a diuretic is defined as a chemical that increases the rate of urine formation. by increasing the...
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A diuretic is defined as a chemical that
increases the rate of urine formation.
By increasing the urine flow rate diuretic
usage leads to increase excretion of
electrolytes (especially Na+ & Cl-)and water
from the body without affecting
protein,vitamins, glucose amino acids
reabsorption.
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natriuretic Na+
chloruretic Cl-
saluretic NaCl
kaliuretic K+
bicarbonaturetic HCO-3
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Diuretics are used mainly in :1. The relief of edema. 2. As adjuvant in the management of
hypertension.3. Management of other disorders
including; congestive heart failure, chronic and acute renal failure, glaucoma, hypercalcemia, diabetes insipidus, and liver cirrhosis with ascites.
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Functions of the kidneys:1. To maintain homostatic balance of
electrolytes and water.2. To excrete water soluble end products of
metabolism. So the kidneys accomplishes these
functions through the formation of urine by nephrons.
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Diuretics are acting at different sites in the nephron and are classified as:
1. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors acting at the proximal convoluted tubule (site1 diuretics).
2. Loop diuretics acting at the Henle’s loop (site 2 diuretics).
3. Thiazides and thiazide-like diuretics acting at distal convoluted tubule (site 3 diuretics).
4. Potassium-sparing diuretics acting at collecting tubule (site 4 diuretics).
5. Osmotic diuretics; Act at proximal tubules, loop of henle, collecting tubule.
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Potency of a diuretic is related to the absolute
amount of drug (e.g mg/Kg)required to produce
an effect.
While efficacy relates to the maximum diuretic
effect (usually measured in terms of urine
volume/time or urine loss of Na+or NaCl/time).
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Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme containing
Zinc.
It catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid
(H2CO3 ) from CO2 and water.
CO2 + H2OH+ + HCO3H2CO3
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Mechanism of action
These compounds contain free sulfamoyl
group (SO2NH2) that is essential for activity.
The SO2NH2 is isosteric with H2CO3, and is able
to occupy the receptor site of carbonic acid
formation and thus it must be non-substituted.
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NN
SNH
O
SO2NH21
2 5
Uses: Acetazolamide used orally as tablets to reduce
intraocular pressure in the treatment of glaucoma.
N-[5-(Aminosulfonyl) 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]acetamide
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HN NH
NH2SH2N S
NN
S SHH2N1
25
NN
S SO2ClNH 1
25O
NN
S SHNH 1
25O
Synthesis
NN
SNH
O
SO2NH2
Cl2C O
Acylation
Aqu. Cl2
NH3
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NN
SN
O
SO2NH21
2 5
H3C
It is more potent derivative of acetazolamide due to more lipophilic properties.
The increased lipophilicity is due to replacement of one of the active hydrogen by methyl group. This permits a greater penetration into occular fluids reducing intra-ocular pressure.
It is used orally for treatment of glaucoma.
N-[5-(Aminosulfonyl)-3-methyl- 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-(3H)-ylidene]acetamide
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Cl
H2NO2S
Cl
SO2NH2
Dichlorphenamide is a disulphonamide
derivative has mode of action and uses
similar to acetazolamide.
4,5-Dichloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide
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Cl
H2NO2S
Cl
SO2NH2
Side Effects of CAEs:
1- Development of metabolic acidosis due to renal loss of bicarbonate (system becomes more acidic& urine becomes more alkaline).
2-Typical sulphonamide associated hypersensitivity reactions e.g urticaria,drug fever,blood dyscrasias and interstitial nephritis.
4,5-Dichloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide
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SO2NH2
NH2Cl
H2NO2S
Chloraminophenamide
SNH
HC
HNCl
H2NO2SO O
R
Hydrothiazides
SNH
CNCl
H2NO2SO O
R
Thiazides
Aldehydesor ketons
AcylatingAgents
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The sodium transport system is responsible for the reabsorption of Na+& Cl- in (DCT).
Inhibitors of the luminal membrane bound Na+/Cl- system include thiazide and thiazide like diuretics(saluretic agents).
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SAR:1. Hydrogen at N-2 is the most
acidic because of the electron withdrawing effect of the neighboring sulfone group. The acidic protons make
possible the formation of water soluble sodium salts for I.V. administration.
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SAR:
2. Saturation of the double bond to give 3,4 dihydro drvs give diuretic from 3-10 times more active than unsaturated drvs.
