copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by mosby, inc., an affiliate of elsevier inc.1 chapter 14...

. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 1

CHAPTER 14CHAPTER 14

SKELETAL SYSTEMSKELETAL SYSTEM

Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 2

Chapter 14 Learning ObjectivesChapter 14 Learning Objectives

Define at least 10 terms relating to the Define at least 10 terms relating to the skeletal system.skeletal system.

Describe the five functions of the skeletal Describe the five functions of the skeletal system.system.

Identify at least 10 structures of the skeletal Identify at least 10 structures of the skeletal system.system.


Chapter 14 Learning ObjectivesChapter 14 Learning Objectives

Identify at least three methods of assessment Identify at least three methods of assessment of the skeletal system.of the skeletal system.

Describe at least five disorders of the skeletal Describe at least five disorders of the skeletal system.system.


Skeletal SystemSkeletal System

The human body has more than 200 bones.The human body has more than 200 bones.


Common Skeletal BonesCommon Skeletal Bones

FIGURE 14-1 Common skeletal bones. A, Front view. B, Back view.


Structure and FunctionStructure and Function

The skeletal system works directly with the The skeletal system works directly with the muscular system to perform the following muscular system to perform the following functions:functions: Provide shape and supportProvide shape and support Protect internal organs Protect internal organs Store minerals and fat Store minerals and fat Produce blood cells and platelets Produce blood cells and platelets Assist in movement Assist in movement


BonesBones

Bone tissue containsBone tissue contains Inorganic salts (calcium phosphate)Inorganic salts (calcium phosphate) WaterWater Organic material (bone cells, blood vessels, Organic material (bone cells, blood vessels,

nerves, and collagen)nerves, and collagen) Bone cells must continually receive food and Bone cells must continually receive food and

oxygen.oxygen. Bone cells die and are replaced by new ones.Bone cells die and are replaced by new ones. Bones continue to grow for the first 18 to 20 Bones continue to grow for the first 18 to 20

years of life.years of life.


BonesBones

Bones may have cartilage.Bones may have cartilage. Bones are attached to other bones by Bones are attached to other bones by

ligaments.ligaments. Bones are joined to muscles by tendons.Bones are joined to muscles by tendons.


Types of BonesTypes of Bones

Two major groups of bonesTwo major groups of bones Axial skeletonAxial skeleton

• Includes 80 bones of the head and trunkIncludes 80 bones of the head and trunk Appendicular skeletonAppendicular skeleton

• Includes 126 bones of the pelvis, shoulders, arms, Includes 126 bones of the pelvis, shoulders, arms, and legsand legs


Bones of the BodyBones of the Body


Bones by ShapeBones by Shape


SkullSkull

Includes bones of theIncludes bones of the CraniumCranium

• Eight bonesEight bones FaceFace

• 13 bones13 bones EarEar

The mandible is the only movable bone of the The mandible is the only movable bone of the skull.skull.


TeethTeeth

Adults have 32 teeth.Adults have 32 teeth. Each tooth has parts.Each tooth has parts.

The crown is the white section above the gum.The crown is the white section above the gum. The root is below the gum.The root is below the gum. Enamel, the hardest substance in the body, covers Enamel, the hardest substance in the body, covers

the crown.the crown. Cementum is the hard, bonelike substance covering Cementum is the hard, bonelike substance covering

the root.the root. Dentin is located between the enamel and the pulp.Dentin is located between the enamel and the pulp. The pulp is the soft living portion of the tooth, The pulp is the soft living portion of the tooth,

containing the nerves and blood vessels.containing the nerves and blood vessels.


Tooth DevelopmentTooth Development

FIGURE 14-4 Tooth development


Parts of a ToothParts of a Tooth

FIGURE 14-5 Parts of a tooth. (From Bird DL, Robinson DS: Torres and Ehrich modern dental assisting, ed 7, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders.)


Types of TeethTypes of Teeth

Four major types of teeth (each has a Four major types of teeth (each has a different shape and function):different shape and function): IncisorIncisor CuspidCuspid BicuspidBicuspid MolarMolar


Teeth TypesTeeth Types


ThoraxThorax

Thorax includesThorax includes RibsRibs

• Seven pairs of true ribs, five pairs of false ribs, and Seven pairs of true ribs, five pairs of false ribs, and two pairs of floating ribstwo pairs of floating ribs

SternumSternum Vertebral bonesVertebral bones

• Protect the lungs and heartProtect the lungs and heart


ThoraxThorax

FIGURE 14-6 The thorax.


Vertebral ColumnVertebral Column

Five parts (total of 26 vertebrae) Cervical vertebrae (7 vertebrae) Thoracic vertebrae (12 vertebrae) Lumbar vertebrae (5 vertebrae) Sacrum Coccyx

Curvature gives it strength and flexibility. Cartilage between vertebrae cushions bones

and allows movement.


