计算机专业英语Computer English

任课教师：张 弛

高等学校精品规划教材

主编：支丽平 出版社：中国水利水电出版社

湖南城市学院计算机科学系

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• 教学目标• 教学内容

Unit 2 Hardware System of Computer

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教学目标• 了解计算机的体系结构• 了解 CPU 的组成• 理解指令执行周期的过程• 了解主板的功能• 了解存储器的分类• 了解常见的输入、输出设备• 了解扩展槽的相关知识

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教学内容• Text 1 Computer Hardware Architecture

• Text 2 CPU architectures

• Text 3 Motherboard

• Text 4 Storage

• Text 5 Input & Output Devices

• Text 6 Expansion Cards

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Text 1 Computer Hardware Architecture

• Main Contents

• Words and Expressions

• Exercises

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• A computer system is comprised of the five building blocks, as well as additional peripheral support devices, which aid in data movement and processing. These basic building blocks are used to form the general processing, control, storage, and input and output units that make up modern computer systems. Devices typically are organized in a manner that supports the application processing for which the computer system is intended, for example, if massive amounts of data need to be stored, then additional peripheral storage devices such as disks or tape units are required, along with their required controllers or data channels.

Text 1 Computer Hardware Architecture

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• A computer system's architecture is constructed using basic building blocks, such as CPUs, memories, disks, I/O, and other devices as needed.

Text 1 Computer Hardware Architecture

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Text 1 Computer Hardware Architecture • To better describe the variations within architectures we will discuss some details briefly, for example, the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and the control unit are merged together into a central processing unit or CPU. The CPU controls the flow of instructions and data in the computer system. Memories can be broken down into hierarchies based on nearness to the CPU and speed of access-for example, cache memory is small, extremely fast memory used for instructions and data actively executing and being used by the CPU and usually resides on the same board or chip as the CPU. The primary memory is slower, but it is also cheaper and contains more memory locations. It is used to store data and instructions that will be used during the execution of applications presently running on the CPU, for example, if you boot up your word processing program on your personal computer, the operating system will attempt to place the entire word processing program in primary memory. If there is insufficient space, the operating system will partition the program into segments and pull them in as needed.

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Text 1 Computer Hardware Architecture • The portion of the program that cannot be stored in memory is maintained on a secondary storage device, typically a disk drive. This device has a much greater storage capacity than the primary memory, typically costs much less per unit of storage, and has data access times that are much slower than the primary memory. A more recent external storage device is the CD-ROM drive. This device, in its read-only mode (ROM), allows users only to extract information from the drive. In the more recent read/ write variety the device can be used somewhat like the traditional tape drive. An additional secondary storage device is the tape drive unit. A tape drive is a simple storage device that can store massive amounts of data again, at less cost than the disk units but at a reduced access speed. Other components of a computer system are input and output units. These are used to extract data from the computer and provide these data to external devices or to input data from the external device. The external devices could be end-user terminals, sensors, information network ports, video, voice, or other computers.

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• In the following sections we will examine each of the components of a computer system in more detail, as we examine how these devices can be interconnected to support data processing applications.

Text 1 Computer Hardware Architecture

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Words and Expressions• system software 系统软件• application software 应用软件• accomplish [ə'kʌmpliʃ; ə'kʃm-] vt. 达到 ( 目的 ) ；完成 ( 任务、使命、

计划、事业等 ) ；实现 ( 诺言、计划等 ) ：• diagnostic routines 【计算机】诊断 ( 例行 ) 程序 [ 亦作 diagnostic su

broutine,diagnostic test]• basic input-output system 基本输入输出系统• operating system 操作系统• graphical user interface (GUI) 图形用户界面• mechanism ['mekənizəm] n. 机械 , 机构 , 结构机制，原理• reenter [,ri:'entə] vt. 再进入；重返• OLE (object linking and embedding) functions 对象连接与嵌入功能• DDE (dynamic data exchange) 动态数据交换• clipboard ['klipbʃ:d] n. 剪贴板

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Words and Expressions • sophisticated [sə'fistikeitid] adj. （系统、流程、技术等 ) 极其复杂的，精密的，尖

端的，发达的• replacement [ri'pleismənt] n. 交换 , 更换 , 代替者 21 世纪大英汉词典》

alternative [ɔ:l'tə:nətiv] adj.1. 两者 ( 或两者以上 ) 择一的，二择其一的，可从数个中任择其一的； ( 两种选择中 ) 非此即彼的 2. 供替代的；供选择的 3. ( 两者 ) 互斥的

• independently [indi'pendəntli] adv. 独立地 , 自立地• milestone ['mailstəun] n. 里程碑• merge [mə:dʒ] vt. 【计算机】合并• pictorial [pik'tʃ:riəl] adj.1. 图片的；用图片表示的；由图片组成的； 2. 形象化的；

生动的• newsletters ['nju:z,letə(r)] n. 时事通讯 , 时事分析 , 时事传报 21 世纪大英汉词典》

AT&T 美国电话电报公司 ( 财富 500 强公司之一，总部所在地美国 , 主要经营电讯 )

• portable ['pɔ:təbl] adj. 【计算机】可移植的，不经修改便可在任何计算机上使用的• multiprocessing [,mʌlti'prəusesiŋ; -'prʃ-] n. 【计算机】多重处理 ( 使用两个以上通

