Anything that has mass & take up space

Mass = measurement of the amount of matter an object contains

Chemistry = the study of matter & the changes that it undergoes

Quantitative – numerical informationhow muchhow littlehow big

how small

Qualitative – descriptive information condition, color, size, shape, odor, texture

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Physical Properties –

a characteristic that can be observed or measured w/out changing the identity of a substance

ex. color, odor, taste, hardness, density, melting/boiling points,

state of matter

States of Matter – the physical forms in which all matter

exists on Earth

Solid def. shape & volume shape

independent of container

particles are packed together

Liquid def. volume shape depends on container particles can move freely

Gas indefinite volume & shape particles move quickly & spread apart

Physical Changes – a change that occurs in the physical appearance of a substance, but does not change its identity

breaking, splitting, grinding, cutting, crushing

Ex. melting, boiling, freezing, evaporating, dissolving, condensing

COLOR

STATE OF MATTER AT GIVEN TEMPERATURE SOLID , LIGUID, GAS

MELTING POINT

BOILING POINT

DENSITY (mass per unit volume)

SOLUBILITY

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY Does it conduct or is it an insulator?

MALLEABILITY How easily can it be deformed?

DUCTILITY How easily can it be drawn into a wire?

VISCOSITY How susceptible is a liquid to flow?

4. Chemical Properties – relates to a substances ability to undergo changes that transform it into a different substance

easiest to see when a chemical is reacting

Chemical changes – a change that produces matter with a different composition than the original matter

ex. burning, rotting, rusting, reacting, cooking, digestion, respiration

BURN ROT RUST DECOMPOSE FERMENT EXPLODE CORRODE

EVOLUTION OF A GAS FORMATION OF PRECIPITATE (two clear solutions

when combined form solid) RELEASE OF ABSORPTION OF ENERGY COLOR CHANGE

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A combination of 2 or more types of matter Each component keeps its own identity &

properties Components are only physically mixed &

can be separated using physical means

Heterogeneous mixture

a mixture in which the substances are not evenly distributed

Homogeneous mixture –

a mixture or ‘solution’ in which the substances are evenly distributed

Phase – used to describe any part of a sample with uniform composition & properties

Homogeneous mixture

1 phase

Heterogeneous mixture

2 phases

1. Filtration – a technique that uses a porous barrier to separate a solid from a liquid

Can you think of any common applications?

‘Plays’ on differences in physical properties

2. Distillation – a technique that can be used to physically separate most homogeneous mixtures based on differences in the boiling points of the substances involved

3. Chromatography – a technique that is used to physically separate the

components of a mixture based on the tendency of each component to travel or

be drawn across the surface of another material

Every sample has same:◦ characteristic properties◦ composition

Are made of: ◦ one type of atom: element

Ex: iron, gold, oxygen

◦ 2 or more types of atoms: compound Ex: salt, sugar, water

Simplest form of matter that has its own unique set of properties

Can not be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means

Each element is made up of a single type of atom

ex. hydrogen, nitrogen, lead

A substance that contains 2 or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion

Properties are different than the individual elements

ex. Glucose (sugar)

Glucose – sweet, white solidCarbon – black, tasteless solidOxygen – colorless, tasteless gas Hydrogen – colorless, tasteless gas

Physical methods do not work Recall…

Chemical changes – a change that produces matter with a different composition than the original matter

Chemical Symboleach element is represented by a

one- or two-letter symbol

Trends:1st letter = always capitalized2nd letter = always lowercaseSubscripts = indicate the relative proportions of the elements

in a compound

H K Au H2O C6H12O6

Hydrogen Potassium Gold Water Glucose

The process by which the atoms of one or more substances are rearranged to form different substances

Occurrence can be indicated by changes in temperature, color, odor, & physical state

Also known as a chemical change Chemical properties can only be observed

when a substance undergoes a chemical change

The process of photosynthesis is a chemical reaction in which light energy, carbon dioxide and water, are transformed to create glucose and oxygen.

The photosynthetic chemical reaction can be shown by writing out the element symbols for each compound.

Reactants substances to the left of the arrow ‘ingredients’ CO2 and H2O

Products substances to the right of the arrow ‘what is made’ or produced C6H12O6 and O2

1. Transfer of energyEnergy may be given off

in the form of heat or light

2. Change in colorSubstances may ‘brown’Indicators

How can you tell whether a chemical change

has taken place?

3. Precipitate A solid that settles

out of a liquid mixture

4. Gas productionIndicated by the

formation of ‘gas bubbles’

During any chemical reaction, the mass of the products is always equal to the mass of the reactants

+ O2

+ CO2 + H2O vapor

Conservation of mass also applies to physical changes…

10g of ice 10g of liquid H2O

Law of Conservation of Mass

In any physical or chemical change, mass is conserved

i.e. Mass is neither created or destroyed