Analytical chemistry-composition of matter

Physical chemistry- mechanisms of reactions

Organic- compounds with carbon

Inorganic-noncarbon compounds

Biochemistry- processes in living organisms

Anything that has◦ takes up space◦ has mass

Law of Conservation of Mass states thatmatter is always conserved. The total mass

of reactants equals the total mass of products.

Matter

Pure substance mixture

element homogeneouscompound heterogeneous

solutions

Filtration Distillation/evaporation Dissolving Using a magnet

Solid- retains its size and shape - incompressible (definite volume) Liquid- not rigid (takes the shape of its

container) - definite volume Gas- easily compressed - indefinite shape and volume

StateState ShapeShape VolumeVolume CompressiblCompressible?e?

SolidSolid DefiniteDefinite DefiniteDefinite NoNo

LiquidLiquid IndefiniteIndefinite DefiniteDefinite NoNo

GasGas IndefiniteIndefinite IndefiniteIndefinite yesyes

Can be determined without changing the identity of the material◦ Freezing point◦ Boiling point◦ Color◦ Odor◦ Hardness◦ Density◦ Solubility

Extensive Properties◦ Depend on how much (the extent) matter there is◦ i.e. length, mass, volume

Intensive Properties◦ Do NOT depend on how much matter there is◦ i.e. temperature, density (m/V)

Describe the behavior of a material in reactions that change its identity◦ Combustibility◦ Reactivity with acids

Metals – have luster (shine) - are malleable (not brittle) - are ductile (can be drawn into

wires) - conduct heat and electricity

Nonmetals- poor conductors of heat and electricity

-brittle Metalloids- have characteristics of metals and

nonmetals

- are those in which the identifying properties of a substance are unchanged

- Ex. : change of phase breaking, cutting

dissolving

- are those in which different substances are formed

- Ex.: burning rusting decaying or spoiling acid reacting with metal

fermenting

Heat gained or lost Production of a gas Formation of a precipitate Color change

The significant figures in a measurement are all the digits that are known with certainty, plus the first digit that is uncertain.

All nonzero digits are significant 43.5 Zeros are significant when. . .

◦ between two nonzero digits 120.01◦ to the right of a decimal point and to the right of a

nonzero digit. 30.00◦ to the left of an expressed decimal point and to

the right of a nonzero digit. 19,000. Not significant when. . .

◦ the zeros to the right of a decimal and to the left of a nonzero digit. 0.00056

◦ to the right of a nonzero digit but to the left of an understood decimal 109,000

Multiplication and divisionThe answer contains the same number of

significant figures as the measurement with the least number of significant figures.

Addition and SubtractionThe answer has the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the least number of decimal places.

Precision is the agreement between measurements.

Accuracy is the nearness of a measurement to its actual value.

x xx

x

x x x xx

x xx

x x x

Not accurateNot precise

Not accurateIs precise

`AccuratePrecise

Write 17,500 in scientific notation.1.75 x 104

Write 0.0050 in scientific notation.

5.0 x 10-3

(3.0 x 105)(5.0 x 10-2)= (3.0 x 5.0) x 105+(-2)

3252

5

105.3105.3100.1

105.3xx

x

x

SI Prefixesmega 106

kilo 103

basic unitdeci 10-1

centi 10-2

milli 10-3

micro 10-6

nano 10-9

pico 10-12

Length- meter Mass- kilogram Volume- liter (displacement) - cm3 (L x W x H) Temperature- Celsius oC=5/9(F-32) oF = 9/5C +32 - Kelvin 0◦C = 273 K

to solve for Kelvin:K = oC + 273

theoretical – experimental x 100% =

theoretical

Ex.: You analyze a sample of copper sulfate and find that it is 68% copper. The theoretical value is 80%. What is your percent error?

80-68 x 100% = 15%

80

Multiply your starting point by a conversion factor (equal to 1)

Units should cross out algebraically, leaving you with the unit desired.

Ex.: Convert 2hr to min.Conversion factor is 1hr = 60min2hr x 60min = 120 min 1 hr

How many significant digits are in the following numbers?

1.2000.02041200197.00500100.002

4

3

2

8

6

Perform the following operations.34.56 cm x 12.1 cm = 3.45 cm3 12.12 cm2 =44.4 + 78 = 198.2 – 5.4 =

Round to two significant figures.004872

122

192.8

.0049

418 cm2

.285 cm

231,500.0020555 x 105

Dimensional analysisConvert 66.5km to ft. Hint: 1 mi = 1.61 km and 1 mi = 5280 ft

66.5km x 1mi x 5280ft = 1.61km 1 mi

2.315 x 105

2.05 x 10-3

5.5 x 106

218,000 ft

Change 5L to kL Convert 499 kg to mg How many nm are in 5mm? Which is larger, a picogram or milligram?

Which is smaller, a Mm or a mm? What is the freezing point of water in

Kelvin?

.005kL

499,000,000 mg

5 x 106 nm

milligram

mm

273K

Table salt Air Gasoline Salad dressing Stainless steel Sucrose Nitrogen element

compound

Homogeneous mixture

Heterogeneous mixtureHomogeneous mixture

Homogeneous mixture

compound