*As living things are constantly being investigated, new attributes are revealed that affect how organisms are placed in a standard classification system.

*The grouping of organisms into KINGDOMS is based on 3 factors:*1. Cell Type (prokaryotic or eukaryotic)

*2. Cell Number (unicellular or multicellular)

*3. Feeding Type (autotroph or heterotroph)

*Archaebacteria

*Eubacteria

*Protista

*Fungi

*Plantae

*Animalia

*Viruses: Are they living?

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

*Virus- a microscopic particle made of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and proteins surrounding by a protein coating (capsule)

*100% of viruses are pathogenic, meaning they cause disease!!!!

*Parasitic as they are dependent on host for replication

*Lytic Cycle

*ANTIBIOTICS DON’T WORK ON VIRUSES!!!

*Vaccines:

*Used as PREVENTION, NOT A CURE!

*Only useful against viruses that do not mutate and evolve (change) rapidly.

*HIV, common cold viruses and flu virus- DNA mutates rapidly. No permanent vaccine!

*30 million + people have the disease, highly prevalent in Africa

*Is a retrovirus (synthesizes DNA from RNA, reverse of DNA to RNA

*Infects T cells – cells of immune system that control the entire immune process

*Can lie dormant in our DNA for 10 years +

*Common cold

*Chicken pox

*Measles

*Rabies

*Rubella

*Mumps

*Influenza (flu)

*Small pox

*Hepatitis

*Yellow fever

*Ebola

*Kingdom Eubacteria

*Common environments

*Gave rise to mitochondria and chloroplasts

*Have peptidoglycan in cell walls

*Kingdom Archaebacteria

*Found in extreme environments

*Ancient bacteria-gave rise to eukaryotic cells

*No peptidoglycan in cell walls

*Relative Size

*Shapes:

*Cocci- round

*Bacilli- rod-shaped

*Spirilla- spiral

*Interior structures*Has DNA, cytoplasm and

ribosomes

*Exterior structures

*Flagella-whip-like tail for locomotion

*Pilli – used to ‘stick’ to surfaces

*Cell membrane to control what goes in and out

*Cell wall for protection

* Gram negative (-) *Not affected by antibiotics (E. coli)*Two thin layers

make up cell wall*Doesn’t hold purple

stain so appears pink

*Gram positive (+)

*Are affected by antibiotics

*Thick cell wall

*Holds purple stain, so cells look purple

Holds true only for eubacteria as archeabacteria do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

*Binary fission- bacteria’s process of reproduction where 1 becomes 2.

*Conjugation--exchanging DNA through a straw-like tube.

*Transformation—another method of transferring genes between bacteria.

*How do bacteria“eat”?1.) Autotrophic-

Photosynthetic and chemosynthetic2.) Heterotrophic-

*Consumers*Decomposers*Parasites

*Beneficial Bacteria

*Decomposers

*Nitrogen fixers

*Food

*Drugs -- insulin production

*Clean up oil spills

*Animal digestion and vitamins, including our own*Pathogenic- Not many bacteria are pathogenic— ONLY 1%!*Disease Transmission:*Water*Air*Food*Human/Animal/Insect Contact

*Tuberculosis

*Syphilis

*Bubonic Plague

*Typhus

*Tetanus

*Lyme Disease

*Antibiotics

*Antibiotic resistance

*Sanitizing--Antiseptics and Disinfectants

*Freezing

*Cooking

*Pasteurizing

*Dehydrating

*Vaccination

*Protists include many widely ranging microbes, including slime molds, protozoa and primitive algae.

*The ‘junk-drawer’ kingdom!*There are animal-like, fungus-like, and plant-like

protists

*Most are unicellular and some are multicellular

*Are eukaryotic

*Some maintain a cell wall

*Some are beneficial and some are harmful*Amebic dysentery

*African Sleeping Sickness

*Malaria

*Protists can be heterotrophs or autotrophs

*Some move by pseudopods (fake feet) or by flagellum (whip-like structure) or by cilia (hair-like structures)

*The Kingdom Fungi includes some of the most important organisms.

