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a 7

UNCLASSI]EFIDSECURITY CLASSIFICAT-)N OF THIS PAGE (When Dat. Kntered)

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEOECMLEIGFR0"-. - 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO., , IPIENT-S CATALOG NUMBER(RS-R7j5 I)I/?

BACKFACE SIGNATURES 01: SOFT BODY ARMORS Tehia.e 0

ALND THE ASSOCIATED TRAUMA EFFECTS T7 ~p5-c 7

ERFO~~~ ORIH ORDR ANZAIN AE NDADRS

A.CNREAC &OR URNIT NUMBERS&lssircNor, CheiclSsmsaorty

PERFCONROLIN OFC NAME AND ADDRESS TASKlW WITr

Director, Chemical Systems Laboratory ARA OR UI NMBR

Attn: DRDAR-CLJ-lAbe rdeecn Provin g Ground, Mary land 21010 4

747 -MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(If different from Controlling Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (0f this report)

UNCLASSIFlIED _____

IS&. DECL ASSI FICATION/ DOWNGRADING

i s _____SCHEDULE________ NA1W DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report) D D .C

Approved for public release: disti bton unfi mirnJEl FE 17

17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the nbetrect entered In Block 20, If different front Report) E L 1 -L n -- L

BIII. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

I9. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side it necessary and Identify by block numiber)

Soft armor Penetration volume GelatinHandgun threats Discriminant model Modelling clayBackface signature Striking kinetic energyPenetr flon depth Blunt traumna

20. AD:ShAFQT (~cthmusam etnerse side If ntsceewvt ad Iden*ifr by block numiber.)

'~The National Institute for Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice of' the LawEnforcement Assistance Administration has established a program to support the development of animproved, lightweight armor for protection against handgun threats. A subtask of this program wasto develop a simple, readily available backing material tbr use in characterizing both the penetrationand deformation effects of ballistic impacts on soft body armor materials and relaie thisdeformation to the injury potential of nonpenetrating ballistic impacts. Plastilina I was tested andmay be used as backing material against handgun firings.

DDI O ' 1473 EDfTION OF f NOV 65, IS OBSrnLETE UCASFESECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF TN'S PAGE (1110ten Data Entered)

IvoPREFACE

The work described in this report was authorized and supported byContract LEAA-J-IAA-005-4 awarded by the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, USDepartment of Justice, under the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, asamended. The work was started in August 1975 and completed in October 1976. The experimentaldata are contained in notebooks MN-2549 and MN-2553.

The use of trade names in this report does not constitute an official indorsement orapproval of the use of such commercial hardware or software. This report may not be cited forpurposes of advertisement.

Reproduction of this document in whole or in part is prohibited except withpermission of the Director, Chemical Systems Laboratory, Attn: DR9AR-CLi-1, Aberdeen ProvingGround, Maryland 21010; however, DDC and the National Technical Information Service areauthorized to reproduce the document for US Government purposes.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to recognize the assistance given by the following individualswho contributed to this report: Mr. John Holter, who aided in the development of thephotographic techniques utilized for the backface signature films; Messrs. Robert E. Carpenter andGeorge J. Maschke, who provided ballistics support; Mr. James L. Thacker, who provided theclectronic support; and Mr. Larry Sturdivan, who provided the improved blunt trauma model.

We also wish to acknowledge the supportive efforts of Biophysics personnel and theoverall support and administrative guidance received from personnel of the Law EnforcementAssistance Administration, particularly Messrs. Joseph Kochanski, Lester Shubin, andGeorge Schollenberger.

h"hrs.

JUSTill, .

.. .. .. .. .BY

3

OVA A

CONTENTS

Pate

I. INTRODUCTION .. .. .. ............ ............ ............... 7

11H. BACKGROUND. .. .. .. .......... .............. ............... 7

111. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND PROCEDURES. .. .. .. ............... 7

I. Penetration Resistance Tests .. .. .. .... ....... . .... ............. 8

2. Deformation Tests .. .. .. ........ .............. ............. 8

3. Corr~ation of Clay Cavities with Blunt Trauma Effects .. .. .. ........... 8 IIV. CONCLUSIONS.............. . . ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .....