往同一记忆系统的电脑处理机，能同时处理多项程序 ) ，多道处理

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ExercisesI. True or false? If correct, write T in parentheses; Otherwise, write F.• （ ） 1. System software is a specialized programs that enables the user to accomplish s

pecific tasks. • （ ） 2. The operating system helps manage computer resources. • （ ） 3. Windows gets its name because of its ability to run multiple applications at the sa

me time, each in its own window.• （ ） 4.Windows also has DDE (dynamic data exchange) and OLE (object linking and em

bedding) functions.• （ ） 5. OLE don’t allow the application receiving the data to directly access the applicati

on that created the data. • （ ） 6. With multiprocessing, the demands of the database management program do affe

ct the printing of the document. • （ ） 7. Windows NT has network capabilities and security checks built into the operating

system. This makes network installation and use relatively easy.• （ ） 8. OS/2 was developed only by Microsoft Corporation.• （ ） 9. The Macintosh Software, which runs only on Macintosh computers, offers a high-

quality graphical user interface and is very hard to use. • （ ） 10. Unix was originally developed by AT&T for minicomputers and is very good for

multitasking.

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ExercisesII. Fill in the blanks with proper words.• 1. Software refers to computer programs. __________are the instructions that

tell the computer how to process data into the form you want.• 2. There are two kinds of software: system software and__________ software.• 3. __________ software is a collection of programs that enables application

software to run on a computer system's hardware devices, it is background software and includes programs that help the computer manage its own internal resources.

• 4. __________ software consists of four kinds of programs: bootstrap loader, diagnostic routines, basic input-output system, and operating system.

• 5. Windows offers __________, presents the user with graphic images of computer functions and data.

• 6. Like Windows, Windows NT, and OS//2, the Macintosh System enables you to do __________ That is, several programs can run at the same time.

• 7. Unix is becoming a larger player in the microcomputer world. Unix can be used with different types of computer systems, that is, it is a portable operating system. It is used with microcomputers, minicomputers, __________, and supercomputers.

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Text 2 CPU architectures

• Main Contents

• Words and Expressions

• Exercises

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Text 2 CPU architectures• The central processing unit (CPU) is the brains of a computer system. The CPU consists of the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and the control unit, as indicated previously. The ALU can come in a variety of configurations from a single simple unit, that performs simple adds, subtracts, increments, decrements, load, and store, up to extremely complex units that perform operations such as multiply, divide, exponentiation, sine, cosine, and so on. The primary operation of the ALU is to take zero or more operands and perform the function called for in the instruction. In addition to the ALU, the CPU consists of a set of registers to store operands and intermediate results and to maintain information used by the CPU to determine the state of its computations. There are registers for the status of the ALU's operation, for keeping count of the instruction to be performed next, to keep data flowing in from memory or out to memory, to maintain the instruction being executed, and for the location of operands being operated on by the CPU.

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Text 2 CPU architectures• Each of these registers has a unique function within the CPU, and each is necessary for various classes of computer architectures. A typical minimal architecture for a CPU and its registers is shown in Fig.2.1. This architecture consists of a primary memory connected to the CPU via buses that use a memory address register and memory data register to address a location in memory and transfer the contents of the location from the memory into the memory data register or to transfer the contents of the memory data register into memory. There are registers in the CPU for instructions (the instruction or IR register), instruction operands, and results of operations; a location counter (which contains either the location in memory for instructions or operands, depending on the decoding of instructions); a program counter or PC (which maintains the location of the next instruction to perform); and status registers. •MARMemory ArrayMDRCPURegistersPCIR

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MAR

MemoryArray

MDR

CPU

RegistersPC IR

Fig.2.1 the CPU and its Associated Registers

Text 2 CPU architectures

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• The CPU also contains the control unit. The control unit uses the status registers and instructions in the instruction register to determine what functions the CPU must perform .Registers, ALU, and data paths that make up the CPU. The basic operation of the CPU follows a simple loop (unless interrupts occur that alter the flow of execution). This loop is called the instruction execution cycle (Fig.2.2). There are six basic functions performed in the instruction loop: instruction fetch, instruction decode, operand effective address calculation, operand fetch, operation execution, and next address calculation.

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• Fig.2.2 Instrumentation Execution Cycle

InstructionFetch

InstructionDecode

OperandAddress

Computation

Next InstructionAddress

Computation

InstructionExecution

OperandFetch

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• Instruction fetch uses the program counter register to point to the next instruction stored in memory. The address is placed in the memory address register and the instruction is then gated (electronically signaled by the CPU control element to transfer the data) from the data memory into the memory data register. The instruction then flows into the instruction register under the direction of the control unit.• Once an instruction is in the instruction register, the second cycle in instruction execution can be performed decode. To decode the instruction the control unit must recognize what type of instruction is being requested for example, does the instruction require additional data from memory to perform its intended function, or does the instruction involve only ALU resident registers?

