bable more commonly known as asturian. romance language derived from latin in the early middle...
TRANSCRIPT
Aragonese and Bable
Bable more commonly known as Asturian. Romance language derived from Latin in the early
middle ages. It became closely linked with the Kingdom of
Asturies (established in 718) and the ensuing Asturian-Leonese or Leonese kingdom.
In the 12th, 13th and part of the 14th centuries, the language used in official documents of the kingdom was Asturian.
Castilian started to take over in the 14th century. There is no record of Asturian for the following two
centuries.
Bable - History
Reappeared in the 17th century - Anton de Marirreguera.
18th century - Xeneracion del Mediu Sieglu produced poetry.
19th century – More literature produced. 20th century:
◦ Early part saw writers such as Xose Garcia Pelaez◦ Asturian National Theatre◦ First national newspaper written in Asturian◦ Asturian Academy
Bable - History
1939 onwards – writers began to work against the minorisation of Asturian.
Weakening and liberalisation of the Spanish dictatorship meant an uprising of Asturian power and local demands.
Asturian generation of writers and linguists born after the civil war began to make an impact on the Asturian scene:◦ 1974 - Conceyu Bable◦ 1980 - Academia de la Llingua Asturiana◦ 1981 – Asturian national language was recognised but
did not achieve normalisation in Statute of Autonomy
Bable - History
1994:◦ 100,000 first language speakers◦ 450,000 second language speakers
End of 20th century – grammar, dictionary and periodicals.
Castilian still the official language in schools – children are offered classes in Asturian from the age of 6.
Bable – Current Situation
Current Situations and Attitudes
Asturian
UNESCO – entire Asturian group in danger
Media:◦ Journals/Newspapers – Asturias, El Fielatu◦ Radio – Alitar Asturies, Radio Kras◦ Television – TLG, TLU
Education:◦ Used in some elementary schools◦ Can be taken throughout secondary education◦ Higher education – Can take Bable at Oviedo
Today
Reasons for endangerment: Despite increase in popularity, number of
speakers is decreasing
Rural exodus and socio-economic crisis
Lower prestige, contact language mixing, variety of bilingual abilities and diglossia with Spanish
Today
No official status Autonomy Statute of Asturias:
◦ Article 4: “The protection of ‘Bable’ will be insured. Its usage and its presence in the media and within the school system will be encouraged, all the while respecting regional variations and the willingness to learn, in any given circumstance.”
◦ Article 10: “The Principality of Asturias is fully responsible for [...]:
- the advancement of research and culture, particularly in regards to regional expressions and to the teaching of local culture.
- the development and protection of the different varieties of Bable when used as a ‘linguistic modality’ within the territory of the Principality of Asturias.”
Status
In decline 50% of population over 60 consider Asturian
as their childhood languageBUT 15% of population 16-17 do so
Therefore:- Asturian will be spoken less and less
Socio-economic context – developing migration patterns
Future
However, still hope
Interest in preserving the language and culture
Internet – promoting the awareness
50% of the lower class population – use it frequently
Future
http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Asturian/Asturian.htm
http://www.consello.org/ http://www.academiadelallingua.com/ ‘Normativisation, a Priority for Aragonese’,
Rosa Bercero
Bibliography
Spoken in the Asturias region of Spain.
Divided into three main dialects; Western, Central and Eastern Asturian.
Central Asturian also known as Bable.
Asturian recognised as a minority language of Asturias and protected by ‘Ley 1/1998, de 23 de marzo, de uso y promoción del bable/asturiano’.
43% of population immigrants from southern Spain. Academia de la Llingua Asturiana founded 1981.
Currently 100,000 native speakers of Asturian.
Asturian Linguistic Features
Morphological Features Gender Singulars & Plurals In/Definite articles Possessives Demonstratives Personal Pronouns Comparison of adjectives Quantifiers Numbers Interrogative & Relative pronouns Verbs Prepositions Conjunctions
(X. Frías Conde)
Morphology: Gender
Nouns
Masculine Nouns Usually end in -u; sometimes -e or consonant
Feminine Nouns Usually end in -a but not always
Neuter Nouns Masc. Neuters – masculine form & articles Fem. Neuters – feminine form & articles Pure Neuters – nominal groups not nouns, neuter
adj. & pronouns
Morphology: Gender
Neuter Adjectives
Neuter is more obvious in adjectives so adjectives can take one of three endings; -u (masc.); -a (fem.); -o (neuter).