*Heterotrophic- break down dead organic material and continue the cycle of nutrients through ecosystems.

*All fungi are eukaryotic

*They may be unicellular or multicellular

*All fungi have a cell wall made of chitin

Unicellular (yeast)

Multicellular

*Fungi can be very helpful and delicious

*Many antibacterial drugs are derived from fungi

*Fungi accounts for the blue vein in blue cheese!

Penicillin

*Fungi also causes a number of plant and animal diseases:

•Athlete's Foot

•Ringworm

*Fungi are stationary

*They have root-like structures that they use for attachment

*Multicellular autotrophs

*Cell walls of cellulose *complex carbohydrate

*Acquire energy by photosynthesis*Chloroplasts with

chlorophyll

*Chlorophyll reflects green part of visual spectrum

Main Groups:

Mosses (Bryophyte

s)

Ferns (Pteridophyt

es)

Conifers (Gymnosper

ms)

Flowering Plants

(Angiosperms)

Non-vascular

Vascular

*Simplest of all land dwelling plants 

*Nonvascular (no “veins”)-lack an internal means for water transportation 

*Do not produce seeds or flowers

-fertilization depends on water medium to get the sperm to the egg.

*Lack a woody tissue necessary for support and so are relatively short

* Internal transportation system enables plants to evolve into larger specimens. • Xylem – water carrying tubes • Phloem – sugar carrying tissues

*Cambium - cell division for xylem & phloem•Produce Seeds – protects and nourishes an embryo of the new plant

*Shoot system*Stem & branches

*Leaves

*Nodes & internodes

*Reproductive structures

*Root system*Primary roots

*Branch roots

*Growth at meristems

*Apical meristem

*”primary” growth (length)

*Lateral meristem = vascular cambium

*“secondary” growth (girth)

*Plant Tropisms

Phototrophism - growth toward light

*Plant Tropisms

Gravitropism – downward growth of roots

*Plant Tropisms

- Thigmotropism

– plants response when it comes

into contact with a solid object.

*General life cycle of sexually reproducing species.*Fertilization (zygote,

embyro, adult, 2n)

*Meiosis (gametes, eggs/sperm, 1n)

*Diploid sporophyte

*Haploid gametophyte*multicellular

*specialized cells become sperm or egg

42

*Plants often reproduce asexually*runners,

*rhizomes,

*tubers

*roots form new shoots

*fragmentation (willow)

*Used by nurseries to propagate varieties*ornamental plants (roses)

*fruit trees (apple, etc.)

Animalia Kingdom

All animals are:

-Multicellular: cells lacking a cell wall -Heterotrophs

-Capable of movement at some point in their lives.

Criteria for Animal Classification *Skeletal Characteristics

*Invertebrates

have a hard external skeleton made of chitin known as an exoskeleton

*Vertebrates

have a hard internal skeleton made of bone or cartilage

*Kingdom

*Phylum*Class*Order

*Family

*Genus

*Species

Major phylums of animals are…

*PoriferaMulticellular organisms which have bodies full of pores and channels allowing

water to circulate through them.

*Sponges

*CnidariansCnidarians: : Soft-bodied, jelly-like animals with tentacles and venom glands. Includes: Hydra, Jellyfish, Anemones, and Coral.

Jellyfish, corals, and other stingers. . . Their stinger is called a nematocyst

*MollusksMollusksSoft-bodied animals that sometimes have a hard

shell *Clamps, oysters

*Snails, slugs

*Octopi, squid

*PlatyhelminthesSoft, flat-bodied worms

*Tapeworms & Liver Fluke & Planaria

*Hermaphrodites-fertilize their own sex cells internally then zygotes are released into water to hatch

Human liver fluke

*Annelids Segmented worms

*Worms & leeches

*EchinodermsOften spiny animals, with several "arms" reaching

out from the center of its body

*Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers

*Arthropods“Jointed legged" animals.

Have an exoskeleton, meaning the skeleton is on the outside of the body

*Shell fish, arachnids & BUGS!

*ChordatesChordatesall other animals that have a backbone of some

form