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• The third cycle within instruction execution is the operand effective address calculation. This phase of instruction execution operates by extracting operand address information from the instruction and then performing some form of calculation (e.g., base plus offset) with this information to form a physical address in memory. Once the type and number of operands are determined, the ALU can acquire the operands and then set up to perform the decoded instruction. • Once we have a physical address, we can fetch the operand (the fourth function of the instruction execution cycle). To fetch the operand the effective address is placed in the memory address register, and the control gates the contents pointed to by the memory address register into the memory data register. The extracted operand is then gated from the memory data register into an ALU register. If an additional operand is needed, the two cycle steps for operand fetch would be repeated to get the remaining operand. With all required operands in ALU registers the instruction requested can now be performed. The instruction execution is controlled by the CPU control unit. The control unit signals to the ALU to perform the instruction for example, if an add is requested the ALU would add the A and B registers and place the result in the C register. After the instruction is completed the last step in the instruction execution cycle can proceed.

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• The next address calculation uses the program counter and/or any pertinent computation result to determine where in the memory the next instruction is to be found. The normal mode of address calculation is to increment the contents of the program counter. With the new address the instruction cycle begins once more. • This execution sequence represents the basic functions found in all computer systems. Variations in the number of steps are found based on the type and length of the instruction.

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Words and Expressions• configuration [kən,figju'reiʃən] n. 结构 , 布局 , 形态 [ 计算机 ] 配

置• perform [pə'fɔ:m] vt. 执行；履行• Advanced Data Display System (adds) 高级数据显示系统• subtract [səb'trækt] vt. 扣除，减少，减损：• increment ['inkrimənt] n. 增加 ( 增加物 , 增量 , 余差 )• decrement ['dekrimənt] n. 渐减 , 减少 , 减少量 [ 计算机 ] 递减• multiply ['mʌltiplai] vt. 【数学】乘，使相乘：• divide [di'vaid] vt. 【数学】除，用除法分成相等的几份；除尽；

把…作除数，以…相除：• exponentiation ['ekspəu,nenʃi'eiʃən] n. 【数学】取幂• sine [sain; 'saini; 'sinei] n. 【几何学】 1) 正弦 2) ( 角的 ) 正弦函

数• cosine [‘kəusain] n. 【三角学】余弦

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Words and Expressions• intermediate [,intə'mi:djət; -dieit] adj. 中间的，居间的• minimal ['miniməl] adj. 最小的；最少的；最低限度的• status register 状态寄存器• interrupt [,intə'rʌpt] n. 中断 v. 打断 , 妨碍 , 插嘴 [ 计算机 ] 中断• the instruction execution cycle 指令执行周期• instruction loop 闭合指令循环回路• instruction decode 指令译码• gated amplifier 选通放大器• decode [,di:'kəud] vt. 译 ( 密码文电等 ) ，译 ( 码 ) ，解 ( 码 ) 等：• operand ['ɔpərænd; ,ɔpə'rænd] n. 【计算机】操作数• acquire [ə'kwaiə] vt. ( 计算机、机器人等 ) 捕捉，捕获，截获• pertinent ['pə:tinənt] adj. 恰当的；适当的；贴切的；中肯的；有

关的

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ExercisesI. True or false? If correct, write T in parentheses; Otherwise, write F.• （ ） 1. There are registers in the CPU for instructions, instruction oper

ands, and results of operations; a location counter; a program counter or PC (which maintains the location of the next instruction to perform); and status registers.

• （ ） 2. Once an instruction is in the instruction register, the second cycle in instruction execution can be performed code.

• （ ） 3. To decode the instruction the control unit must recognize what type of instruction is being requested.

• （ ） 4. The second cycle within instruction execution is the operand effective address calculation.

• （ ） 5. Once the type and number of operands are determined, the ALU can acquire the operands and then set up to perform the coded instruction.

• （ ） 6. Variations in the number of steps are found based on the type and length of the instruction.

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ExercisesII. Fill in the blanks with proper words.• 1. The central processing unit (__________) is the brains of a

computer system.• 2. The CPU consists of the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and the

__________ unit, as indicated previously.• 3. The__________ unit uses the status registers and instructions in

the instruction register to determine what functions the CPU must perform .

• 4. There are__________ basic functions performed in the instruction loop: instruction fetch, instruction decode, operand effective address calculation, operand fetch, operation execution, and next address calculation.

• 5. Instruction __________ uses the program counter register to point to the next instruction stored in memory.

• 6. The instruction execution is controlled by the CPU __________unit.

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Text 3 Motherboard

• Main Contents• Words and Expressions• Exercises

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• A motherboard is the central printed circuit board (PCB) in some complex electronic systems, such as modern personal computers. The motherboard is sometimes alternatively known as the mainboard, system board, or, on Apple computers, the logic board.It is also sometimes casually shortened to mobo.

•…………………• Modern motherboards include, at a minimum:• sockets (or slots) in which one or more microprocessors are installed. • slots into which the system's main memory is installed (typically in the form of DIMM mo

dules containing DRAM chips) • a chipset which forms an interface between the CPU's front-side bus, main memory, and p

eripheral buses • non-volatile memory chips (usually Flash ROM in modern motherboards) containing the sy

stem's firmware or BIOS • a clock generator which produces the system clock signal to synchronize the various com

ponents • slots for expansion cards (these interface to the system via the buses supported by the

chipset) • power connectors flickers, which receive electrical power from the computer power supply

and distribute it to the CPU, chipset, main memory, and expansion cards.