Vertebral ColumnVertebral Column

FIGURE 14-7 The lateral view of the vertebral column shows its five major parts. These five parts contain a total of 26 vertebrae.


Long Bones of the ExtremitiesLong Bones of the Extremities

Long bones of the arms and legs contain Long bones of the arms and legs contain marrow, which produces blood cells.marrow, which produces blood cells.

Long bones grow and lengthen from a layer Long bones grow and lengthen from a layer of cartilage (epiphyseal plate).of cartilage (epiphyseal plate).

Shaft of the long bone (diaphysis) contains Shaft of the long bone (diaphysis) contains fatty tissue and yellow marrow.fatty tissue and yellow marrow. Fatty tissue provides stored energy.Fatty tissue provides stored energy.


Long Bones of the ExtremitiesLong Bones of the Extremities

End of the long bone contains red marrow End of the long bone contains red marrow that produces red blood cells.that produces red blood cells. Red marrow destroys old red blood cells, forms Red marrow destroys old red blood cells, forms

white blood cells, and produces platelets.white blood cells, and produces platelets. Periosteum (membrane)Periosteum (membrane)

Covers the boneCovers the bone Contains osteoblastsContains osteoblasts

Medullary cavityMedullary cavity Contains osteoclasts that enlarge the diameter of Contains osteoclasts that enlarge the diameter of

the cavity by removing bone cells.the cavity by removing bone cells.


Anatomy of a Long BoneAnatomy of a Long Bone

FIGURE 14-8 The anatomy of a long bone.


Bone MarkingsBone Markings

Four major types of bone markingsFour major types of bone markings Projections bulge from a bone and attach to Projections bulge from a bone and attach to

muscles, ligaments, and tendons.muscles, ligaments, and tendons. Openings are holes or spaces in bones.Openings are holes or spaces in bones. Depressions include openings and cavities in Depressions include openings and cavities in

bonebone.. Ridges are lines on a bone surface.Ridges are lines on a bone surface.


Bone MarkingsBone Markings


Joints Joints

ArticulationArticulation Two or more bones join together at a joint.Two or more bones join together at a joint.

Joints are named by the bones that are Joints are named by the bones that are joined.joined.


Types of JointsTypes of Joints

Three types of jointsThree types of joints Immovable (synarthrosis) Immovable (synarthrosis)

• Example: sutures of the craniumExample: sutures of the cranium

Slightly movable (amphiarthrosis) Slightly movable (amphiarthrosis) • Example: pelvic bonesExample: pelvic bones

Freely movable (diarthrosis)Freely movable (diarthrosis)• Example: hip jointExample: hip joint


Six Types of Diarthrotic JointsSix Types of Diarthrotic Joints

Ball-and-socket joints of the shoulders and Ball-and-socket joints of the shoulders and hipships

Hinge joints of the elbow and kneeHinge joints of the elbow and knee Gliding joints of the wristsGliding joints of the wrists Pivot joint at the base of the skullPivot joint at the base of the skull Saddle joint of the thumbSaddle joint of the thumb Gomphosis, such as the attachment of a Gomphosis, such as the attachment of a

tooth in its socket in the jawtooth in its socket in the jaw


Six Types of Diathrotic JointsSix Types of Diathrotic Joints

FIGURE 14-9 Types of joints. A, Ball and socket. B, Hinge. C, Gliding. D, Pivot. E, Saddle. F, Gomphosis.


Assessment TechniquesAssessment Techniques

Bone x-ray studiesBone x-ray studies Bone marrow aspiration Bone marrow aspiration Bone marrow biopsy Bone marrow biopsy Radionuclide bone scan Radionuclide bone scan Computed tomography (CT) Computed tomography (CT) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Bone densitometry Bone densitometry


Disorders of the Skeletal SystemDisorders of the Skeletal System Ankylosing spondylitis Ankylosing spondylitis

Hereditary chronic spinal diseaseHereditary chronic spinal disease ArthritisArthritis

Group of disorders evidenced by inflammation Group of disorders evidenced by inflammation of a joint, pain, and stiffness during movementof a joint, pain, and stiffness during movement

Avulsion fractureAvulsion fracture Occurs when a ligament or tendon pulls off part Occurs when a ligament or tendon pulls off part

of a bone during an injuryof a bone during an injury Bursitis Bursitis

Inflammation of the sac around a joint that is Inflammation of the sac around a joint that is caused by trauma or irritation caused by trauma or irritation


Disorders of the Skeletal SystemDisorders of the Skeletal System

Caries Caries Also called Also called cavitiescavities, they are the major cause of , they are the major cause of

tooth loss.tooth loss. Carpal tunnel syndromeCarpal tunnel syndrome

Disorder caused by pressure on the median nerve Disorder caused by pressure on the median nerve of the wrist because of repetitive use or traumaof the wrist because of repetitive use or trauma

Degenerative joint diseaseDegenerative joint disease Also called Also called osteoarthritisosteoarthritis, it usually is associated , it usually is associated

with aging; it is the most common form of arthritis.with aging; it is the most common form of arthritis.