3. Substitution at position 3 with lipophilic group will affect potency and duration of action, (CHCl2 ,CH2C6H5, CH2SCH2CF3)
results in marked increase in potency& duration of action
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SAR:4. Direct substitution at position 4,5
or 8 with alkyl group diminishes diuretic activity.
5. Substitution at position 6 with electron withdrawing gp (activating gp) (Cl-, Br-, CF3
-,NO2) is essential for activity. Whereas substitution with electron releasing gp(CH3 –or OCH3-) results in marked reduction in diuretic activity.
6. The Sulfamoyl gp at position 7 is a prerequisite for diuretic activity.
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SNH
CHNCl
H2NO2SO O
SNH
CN
CH2Cl
O O
S CH2
H2NO2S
Duration of action From 6-12h
Duration of action From 12-18 h
Benzthiazide Benzthiazide (Exna)(Exna)
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The discovery that substitution of the sulfamoyl group at position-1 in thiazide diuretics with another electronegative group para to the activating group as well as the opening of bicyclic hetero-system in benzothiadiazines do not affect the diuretic activity.
That aids in the emergence of a group of diuretics known as thiazide-like diuretics.
They are no longer benzothiadiazines, but site of action and efficacy and side effects are similar to thiazide diuretics.
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SN
Cl
H2NO2SO O
CH3
CH2 O
CH3
4-Chloro-N1-[(tetrahydro-2-methyl-2-furanyl)methyl]-
1,3-benzene disulfonamide
Mefruside (Baycaron)
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CN
N
O
Cl
H2NO2S
CH3H
H3C
3-(Aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-1-
piperidinyl)benzamide
Clopamide (Brinaldix)
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1. Hypersensitivity due to -SO2NH2 group
2. Hypokalemia due to increase renal excretion of
K +
3. So potassium supplements are used (e.g. KCl, K
gluconate, K citrate), also use food rich with K+ as
banana, or used in combination with other
diuretics (potassium sparing diuretics)
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1. Administration of these diuretics with Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)which inhibit prostaglandin synthesis , can antagonize the diuretic effect of the former.
2. Concurrent administration of these drugs with large doses of Ca+2 containing substances may result in hypercalceamia because of Ca+2 retaining properties of these diuretics.
3. When these drugs are used with cardiac glycosides in treatment of congestive heart failure , serious toxicity can result if hypokalemia occurs
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(Site 2 Diuretics) loop (Site 2 Diuretics) loop diuretics High ceiling diuretics High ceiling
diureticsdiuretics Loop diuretics are very potent saluretic agents.
They are called so because they block active
Na+/Cl- transport at the thick ascending limb of
loop of henle ( 1Na+, 1 K+ , 2Cl- ) (MOA)
Their saluretic effect is much greater than that
produced by thiazides or other agents.
They are characterized by rapid onset (within 30
min)and short duration (6 h)
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ClassificationA. 5-Sulfamoyl-2-aminobenzoic Acid & 5-sulfamoyl-3-
aminobenzoic Acid derivatives.
B. Phenoxyacetic Acid derivatives.
C. 4-Amino-3-pyridinesulfonylureas
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SAR:
COH
OH2NO2S
NHR
5-Sulfamoyl-2-aminobenzoic acid
COH
OH2NO2S
5-Sulfamoyl-3-aminobenzoic acid
NHR
1- Substituents at position 1 must be acidic COOH provides optimal diuretic activityOther groups such as tetrazole may impart respectable diuretic activity
.2- -SO2NH2 group at position 5 is prerequisite for activity.
3- Activating group at position 4 could be Cl-or CF3- in thiazides and
thiazide like diuretics or better with phenoxy, alkoxy, anilino, benzyl or benzoyl
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4-Chloro-N-furfuryl5- sulfamoyl anthranilic acidSynthesis:
Cl
H2NO2S COOH
HN
ClCl
O
OH
ClSO3H
NH3
ClCl
O
OHH2NO2S
O
NH2
O
Cl
H2NO2S COOH
HN
O
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3-(Butylamino)4- phenoxy-5- sulfamoylbenzoic acid
Cl- is replaced by Phenoxy group The short duration of action is similar to
that of furosemide but Bumetanide is 50 times more potent than furosemide.