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• Most modern motherboard designs use a BIOS, stored in an EEPROM chip soldered to the motherboard, to bootstrap the motherboard. (Socketed BIOS chips are widely used, also.) By booting the motherboard, the memory, circuitry, and peripherals are tested and configured. This process is known as a computer Power-On Self Test (POST) and may include testing some of the following devices:

• floppy drive • network controller • CD-ROM drive • DVD-ROM drive • SCSI hard drive • IDE, EIDE, or SATA hard drive • External USB memory storage device

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Words and Expressions

• motherboard 主板，母板• PCB (printed circuit board) 印刷电路板 • mainboard 主板• alternatively [ɔ:ltə:nətivli] adv. 二者择一地 , 非此即

彼，如其不然；或，要不• microprocessor  [maikrəuprɔsesə]n. 微处理器• case 机箱• backplane 底板• mainframe [‘mein,freim] n. 【计算机】 ( 电脑 ) 主机 ;

主机机枢 ; 主机机架 ; 中央处理机

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Words and Expressions

• central processing unit 【计算机】中央处理机 , 中央处理装置 [ 略作 CPU, 亦作 central processor]

• peripheral [pə'rifərəl] adj. 不重要的 , 外围的 n. 【计算机】外围设备；辅助设备 ( 如打印机、扫描仪等 ) [ 亦作 peripheric]

• ICs 内部通信系统• serial ['siəriəl] n. 序列 , 串列 adj. 连续的 , 一连串的

【计算机】串联的，串行的，非并行的• parallel ['pærəlel] adj. 平行的 adv. 平行地 n. 平行线

vt. 与 ... 平行【计算机】并行• expansion card 扩展卡

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Words and Expressions

• Micronics 迈科• Molex 莫莱克斯• AMI 美国米格特雷德公司• DTK 创宏• Hauppauge 哈帕克• Orchid Technology 兰花科技• Elitegroup 精英• DFI友通• schematic [ski'mætik] adj. 扼要的 , 图解的 n1. 图表，

略图，简图 2. 【电工学】电路图 , 原理图• reverse-engineering逆向工程，反求工程

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Words and Expressions• compatible [kəm'pætəbl] a. 能共处的 , 可并立的 ,适合 [ 计算

机 ] 相兼容的• upgrade [ʌp'greid]vt. 提高 ( 上升 ,浓集 ,加强 )n. 提高 ( 上升 ,浓集 ,加强 )

• archaically [ɑ:'keiikli] adv. 已废地 ,古老地 ,古代地• embedded systems 嵌入式系统• daughterboard子板• socket ['sɔkit]n.插座，管座，插口• slot [slɔt]槽，缝• stop-watch 记秒表，秒表，停表• desktop computer台式计算机，台式电脑• main memory 主存• external storage 外部存储器

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Words and Expressions• plug-in插件程序• integrate ['intigreit] v. 整合 , 使 ... 成整体 a. 真诚的• chipset芯片集，晶元组• bus 母线，总线• to an extent 在一定程度上• DIMM （ Dual In-line Memory Modules ）双重内嵌式内存模块• DRAM （ Dynamic Random Access Memory ）动态随机存储器• firmware ['fə:m,wєə] n.固化程序，固件；烧写到一块芯片上的程序命令集• BIOS （ Basic Input/Output System ）基本输入 / 输出系统• interface 界面 , 接口• heat sink吸热设备，冷源，散热片• layout  ['leiaut]n.布局，安排，设计• facilitate [fə'siliteit] v. 帮助 , 使 ... 容易 ,促进• architecture ['ɑ:kitektʃə]n. 建筑学 , 建筑业【计算机】计算机构造，架构，体系结构

• budget  [‘bʌdʒit]n.预算 vi.(for)编预算 vt. 规划 a.低廉的

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Words and Expressions• floppy disk drive 软盘驱动器• PATA （ Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment ）并行高级技术附加

装置• SATA （ Serial Advanced Technology Attachment ）串行高级技术附加

装置• RAID （ Redundant Array of Independent Disks ）独立磁盘冗余阵列• VGA （ video graphics array ）视频图像阵列• S/PDIF （ Sony/Phillips Digital Interface ）索尼 /飞利普数字接口• USB （ Universal Serial Bus ）通用串行总线• IrDA （ infrared ray ）红外线通信接口（可进行局域网存取和文件共享）• ATX (Advanced Technology Extend) 扩展型先进技术• PCI （ Peripheral Component Interconnect ）互连外围设备• PCI-E （ Peripheral Component Interconnect Extend ）扩展型互连外围

设备• SLI （ Scalable Link Interface ）双显卡• NVIDIA辉达公司• ATI冶天（计算机公司）

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Words and Expressions• intensive [in'tensiv] a. 集中的 , 强化的 , 精细的 ,深入的• at least 1. 最少 ;至少 ;起码 [ 亦作 at the very least] 2. 无论如