El vasu ta fríu (=The glass is cold)Tengo la mano fría (=My hand is cold)
L’agua ta frío (=Water is cold)
Morphology: Plurals
Feminine -a > -es: vaca > vaques -á, -ada, -ú > -aes, -úes: ciudá > ciudaes; cansada >
cansaes; virtú > virtúes Masculine
-u > -os: almariu > almarios -ín > -inos: camín > caminos
Consonant ending -Ø > -es: animal > animales; xabón > xabones
-Z Masc. -z + os to distinguish gender in plural form: rapaz >
rapazos (m.); rapaza > rapaces (f.)
'An Approach to Asturian Language'
Xabier Frías Conde
http://www.romaniaminor.net/gramatiques/gramatica_asturiana.pdf
Includes a digestible introduction to Asturian morphological features.
Phonetic Features
Vowels DiphthongationConsonants Initial Internal
Phonology: Vowels
Diphthongation
Latin O (FONTEM)
E (PEDEM)
Cast. (10th Century) ué ié
Astur-leonese ué ié
uá iá
uó
Examples PEDEM > piaBENE > bian
NOCTEM > nueche, nueiteFOVEUM > fueyos
Conservation of ie before /ʎ/ExamplesCASTELLUM > castielloSELLAM > siella
Descending Diphthongs AU, AL + Consonant > ou
- CAUSUM > cousa- PAUCUM > pouco- ALTERN > outro
AI > ei- -ARIUM > -eiro (e.g. vaqueiro)
Phonology: Vowels
Initial F- Conserved in West & Central areas
- fesoria; fachu Aspirated in East areas > h-; later became j- /x/
- josoria; jachu Initial L-
Palletised > /ʎ/; except in extreme East > /l/ Central area: /ʎ/ > /ĵ/ (yeísmo)
Phonology: Consonants
Initial N- Palletised > /ɲ/
- Ñegro; ñube; ñuble Initial PL-, KL-, FL-
> /ʧ/- PLOVERE > chover- PLANUM > chaver- CLAMARE > chamar
Phonology: Consonants
Internal features -DY- > /ĵ/ PODIUM > puyu -KT- > /ʧ/ NOCTEM > nuiche -KS- > /x/ LAXARE/LEXARE > dexar Some -B- and -G- confusion. E.g. fuibo
(fuego)
Phonology: Consonants
Aragonese
Aragonese
In Aragon, Catalan and Aragonese are the two vernacular languages that coexist with Spanish. Aragonese is spoken mostly in the northern Pyrenean valleys.
Romance Language developed in the Pyrenees and derived from Latin.
Emerged in the 8th century in what is today northern Aragon, southern Navarre and La Rioja.
Aragonese - History
First text – Glosas emilianeses – 11th century.
Between the 11th and 15th centuries:◦ Spread south◦ Became more prestigious in literature.
15th century – Ferdinand I of Aragon who was Castilian was made king. Aragonese limited to colloquial use.
Since 15th century – Castilian dominated. 20th century Franco – pupils were beaten in
schools for using Aragonese.
Aragonese - History
Still spoken natively in its core area. Learnt as a second language in Huesca,
Zaragoza and Teruel. Currently around 30,000 speakers. 1978 – constitutional democracy – debut of
literary works and studies in Aragonese.