Dislocation Dislocation When bones move out of their proper location; When bones move out of their proper location;

usually occurs in the shoulder or hipusually occurs in the shoulder or hip Fracture Fracture

Broken bone caused by traumaBroken bone caused by trauma Gout Gout

Painful swelling of a joint that results from the Painful swelling of a joint that results from the buildup of uric acid crystals, most commonly in the buildup of uric acid crystals, most commonly in the great toegreat toe



Herniated diskHerniated disk A ruptured or “slipped” disk between vertebraeA ruptured or “slipped” disk between vertebrae

Kyphosis Kyphosis Also called Also called hunchbackhunchback or or humpbackhumpback, it is an , it is an

abnormal curvature of the thoracic part of the abnormal curvature of the thoracic part of the spine.spine.

Lordosis Lordosis Also called Also called swaybackswayback, it is an abnormal curvature , it is an abnormal curvature

of the lumbar spine.of the lumbar spine.



MeningomyeloceleMeningomyelocele Also called Also called spina bifidaspina bifida, it is a congenital condition , it is a congenital condition

of the spinal column.of the spinal column. OsteomaOsteoma

Bone tumorBone tumor Osteomalacia Osteomalacia

Also called Also called ricketsrickets in children, it is softening of the in children, it is softening of the bones caused by vitamin D and calcium bones caused by vitamin D and calcium deficiency.deficiency.



Osteomyelitis Osteomyelitis Bacterial infection of the boneBacterial infection of the bone

Osteoporosis Osteoporosis Weakening of the bones Weakening of the bones

Paget’s diseasePaget’s disease Also called Also called osteitis deformansosteitis deformans, it is caused by , it is caused by

excessive destruction of bone cells.excessive destruction of bone cells.



Periodontitis Periodontitis Inflammation of the tissues that keep teeth in Inflammation of the tissues that keep teeth in

placeplace Rheumatoid arthritisRheumatoid arthritis

Pain and stiffness in the joints caused by Pain and stiffness in the joints caused by thickening of the synovial membranethickening of the synovial membrane

RicketsRickets A painless deformity at the epiphysis of the bones A painless deformity at the epiphysis of the bones

caused by insufficient vitamin Dcaused by insufficient vitamin D


Disorders of the Skeletal System Disorders of the Skeletal System

ScoliosisScoliosis Abnormal lateral spinal curvatureAbnormal lateral spinal curvature

Subluxation Subluxation Partial dislocation of a joint, such as in the neck in Partial dislocation of a joint, such as in the neck in

a whiplash injurya whiplash injury TalipesTalipes

Congenital deformity involving the foot and ankle Congenital deformity involving the foot and ankle


Issues and InnovationsIssues and Innovations

Progress in dental careProgress in dental care Corrective measures, including bonding, Corrective measures, including bonding,

bleaching, and implantsbleaching, and implants

• • Bone substitutes and repairsBone substitutes and repairs Bone-replacing material, including organometals, Bone-replacing material, including organometals,

ceramics, and coralceramics, and coral Surgical implants for cranial and joint injuriesSurgical implants for cranial and joint injuries Bone regenerationBone regeneration


SummarySummary

Functions of the skeletal system include Functions of the skeletal system include protecting internal organs, storing minerals protecting internal organs, storing minerals and fat, producing blood cells and platelets, and fat, producing blood cells and platelets, and assisting in movement.and assisting in movement.

The skeletal system is divided into the axial The skeletal system is divided into the axial and appendicular skeletons, which include and appendicular skeletons, which include bones such as the cranium, humerus, femur, bones such as the cranium, humerus, femur, and ulna.and ulna.


SummarySummary

Methods of assessment of the skeletal Methods of assessment of the skeletal system include x-ray studies, bone marrow system include x-ray studies, bone marrow aspiration, biopsy (bx), CT, and MRI.aspiration, biopsy (bx), CT, and MRI.

Disorders of the skeletal system include Disorders of the skeletal system include avulsions, fractures, caries, carpel tunnel avulsions, fractures, caries, carpel tunnel syndrome, and kyphosis.syndrome, and kyphosis.

copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by mosby, inc., an affiliate of elsevier inc.1 chapter 14...

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