APPENDIXES

A. Table: .. .. .. ...... ............ ............ ............. 13

DISTRIBUTION LIST .. .. .... ............ ............ ......... 39

p5

BACKFACE SIGNATURES OF SOFT BODY ARMORS ANDTHE ASSOCIATED. TRAUMA EFFECTS

I. INTRODUCTION.

The National Institute for Law Enforcement and Criminal Ju-stice (NILECJ) of theLaw Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) supports a research and development programto improve and strengthen law enforcement methods. To further this end, studies are beingconducted to support the development of improved lightweight soft armors for protection againstspecific street threats; i.e., armors which will withstand perforation by handgun projectiles andwhich will also reduce to an acceptable level the trauma associated with the impact of theseprojectiles upon soft armor.

This report describes the tests performed to develop a simple, readily available meansof defining both the penetration and deformation characteristics of soft armor materials andrelating the "backface signature" or behind-the-armor deformation to the trauma effects.

II. BACKGROUND.

Backing materials used in the ballistic testing of soft body armor play an importantrole in quantifying the penetration resistance characteristics of the material. A bullet impacting softbody armor fabrics will deform not only the armor but also the substance used as a backing for thearmor. Energy and momentum will be imparted to the backing before any penetration takes place.

The primary function of a backing material is to simulate the tissue responseappropriately beneath the point of impact so that the ballistic data generated in laboratory tests c, nbe correlated to the effects seen on the human body. The extremely complex structure of thehuman body is not readily characterized by a simple, homogeneous material: its response is

nonlinear, rate sensitive, and exhibits considerabkc variation to impact not only from body area tobody area but also from individual to individual.

One simple backing material has been used successfully in the study of ballistic impactson soft body armor materials: 20% gelatin.* Gelatin, a highly elastic material, exhibits apenetration resistance similar to that of living tissue. However, gelatin also exhibits nearly totalrecovery to deformation, thereby necessitating the use of high-speed photographic techniques foranalyzing soft body armor deformations.

III. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND PROCEDURES.

By utilizing deformation-time histories of tissue and performing penetration resistancetests on various materials, a second backing material has been found the response of which can becorrelated to tissue response. This material is an oil-based modelling clay called Roma Plastilina I **

* Metker, LeRoy W., Prather, Russell N., and Johnson, Earl M. EB-TR-75029. A Method for DeterminingBackface Signatures of Soft Body Armors. May 1975.

S**Available from: Sculpture Houise38 E 30th StreetNew York, New York212-679-7474.

7

-:'.

•"_ • .,. .. ; .,.•,. ..... .~ *.•.... . . ...... ..

This clay is a highly plastic material which undergoes viscous flow when deformed and exhibits littlerecovery, thus providing a readily available cavjty focmed during impact from which measurementscan be taken.

Recommendation of Plastilina I as a backing material is based upon the followingtests:

I. Penetration Resistance Tests.

V50 ballistic limit tests were conducted on the various materials listed in table A-I(appendix A). A V50 ballistic limit can be defined as the striking velocity at which 50% of theimpacts are expected to result in complete penetrations of an armor target in a limited statisticaltest. It is a common measure of the penetration resistance of a material. The 0.22-caliber,40-grain lead bullet was used against 7 plies of Kevlar 2V and 8 plies of Hi-Tenacity Nylon becausethese were the only armor - projectile combinations for which penetration data was available ontissue.

From table A-I (appendix A) it is apparent that gelatin is a good simulator of thepenetration resistance of tissue on the basis of both the V50 ballistic limit and the lowest completepe ietration (L.C.). Plastilina I is a slightly more conservative model but this difference is notstLtistically significant.

2. Deformation Tests.

Deformation - time histories of blunt impacts on thoracic structures were obtainedtinder the Army program from which the present blunt trauma model (figure B-I, appendix B) wasformulated. In this model, the discriminant lines establish three zones: from left to right, alow-lethality zone, a mixed zone and a highly lethal zone. By use of the deformation-time data andperformance of similar tests on various backing materials, it was found that Plastilina I exhibitedapproximately the same depth of deformation as the thorax but in a shorter time frame(figure B-2). None of the materials tested exhibited the same deformation-time history as thethorax. The projectile used in these tests was a 200-gram, 80-millimeter hemispherical missileimpacting at approximately 55 meters per second. Table A-2 lists some of the backing materialstested and the displacements recorded. Table A-3 lists the diameters and depths of deformationrecorded for ballistic impacts on Kevlar 29 using gelatin and clay as backings. Note that thedeformation diameters for gelatin are approximately 1.5 times those for similar impacts on clay.