O
N
COOHH2NO2S
H (CH2)3 CH3
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Uses:Treatment of pulmonary edema associated
with congestive heart failure Side Effects1- -SO2NH2 group hypersensitivity2- Ototoxicity So care must be noticed when
used with aminoglycosides.3-NSAIDs may blunt the natriuresis produced
by loop diuretics in patients with preexisting impaired renal function who are on diuretic therapy NSAIDs may increase the risk of renal failure
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Ethacrynic acid (Edecrin)
2-(2,3-dichloro-4-(2-methylenebutanoyl)phenoxy)acetic acid
Mechanism of action: Inhibition of sulfhydryl-containing enzymes
involved in solute reabsorption
ClCl
OC CH2 COOHH3CH2C
H H
O
1
23
4
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Side Effects: 1- greater incidence of ototoxicity 2- produce more serious GIT effects (GIT
heamorrhage) than sulfamoyl containing loop diuretics.
3- The effect with NSAIDs the same as with furesemide & bumetanide
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Torsemide
1- isopropyl-3-{[4-(3-methylphenylamino)pyridine]-3-sulfonyl}urea
Torsemide contain sulfonyl urea group instead of sulfonamide group in furosemide &bumetanide
N
NH
O2S NH
O
NH
CH3
CH3H3C
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Site & MOA: It interferes with the process of cationic exchange in the distal tubule. It blocks re-absorption of Na+ and blocks excretion
of K+ .The net result is increased NaCl excretion in the urine and almost
no K+ execretion - Example: Triametrene.
Pteridine
N
NN
N
N
N
N
N NH2
NH2
H2N
Triametrine
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Side Effects:
1- Hyperkaalemia so K+ levels should be regulated and checked& K+ supplements should be controlled
2- form renal stones
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Amiloride HCl (Midamor)
6-Chloro-3,5-diamino-N-(aminoiminomethyl)pyrazine-2- carboxamide.
SAR:
1- Optimum activity is obtained when position 6 is substituted with Cl -
2- NH2 group at positions 3,5 are unsubstituted.
N
N
NH2
NH
H2N
Cl
O NH
NH2
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The adrenal cortex secretes a potent mineralocorticoid called aldosterone which promotes :
– Na+& Cl- reabsorption (salt retention)_ K+ excretion This effect is 3000 times more potent than
hydrocortisoneA substance that antagonizes the effects of
aldosterone could be a good diuretic drug. It is called Spironolactone
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SpironolactoneSpironolactone is a competitive antagonist to the is a competitive antagonist to the
mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone.mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone.
The mineralocorticoid receptor is an intracellular The mineralocorticoid receptor is an intracellular
protein in nature that can bind aldosterone.protein in nature that can bind aldosterone.
Spironolactone binds to the receptor and Spironolactone binds to the receptor and
competitively inhibits aldosterone binding the the competitively inhibits aldosterone binding the the
receptor .receptor .
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The inability of aldosterone to bind to its receptor prevents reabsorption of Na+& Cl-and associated water.
The most important site of these receptors is in the late distal tubule and collecting system
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Side Effects:
1-Hyperkalemia and mild metabolic acidosis, therefore patients taking spironolactone should be warned not to take K+ supplements.
2- caution must be considered when administering spironolactone with either (ACE) inhibitors & β-adrenergic blockers.
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A) Osmotic diuretics Osmotic diuretics are low-molecular-
weight compounds that are not extensively metabolized and are passively filtered through Bowman’s Capsules into the renal tubules. Once in the renal tubules they have limited reabsorption. They form a hypertonic solution and cause water to pass from the body into the tubules, producing a diuretic effect.
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Polyols such as mannitol, sorbitol and isosorbed provide this effect.
Mannitol (osmitrol) and sorbitol are used intravenously in solutions of 5-50%.
Isosorbide is basically a bicyclic form of sorbitol used orally to cause a reduction in intra-ocular pressure.
CH2OH
CH2OH
HHO
HHO
OHH
H OH
Mannitol
O
H
OH
OH
H
Isosorbide
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Uses:1- Diagnosis & prophylaxis of acute renal
failure2- decrease intraocular pressure3- To promote urinary excretion of toxic
substances
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B) TheophyllineTheophylline, xanthine derivatives that promote a weak diuresis by stimulation of cardiac function and by direct action on the nephron.
Used infrequently as diuretic, but diuresis may be observed as side effect when it is used as bronchodilator.