何• northbridge北桥• crash [kræʃ] n.猛撞 ,崩溃 ,破产 ,垮台 v. 撞碎 ,迫降 n. 【计算

机】 ( 计算机 )突然停止工作 (死机 ) ，失灵 (状态 )• passive ['pæsiv] a. 被动的 ,消极的 n. 被动性• sufficient [sə'fiʃənt] a. 足够的 ,充分的• reliability [ri,laiə'biliti] n. 可靠性• mulation仿真• electrolytic [i,lektrəu'litik] a. 电解的 , 由电解产生的• evaporate [i'væpəreit] v. 蒸发 ,失去水分 ,消失• instability [instə'biliti] n. 不安定 , 不稳定 , 基础薄弱• deliver [di‘livə] v. 递送 , 表达 ,释放 , 交付 , 接生

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Words and Expressions• inadequate [in'ædikwit] a. 不充分的 , 不适当的• Macintosh苹果机（计算机公司）• Laptop 便携式电脑 ,膝上型电脑• crossfire ['krɔsfaiə] n. 交叉火力• proprietary [prə'praiətəri] a. 专利的 ( 所有的 )n. 所有权 ( 所有人• bootstrap ['bu:tstræp] 引导指令 ( 程序 ), 辅助程序• CD-ROM （ Compact Disc ,Read-Only Memory ）只读光盘 • DVD-ROM (Digital Video Disc ,Read-Only Memory)只读数字化视频光盘

• SCSI （ Small Computer System Interface ）小型计算机系统接口

• IDE （ Integrated Drive Electronics ）电子集成驱动器• EIDE （ enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics ）增强型电子集成驱动器

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ExercisesI. True or false? If correct, write T in parentheses; Otherwise, write F.• （ ） 1. Motherboard is the main printed circuit board containing the primary c

omponents of a computer system. • （ ） 2. The CPU, memory and peripherals were housed on individual printed

circuit boards which plugged into the backplane.• （ ） 3. low-speed peripherals include keyboard, mouse, floppy disk drive,

serial ports, and parallel ports.• （ ） 4. Popular personal computers such as the Apple II and IBM PC didn’t

permitted rapid reverse-engineering and third-party replacement motherboards.

• （ ） 5. A motherboard specifically refers to a printed circuit with the capability to extend its performance with the addition of "daughter boards".

• （ ） 6. IBM-compatible computers account for around 80% of global PC sales. • （ ） 7.In modern computers it is increasingly common to integrate some of

peripherals into the motherboard itself.• （ ） 8. The microprocessor's supporting chipset provides only the supporting

interfaces between the CPU and external components.• （ ） 9. USB 2.0 controller supports up to 12 USB ports• （ ） 10. Cheaper machines now often have a separate card rather than their

graphics chip built into the motherboard

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ExercisesII. Fill in the blanks with proper words.• 1. A typical desktop computer has its__________, main memory,

and other essential components on the motherboard..• 2. Modern motherboards nearly always include __________and

mounting points for fans to dissipate excess heat.• 3. A CPU slot is an electrical component that attaches to PCB

and is designed to __________ a CPU.• 4. Today, highly-integrated motherboards are especially popular

in small form factor and __________ computers.• 5. Commodity computers have been standardized to fit various

__________ sizes.• 6. Capacitors of the motherboard age at a temperature-

dependent rate, as their water based electrolytes slowly __________.

• 7. Laptop computers generally use highly __________ integrated, miniaturized, and customized motherboards.

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Text 4 Storage

• Main Contents• Words and Expressi

ons• Exercises

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• The purpose of storage in a computer is to hold data or information and get that data to the CPU as quickly as possible. Computers use disks for storage: hard disks that are located inside the computer, and floppy or compact disks that are used externally.

• (1)memory• (2)Floppy disks• (3)Compact disks• (4)Magnetic Tape

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(1)memory

• Your computer uses two types of memory: • primary memory• hard disk • times.

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(2)Floppy disks• Floppy disks are also called diskettes, flexible disks, floppies, or

simply disks. When you look at a floppy disk, you'll see a plastic case that measures 3.5 by 5 inches. There is a very thin piece of plastic inside that case. This disk is much like the tape inside a video or audio cassette. At one end of it is a small metal cover with a rectangular hole in it. That cover can be moved aside to show the flexible disk inside. But never touch the inner disk! You could damage the data that is stored on it. On one side of the floppy disk is a place for a label. On the other side is a silver circle with two holes in it. The plastic disk inside the diskette cover is flexible, not rigid. They are flat, circular pieces of mylar plastic that rotate within a jacket. Data and programs are stored as electromagnetic charges on a metal oxide film coating the mylar plastic.When the disk is inserted into the disk drive, the drive hooks into those holes to spin the circle. This causes the disk inside to spin at about 300 rpm! Floppy disks are the smallest type of storage, holding only 1.44MB.

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(3)Compact disks

• Optical disks are used for storing great quantities of data. An optical disk can hold 650 megabytes of data—the equivalent of hundreds of floppy disks. Moreover, an optical disk makes an immense amount of information available on a microcomputer. In optical-disk technology, a laser beam alters the surface of a plastic or metallic disk to represent data. To read the data, a laser scans these areas and sends the data to a computer chip for conversion.

