& cell biology perspective opportunity, throughout- microtubules and motors calcium mediated...
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&Cell biology perspective opportunity, throughout-
Microtubules and motorsCalcium mediated Membrane fusions Cell-Cell interaction – First example
Gametogenesis
and Fertilization Unit
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Gametogenesis (Germ cell specification and maturation)
• Germ line specification (g.l. stem cells first)
• Germ line migration to the gonads
• Meiosis
• Gamete maturation
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Figure 2.1 Developmental History of the Leopard Frog, Rana pipiens
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Set aside as quiescent cells.“Pole cells”, with “pole plasm” Transcription & Diff. to Ecto,Meso, Endo blocked
For All Bilaterians (here, ecto-meso-endo specifics for tetrapods)
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Set aside as quiescent cells. These express Vasa in all bilaterians. & Nanos, Piwi. . .
For All Bilaterians:
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For All Bilaterians:
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For All Bilaterians:
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For All Bilaterians: In addition ‘placement’ in the proper positions - -
These molecules are transported on microtubules (made of Tubulin)
as cargo on molecular motors:
see Movies: Kinesin_Transport_Protein.MOV
Dynenin: to -Kinesin: to +
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For All Bilaterians:
Vasa and Nanos- RNA binding proteins
In flies and many others:
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Figure 2.21 Major Evolutionary Divergences in Extant Animals
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Gametogenesis (Germ cell specification and maturation)
• Germ line specification (g.l. stem cells first)
• Germ line migration to the gonads
• Meiosis
• Gamete maturation
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Mammalian
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Zebrafish
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Fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster
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Gametogenesis (Germ cell specification and maturation)
• Germ line specification (g.l. stem cells first)
• Germ line migration to the gonads
• Meiosis
• Gamete maturation
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Gametogenesisoogenesis spermatogenesis
After fertilization, the zygote will essentially be an activated egg
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Frog oocyte
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Table 19.2 Cellular components stored in the mature oocyte of Xenopus Laevis
ComponentApproximate excess over amount in larval cells
Mitochondria100,000
RNA polymerases60,000 - 100,000
DNA polymerases100,000
Ribosomes200,000
tRNA10,000
Histones15,000
Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates2,500Note Yolk –vitellegenin –from liver
Laskey 1979
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Table 19.2 Cellular components stored in the mature oocyte of Xenopus Laevis
ComponentApproximate excess over amount in larval cells
Mitochondria100,000
RNA polymerases60,000 - 100,000
DNA polymerases100,000
Ribosomes200,000
tRNA10,000
Histones15,000
Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates2,500Yolk –vitellegenin FROM LIVER
Laskey 1979 2 .Micro-pinocytosis – vesicle delivery from other cells
1 .Oocytes’ massive bio-synthesis of macromolecules
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Fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster
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Gametogenesis/Fertilization Unit
OPPORTUNITY TO FOCUS ON MICROTUBULES
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Microtubles in mitosis/meiosis
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Movie1Life of cell 2
http://biolog-e.ls.biu.ac.il/faculty/wides/80-557/movies/MCB1803ActinMyosin.MOV
Kinesins towards+ Dyenins towards-
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TGDPotbJV4Kinesin walk
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Attachment later by vegetal Cortex microfilaments
Transport viaMicrotubules-Assymetric placementof cytoplasmiccomponents (RNA)
Microtubles in oogenesis, creating assymetry in cytoplasm
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Figure 2.1 Developmental History of the Leopard Frog, Rana pipiens
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Gametogenesisspermatogenesis
oogenesis
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First: Microtubles and the flagellum
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9+2 micorotuble arrangement - in motile cilia -including most metazoans’ sperm flagella
9 dimer microtubules
+2 monomer microtubules
- primary cilia ineukaryotic cells:
9 :stationary- secondary cilia,
including flagella:9+2 :movement Can see: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n40VTfWvh1Y
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Flagellum structure:Sperm and most eukaryotic
flagella
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rqbmLiSkpk
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Centriole-> flagellumAcrosomeMitochondria to axonemeCytoplasm
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Figure 6 By-the-way: Flagella in Eubacteria,) and in Archea ,(are Analogous,
NOT homologous
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Fertilization
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Figure 2.21 Major Evolutionary Divergences in Extant Animals
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Attraction of sea urchin sperm to egg in Sea water:
Swimming along the gradient of the RESACT peptide
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Gametogenesis
and Fertilization Unit
Opportunity: Microtubules and motors
1. Calcium mediated Membrane fusions (3)
Cell-Cell interaction – First example2. Extracellular matrix (ECM) introduction
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Vade Mecum Sea Urchin Fertilization
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_Zona Pellucida
Ovum
Cumulus
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