Aragonese – Current Situation
Current Situation and Attitudes
Aragonese
UNESCO – Aragonese in danger
Declining population in the valleys where natural isoglosses have developed
Education – Not compulsory
Media – Journals, Radio, Literature
Today
1974 – proposal for a standard form
1976 – Consello d’a Fabla Aragonesa“the defence, promotion, study and dissemination
of Aragonese in all its aspects.” (Quintana, 1999)
1977 – Diccionario Aragonés – Rafael Andolz- Gramática de la Lengua Aragonesa
1978 – “L’Aragonés t’a Escuela” “L’Aragonés Cofizial
Normativisation and Normalisation
1980s – Increase in courses, associations, books
1987 – “Congreso ta ra Normalizazión de l’Aragonés” – standard orthographical norms
1997 - “Tresoro d’a Lengua Aragonesa” - Lexicography research project
Normativisation and Normalisation
2001 - “Consello Asesor de l’Aragonés” - Progress in standard written Aragonese- Progress in normativisation and normalisation
2001 – “Ley de Lenguas de Aragón”- called for co-officiality
Normativisation and Normalisation
Argument amongst scholars:Comte, Gimeno, Nagore vs Alvar and Buesa
- Movement to have standardised form of written Aragonese
- BUT: could lose the many dialects of Aragonese as one regional variety will be promoted over others
Debate
• Aragonese recognised as a minority language of Aragón (Ley de Lenguas de Aragón en 2009).
• Derived from Latin, similar to Castilian and Catalan.
• Formerly considered as merely a dialect of Castilian.
• Currently 10,000 native speakers of Aragonese.
• There are 25-30 dialectal variants of Aragonese.
• Aragonese language linked to regional identity.
• Taught as a second language in certain schools in Zaragoza and Huesca.
Aragonés Linguistic Features
Gender Maintains the remainders of Latin genders in
nouns- VALLEM > la val- SALICEM > la salz
Adjectives take -a/-o endings from Latin- trista / tristo
Pronouns Lots of variation between local areas Some comparability with Gascón Evolved from Latin
- ILLUM > lo, o; ILLE > el; ILLOS > es (m. pl.); ILLUM, ILLAM > ro, ra
Morphological Features
Imperfect -er, -ir conserve -b-
- teneba (tenía); partiba (partía) Perfect
Perfect was substituted by the imperfect and therefore now uses a present tense stem in -er and -ir
Evolution of perfect provoked -b- preservation in imperfect.
Morphology: Tenses
Perfect cont'd
TENEBAT > *tenea > tenía > teníe > teniéTENUERUNT > … > tenieron
Morphology: Tenses
-ar -er, -ir
1P s -é -ié
2P s -és -iés
3P s -ó -ié
1P pl -emos -iemos
2P pl -éis, -ez -iez
3P pl -oron, -on -ieron
Other forms are found in old/medieval texts
Phonetic Features
Vowels Diphthongation Loss of final vowelConsonants Initial Internal
Diphthongation of short, stressed Latin vowels
Diphthongation of ser Ser > ye, yes, yera... etc.
Diphthongation of -ELUM > -iello
Phonology: Vowels
Latin O (FONTEM)
E (PEDEM)
Cast. (10th Century) ué ié
Aragonese ué ié
uá iá
uó
Loss of final vowel NOCTE > nueyt FALCEM > falz GENTE > chen
Phonology: Vowels
Initial F- More obviously maintain in medieval
documentation- e.g. fuesa, filo
Alternatively; F- > h- > Ø (more prominent in Western areas)
Initial J-, Ge,i- > palatal-alveo fricatives Voiced
- GERMANOS > germanos Voiceless
- JENIPERU > Chinebro
Phonology: Consonants
-KS- > voiceless palatal-alveo fricative FRAXINU > fraxin
-SKY-, SKe,i- > voiceless palatal-alveo fricative
ASCIATA > eixada NASCERE > naxer
-KT-, -ULT- > it Medieval examples
- LECTU > leyto- OCTO > ueito- CATARACTA > Cadreita
Modern examples- PECTU > peitu > pit- LACTE > let
Phonology: Consonants
Further Information: Websites
Asturianhttp://www.ridea.orghttp://www.exunta.org/spiphttp://www.academiadelallingua.com
Aragonesehttp://www.charrando.comhttp://www.consello.orghttp://www.acalaaragon.com
Further Information: Bibliography
Alvar, M. El dialecto aragonesAlvar, M. Manual de dialectología hispánicaFrías Conde, X. 'An Approach to the Asturian Language'Menendez Pidal, R. El dialecto leonés