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(4)Magnetic Tape

• Magnetic tape is an effective way of making a backup, or duplicate, copy of your programs and data. We mentioned the alarming consequences that can happen if a hard disk suffers a head crash. You will lose some or all of your data or programs. Of course, you can always make copies of your hard-disk files on floppy disks. However, this can be time-consuming and may require many floppy disks. Magnetic tape is sequential access storage and can solve the problem mentioned above.

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Words and Expressions

• storage [’stɔ:ridʒ] n. 存储，存储器 • hard disk n. 硬盘• primary memory 主存储器• secondary memory 辅助存贮器• temporarily ['tempərərili] adv. 临时，暂时• vanish [’væniʃ] vi. 消失，消灭，消散• repository [ripɔzitəri] n. 存放处 , 储藏室，仓库 • accessible [æk’sesəbl] adj. 容易取得的 , 容易达到的，

可使用的• instruction-fetch cycle 　取指令周期• data-fetch cycle 读取数据周期

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Words and Expressions• utilization [,ju:tilaizeiʃən] n. 利用，使用 , 应用• deallocate [di'æləkeit] v. 解除分配 , 解除分配 , 释放，归还；

重新分配• metallic [mitælik] adj. 金属性的 , 金属 ( 制 ) 的 , 含金属的• plastic platters 塑料盘片• read-write head 读写 ( 磁 ) 头• cushion [kuʃən] n. 软垫 , 垫层 ; 缓冲 ( 垫 ); 起缓冲作用的事

物 • fingerprint [’fiŋɡəprint] n. 指纹• dust [dʌst] n. 灰尘 , 尘土 , 尘埃• sterile [’sterail] adj. 无菌的 , 消过毒的 , 无结果的 , 无益的• cylinder [’silində] n. 圆筒 , 圆柱体• rpm (revolutions per minute) 　转数／分，每分钟转动次数• Floppy disks 　软盘

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Words and Expressions

• cassette [kə’set] n. 盒式录音带 , 盒式录像带• rectangular [rek’tæŋɡjulə] adj. 矩形的 , 长方形的，直角的• rigid [’ridʒid] adj. 刚硬的，不弯曲的，严格的，严密的，刚性的 • mylar [’mailɑ:] n.聚脂薄膜• electromagnetic [ilektrəʊ'mægnitik] adj. 电磁的• oxide [’ɔksaid] n.氧化物，氧气• optical disk 光盘，光碟• laser beam激光束• CDs 　光盘 , 压缩盘• DVD 　数字化视频光盘• Magnetic tape 　磁带

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ExercisesI. True or false? If correct, write T in parentheses; Otherwise, write F.• （ ） 1. Memory is also known as primary storage, internal storage, it

permanently .holds data, program instructions, and information.• （ ） 2. One of the most important facts to know about memory is that all of its

content is held only temporarily. • （ ） 3. When you turn the machine off, the content in the primary storage imm

ediately vanish.• （ ） 4. The main memory is generally not the only large storage device that th

e CPU is able to address and access directly. • （ ） 5. To improve both the utilization of the CPU and the speed of the comput

er’s response to its users, we must keep several programs in hard disk. • （ ） 6. The read-write head is so thin that a smoke particle, fingerprint, dust, o

r human hair could cause what is known as a head crash. • （ ） 7. A head crash is a disaster for a hard disk. It means that all of the data o

n the disk is destroyed.• （ ） 8. Floppy disks are also called diskettes, flexible disks, floppies, or simpl

y disks.• （ ） 9. The plastic disk inside the diskette cover is rigid.• （ ） 10. Optical disks are used for storing great quantities of data.

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ExercisesII. Fill in the blanks with proper words.• 1. The purpose of storage in a computer is to hold data or information and get

that data to the __________ as quickly as possible.• 2. Computers use disks for storage: hard disks that are located __________ the

computer, and floppy or compact disks that are used externally.• 3. __________memory which is stored on chips located on the motherboard.• 4. Memory is also known as __________ storage, internal storage, it

temporarily holds data, program instructions, and information.• 5. Main-Memory is a large array of words or bytes, each with its own

__________.• 6. The CPU reads instructions from __________ memory during the instruction-

fetch cycle, and both reads and writes data from main memory during the data-fetch cycle.

• 7. The __________ system is responsible for the following activities in connections with memory management.

• 8. __________ disks consist of metallic rather than plastic platters.• 9. Hard disks are tightly sealed to __________ any foreign matter from getting

inside. • 10. Within the hard drive, an electronic reading/writing device called the

__________ passes back and forth over the cylinders, reading information from the disk or writing information to it.

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Text 5 Input & Output Devices

• Main Contents• Words and Expressions• Exercises

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Input devices • Input devices take data and programs people can read or understand

and convert them to a form the computer can process. This is the machine-readable electronic signals of 0s and 1s. Input hardware is of two kinds: keyboard entry and direct entry

• Keyboard Entry • Data is input to the computer through a keyboard that looks like a

typewriter keyboard but has additional keys. In this method, the user typically reads from an original document called the source document. The user enters that document by typing on the keyboard.

• Direct Entry• Data is made into machine-readable form as it is entered into the

computer, no keyboard is used. Direct entry devices may be categorized into three areas: pointing devices (for example, mouse, touch screen, light pen, digitizer are all pointing devices), scanning devices (for example, image scanner, fax machine, bar-code reader are all scanning devices), and voice-input devices.

