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Biomolecules

What is Biochemistry

The study of the chemistry of life (involving matter).

Element

Basic Building Block of matter that can not be broken down

About 26 found in living things C=Carbon H= Hydrogen N=Nitrogen O= Oxygen

Atoms

Made of 3 types of subatomic particles In the nucleus Protons : Positive Neutrons :Neutral Orbiting the nucleus Electrons : Negative

Compound

2 or more atoms chemically combined

What is H2O?

Covalent?

Sharing of electrons between atoms

CO2

Ionic:

transfer of electrons between atoms

NaCl

Buffers

Chemical that neutralize small amounts of acids/ bases

Monomers vs. Polymers

Small parts of a long chain

Refers to a molecule that is a long chain of many smaller parts

4 major Biomolecules

1. Lipid

2. Carbohydrate

3. Nucleic Acid

4. Protein

Lipid

Organic compound used for long term energy storage and makes up cell membrane. Contain carbon an hydrogen (fat, oil, wax)

Lipid

Long term energy storage

Made up of Carbon and hydrogen

Plasma Membrane: made of lipids

EXAMPLES

Fats

Oils

Waxes

Carbohydrate

Is the quickest energy storage for life. Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Carbohydrate

Energy storage (OSE=SUGAR)

GLUCOSE: Simple sugar

The monomer of Carbohydrates

CELLULOSE: Rigid, makes up cell wall

Found in plants cell wall

STARCHES: Complex (polysaccharides)

POLY?

GLYCOGEN: Long-term backup glucose source

Nucleic Acid

Monomer: Nucleotides

DNA: stores genetic info in the nucleus

RNA: Transmits genetic info for protein production

Nucleotide

PHOSPHATE, SUGAR, NITROGEN BASE

DNA Structure

Protein

Monomer: Amino Acid (aa)

Polypeptide chain (peptide bond)

Function : used for growth and repair. Provides essential enzymes and other structures that are used for growth and repair

Protein

Contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

Insulin

Released by the pancreas; regulates blood sugar (helps body use sugar)

If you body can not reach the blood levels recommended you have to take insulin

Enzymes

Catalysts(speed up reactions; break things down)

Lock and Key

When the substrate binds to the enzyme!

How Enzymes work

Substrate: the molecule to which an enzyme binds to the substrate and acts upon (Puzzle pieces)

What affects enzymes?

Temperature and pH

The shape is change ( denatured)

Activation Energy

The necessary energy to start a chemical reaction

Activation Energy

pH Scale

The scale that is used to identify acids and bases (range 0-14) Acids below 7, bases above 7

Organic compound?

CONTAINS CAROBON

Hemoglobin

Protein in red blood cells. Carries oxygen in the blood