical Burns

Ensure the casualty is disconnected from the electrical source Remember to look for and treat exit burns Be aware of irregular heart rhythms

Andy



Burns – Urgent Treatment

Children, infants and the elderly highly susceptible to shock and infection Burns to special areas. Hands, face, feet, genitalia, major joints Burns that circle limbs, chest or throat Burns to the mouth with associated inhalation injuries

Andy



Heat Exhaustion

Potential Signs & Symptoms Pale, cool, clammy skin Rapid breathing Profuse sweating Cramps Thirst Nausea/vomiting Headache Lethargy

Andy



Heat Exhaustion

Treatment DRS ABCD Complete rest in a cool environment Lay the casualty down and elevate legs Remove excess clothing Cool by fanning Sponge with cool water Give sips of cool water

Andy



Heat Stroke

Potential Signs & Symptoms Flushed, hot, dry skin Sweating has ceased Rapid, weak pulse Irrational, aggressive and confused Fatigue Visual disturbances Headache Nausea/vomiting Seizures Coma, cardiac arrest

Andy



Heat Stroke

Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 (heat stroke is an emergency) Complete rest in a cool environment Remove excess clothing Lay the casualty down and elevate legs Give sips of cool water Cover the casualty in a wet sheet and

fan air over them Apply ice packs to the groins, armpits

and back of the neck

Andy



Drowning

DRS ABCD – Check airway in the recovery position Call 000 Do not attempt a rescue beyond your capabilities Treat for hypothermia Suspect and treat for spinal injuries

Andy



Near Drowning

There must be careful observation of immersion victims because of possible deterioration after an apparently successful rescue.

Complications following immersion, even those that appear to be well following resuscitation. For this reason any immersion victim must

always be assessed in hospital.

Andy



Eye - Minor Foreign Object

Treatment Tilt head towards injured eye Gently flush the affected eye with Sterile saline or clean water

Cover eye to restrict movement Seek medical attention

Andy



Eye – Major Embedded Object

Andy



Treatment Irrigate the ear using sterile saline, clean water or warm vegetable oil may free small objects

If unsuccessful, pad over injured ear and seek medical attention

Ear – Foreign Object

Andy



Head Injuries

Potential Signs & Symptoms Loss of memory Blurred vision Slurred speech Aggressive / confused Seizures Reduced level of consciousness or drowsiness Wound to head Changes in the shape and size of pupils Headache Nausea/vomiting Blood/clear fluid escaping from ears, nose or mouth

Andy



Head Injuries

Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 If unconscious place casualty in recovery position (if fluid leaking

from one ear, place casualty on the side of leakage to allow to drain)

If conscious rest in a semi reclined position Monitor airway, breathing Monitor and record conscious level Control external bleeding Suspect and treat for spinal injuries

Andy



Spinal Injuries

First Aiders must be suspicious of spinal injuries in accidents where velocity is involved, where a severe head and/or chest injury is

present or where a casualty has multiple injuriesLook at the history of the accident!

Andy



Spinal Injuries

Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 If conscious encourage the casualty not to move Pack supportive material around the casualty Hold on to casualties head to prevent movement If unconscious place casualty in recovery position using the spinal

log roll if possible

Andy



Spinal Log Roll – Practical

Andy



Sprains & Strains

Potential Signs & Symptoms Pain Tenderness and discomfort when weight bearing Swelling Bruising and discoloration

Andy



Sprains & Strains

Treatment

R.I.C.E.R Rest – get the casualty to stop and rest. Reduce movement

Ice – Apply an ice pack for the pain and swelling

Compression – Apply a compression bandage

Elevation – Elevate the area to restrict blood flow and reduce swelling and pain

Refer – Refer the casualty to appropriate medical professional

Andy



Potential Signs & SymptomsPain, deformity, reduced mobility, bruising, swelling

Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 Immobilise & support in the most comfortable position Treat for shock

DO NOT REPLACE A DISLOCATION

Dislocations

Andy



Dislocations

Andy



Fractures

Potential Signs & Symptoms

Pain, deformity, bruising, swelling, reduced mobility, crepitus, tenderness, bleeding (if open fracture)

Treatment DRS ABCD Call 000 Control bleeding Support & Immobilise in the most comfortable position Treat for shock

If you have any doubt as to whether an injury is a fracture, always treat as a fracture and seek medical attention.

Andy



Closed Fracture – Arm

Andy



Closed Fracture – Collar Bone

Andy



Complicated Fracture – Femur

Andy



Open Fracture – Leg

Andy



Jaw Collar bone Upper arm Lower arm Wrist Fingers Ribs Pelvis Legs Ankle Toes

Fractures

Andy



First Aid Kits

Andy



Thank You!

Any Questions?

Andy


© copyright paradise first aid pty ltd 01/05/2012 v1.0 first aid

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