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Output devices

• Output devices convert machine-readable information into people-readable form. Common output devices are monitors, printers, plotters, and voice output.

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Monitors

• Monitors are also called display screen or video display terminals. Most monitors that sit on desks are built in the same way as television sets, these are called cathode-ray tubes. Another type of monitor is flat-panel display, including liquid-crystal display (LCD), electroluminescent (EL) display and gas-plasma display. An LCD does not emit light of its own. Rather, it consists of crystal molecules.An electric field causes the molecules to line up in a way that alters their optical properties. Unfortunately, many LCDs are difficult to read in sunlight or other strong light. A gas-plasma display is the best type of flat screen. Like a neon light bulb, the plasma display uses a gas that emits light in the presence of an electric current.

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Printers• There are four popular kinds of printers: dot-matrix, laser, ink-jet, and ther

mal. • Dot-matrix printers can produce a page of text in less than 10 seconds and

are highly reliable. They form characters or images using a series of small pins on a print head. The pins strike an inked ribbon and create an image on paper. Printers are available with print heads of 9, 18, or 24 pins. One disadvantage of this type of printer is noise.

• The laser printer creates dotlike images on a drum, using a laser beam light source.The characters are treated with a magnetically charged inklike toner and then are transferred from drum to paper. A heat process is used to make the characters adhere. The laser printer produces images with excellent letter and graph ics quality.

• An ink-jet printer sprays small droplets of ink at high speed onto the surface of the paper. This process not only produces a letter-quality image but also permits printing to be done in a variety of colors.

• A thermal printer uses heat elements to produce images on heat-sensitive paper. Color thermal printers are not as popular because of their cost and the requirement of specifically treated paper. They are a more special use printer that produces near photographic output. They are widely used in professional art and design work where very high quality color is essential.

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Plotters

• Plotters are special-purpose output devices for producing bar charts, maps, architectural drawings, and even three-dimensional illustrations. Plotters can produce high-quality multicolor documents and also documents that are larger in size than most printers can handle. There are four types of plotters: pen, ink-jet, electrostatic, and direct imaging.

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Voice-Output Devices

• Voice-output devices make sounds that resemble human speech but actually are pre-recorded vocalized sounds. Voice output is used as a reinforcement tool for learning, such as to help students study a foreign language. It is used in many supermarkets at the checkout counter to confirm purchases. Of course, one of the most powerful capabilities is to assist the physically challenged.

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Words and Expressions• input devices　输入设备• machine-readable　可用计算机处理的• typewriter [`taip`raitə]　 n.　打字机• digitizer [`didʒitaizə]　 n.　数字转换器• touch screen　触摸屏• light pen　光笔• image scanner　图象扫描器• fax machine　传真机• bar-code reader　条码读出器• output devices　输出设备• monitors [`mɔnitəz]　 n.　显示器• termina [`tə:minəl]　 adj.末端的 , 终点的 , 极限的• flat-panel display　平板显示器

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Words and Expressions• liquid-crystal display (LCD)　液晶显示器• electroluminescent (EL) display　电子管显示器• gas-plasma display　气态等离子显示器• plasma display　等离子显示器• dot-matrix printers　点阵打印机• laser printers　激光打印机• ink-jet printers　喷墨式印表机• thermal printers　热感式印表机• three-dimensional illustrations　 三维空间插图• pen plotters　笔式绘图仪• ink-jet plotters　喷墨式绘图仪• electrostatic plotters　静电式绘图仪• direct imaging plotters　直接成像式绘图仪• voice-output devices　音频 , 输出设备• vocalize ['vəukəlaiz] v. 发声

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ExercisesI. True or false? If correct, write T in parentheses; Otherwise, write

F.• （ ） 1. Direct entry devices may be categorized into three areas:

pointing devices, scanning devices, and voice-input devices.• （ ） 2.Most monitors that sit on desks are built in the same way

as television sets, these are called liquid-crystal displays. • （ ） 3. Flat-panel displays include liquid-crystal display (LCD), e

lectroluminescent (EL) display and gas-plasma display.• （ ） 4. An LCD emits light of its own. Rather, it consists of cryst

al molecules. • （ ） 5. Unfortunately, many LCDs are difficult to read in sunlight

or other strong light.• （ ） 6. Voice output is used as a reinforcement tool for learning,

such as to help students study a foreign language.• （ ） 7. Voice output is used in many supermarkets at the check

out counter to confirm purchases.

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ExercisesII. Fill in the blanks with proper words.• 1. __________ devices take data and programs people can read

or understand and convert them to a form the computer can process.

• 2. Data is input to the __________ through a keyboard that looks like a typewriter keyboard but has additional keys.

• 3. __________ devices convert machine-readable information into people-readable form. Common output devices are monitors, printers, plotters, and voice output.

• 4. __________ are also called display screen or video display terminals.

• 5. There are four popular kinds of __________: dot-matrix, laser, ink-jet, and thermal.

• 6. A __________printer uses heat elements to produce images on heat-sensitive paper.

• 7. __________ devices make sounds that resemble human speech but actually are pre-recorded vocalized sounds.

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Text 6 Expansion Cards

• Main Contents• Words and Expressions• Exercises

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PCI• The expansion slots available on motherboards allow for a variet

y of upgrades in a computer system, but matching the appropriate card to an available slot needs to be addressed before making any purchasing decisions. The most common types of expansion cards for modern computer systems can be broken down into three formats: PCI, AGP, and PCI Express. Each of these formats will be addressed separately in this three part series of Tech Tips, starting with PCI.

• The letters "PCI" stand for Peripheral Component Interconnect, and is the term used to describe a bus that connects components directly to the system's memory and to the system's processor through the "frontside bus." When discussing communications on a motherboard, the term "bus" has nothing to do with the big yellow thing that takes the kids to school. There may be several buses in a computer, and like the PCI bus, they are all responsible for managing the communication "traffic" from different devices to the processor.

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AGP• The first in this series of Tech Tips on expansion cards took a look at the PCI slot, and the variety of devices that may find their home in one. Graphics cards are one of the many items that may be used in a PCI slot, but the demands of fast-paced video games require more speed and greater bandwidth than the PCI Bus can provide. Thus, the AGP slot was born, providing a dedicated interface to transfer graphics data only.• The letters 'AGP' stand for Accelerated Graphics Port, and it is the term used to describe a dedicated, point-to-point interface that connects a video card directly to the system's memory and processor.• AGP was first introduced by Intel in 1996, and is based off of their previous work in developing the PCI bus. Despite being based on PCI technology, the AGP and PCI slots on a motherboard are not interchangeable, so an AGP card can not be installed into a PCI slot, and vice versa.• The initial release of AGP saw a sizeable performance boost over PCI, and the few revisions to the standard helped increase this even more as years went by. Other than having a dedicated path to the system's memory and processor, several other design features help AGP outperform PCI when it comes to graphics performance. Three of the other advancements: pipelining, side band addressing and graphics address remapping table are described below.

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Words and Expressions• the expansion slots　扩展槽• appropriate [ə` prəupriit] adj.适当的 , 恰当的• Tech Tips　技术提示• Peripheral Component Interconnect （ PCI ）周边元件扩展接口• frontside bus　前端总线• spawned [spɔ:n] vt. 孵出• ISA (Industry Standard Architecture)　网络安全与加速• maximum [ˈmæksiməm] adj. 最大值的 , 最大量的 n.最大的量、体积、强度等

• simultaneously [siməlteiniəsly] adv. 同时地• mATX　细板 , 小板• format [`fɔ:mæt] vt. 使格式化 , 编排格式• Graphics cards　绘图显示卡• sound cards　音效卡，声卡

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Words and Expressions• network cards　网卡适配器类硬件• RAID controllers　硬盘控制器• TV tuners　电视调频器• Modems　调制解调器• Accelerated Graphics Port （ AGP ）　加速图形接口• interchangeable [ɪntətʃeindʒəbl] adj. 可交换的 , 可互换的 , 可交替的• vice versa [vaisivə:sə] adv. 反之亦然• pipelining [`paip`lainiŋ] n. 流水线操作• graphics address remapping table　图形地址再映射表• Graphics art address remapping table （ GART ）图形地址重绘表• timeline ['taimlain] n. 时间轴• schematic [ski`mætik] adj.纲要的 , 图表的 n. 图表 , (尤指 ) 电路原理图• compatible [kəm`pætəbl] adj. 可以并存的 , 相容的 , 协调的• much-needed 急需的

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ExercisesI. True or false? If correct, write T in parentheses; Otherwise, write F.• （ ） 1. The most common types of expansion cards for modern computer

systems can be broken down into three formats: PCI, AGP, and PCI Express.

• （ ） 2. The frontside bus is a high speed connection that manages the processor's communication with items such as hard drives, memory, and PCI devices, while burdening the processor with all of the management responsibilities.

• （ ） 3. The one area that drove the development of AGP is the performance of PCI based graphics cards.

• （ ） 4. The demands of fast-paced video games, and other graphically intensive applications, require a great deal of bandwidth, which just was available on the PCI Bus.

• （ ） 5. the AGP slot provides a dedicated interface to transfer graphics data only.

• （ ） 6. Being based on PCI technology, the AGP and PCI slots on a motherboard are interchangeable.

• （ ） 7. The initial release of AGP saw a sizeable performance boost over PCI, and the few revisions to the standard helped increase this even more as years went by.

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ExercisesII. Fill in the blanks with proper words.• 1. The expansion slots available on __________ allow for a variety of u

pgrades in a computer system.• 2. The letters '__________' stand for Peripheral Component Interconne

ct, and is the term used to describe a bus that connects components directly to the system's memory and to the system's processor through the "frontside bus."

• 3. The letters '__________' stand for Accelerated Graphics Port, and it is the term used to describe a dedicated, point-to-point interface that connects a video card directly to the system's memory and processor.

• 4. AGP was first introduced by Intel in 1996, and is based off of their previous work in developing the __________bus.

• 5. Graphics art address remapping table, also known as __________, is a term used to describe a process that maps physical memory as virtual memory for the storage of texture maps.

• 6. Basically, GART takes the system memory it is allowed to use to store texture maps and re-addresses it so that the system thinks these maps are now actually being stored in the frame buffer, or __________ memory.