3. Correlation of Clay Cavities with Blunt Trauma Effects.

In the present blunt trauma model, figure B-1, 'he discriminant lines establishthree zones such that, for the zone of low lethality,

MV2

,9.2 (I)W1/ 3 DT

'.1

1 .-'::'-• --. ,7",, " ":. ",:~ ~~~~~ . *"*"t , ' 7 " " " .'r;'. - - .. . . .•. . ... .

Iwhere

M = projectile mass (grams)

V = projectile velocity (meter3 per second)

W = body weight (kilograms)

T tissue thickness (centimeters)

D projectile diameter (centimeters)

This model was formulated using experimental data sets obtained from tests on unarmoredanesthetized animals for which the physical characteristics of the impacting projectile were known.*To apply this model to clay-backed armor tests, it is necessary to apply the methodology developedunder the original backface signature program. By determining the "effective" mass and velocity ofthe missile-armor interaction, equation I can be solved for the tinirmum backface signaturediameter for the low-lethality zone.

By employing the principle of conservation of linear momentum an effective velocityfor the armor deformation can be derived:

M pVp = (MA + Mp)V (2)

or

V =M p/(MA + Mp) (3)

where

MpVp = the initial mass (kg) and velocity (m/sec) of the impacting projectilepp

MA = the armor deformation mass (kg) and

V = the "effective" armor velocity (m/sec).

The armor mass was assumed to be the mass derived by using the base of the deformation, i.e.

irD2

MA = (AB) (ad) -- (ad) (4)

where

7rD2

= AB = the base area of the deformation cavity, (cm2)

ad = the areal density of the armor material, (gm/cm2

*Clare, Victor R. Lewis, James H., Mickiewicz, Alexander P., and Sturdlvan, Larry M. EB-TR-75016. Blunt Trauma DataCorrelation. May 1975

I

............ ........-.-

Substituting equations 2, 3, and 4 into equation 1:

MV2 7rad(D 2/4) + M M 2 V1 2 292£•~~ p 9.2=). . ..

WI/ 3 DT WI/ 3 DT (d + Mp

or

4DMp 4M p2 V p2D3 __ p p =0 (5)

7rad W1/ 3 T e9 .27rad

Assuming that for

W = 55 kg, T = 2.0 cm, or

W = 75 kg, T = 3.0 cm, or

W = 95 kg, T = 4.0 cm,

equation (5) can then be solved for diameter D as a function of the armor materials' areal density.

Figures B-3 through B-9, appendix B, illustrate the application of this technique forsome of the more common test projectiles. The minimum diameter is plotted as a function of theareal density (weight per unit area) of the armor material.

The estimates of "effective" mass and velocity are conservative in that the modelemploys an energy term, MV2 , and the armor base mass is used to determine the "effective"velocity behind the armor. If the entire surface mass had been used a smaller "effective" velocitywould have been derived and hence a smaller dose level predicted. This approach appears to havebeen successful in applying gelatin deformation diameters to the provisional blunt trauma model.However, no lethalities have yet been observed for nonpenetrating-bullet impacts on armor and

these estimates must also be considered provisional until the blunt trauma effects of higher energythreats (9-mam, .357-mag, .45-mag) are investigated.

Attempts have been made using the original blunt impactor data to correlatedeformation depth with the probability of lethality (figure B-10). A depth of deformation greaterthan 5.0 cm is associated with a probability of lethality of approximately 15%. However, theavailable data is limited and hence no solid conclusions can be drawn as yet regarding the effect ofdeformation depth.

The effectiveness of the correlation effort is contingent upon test programs currentlyunderway, specifically the investigation of the higher energy threats which probably will producethe lethal armor deformation data necessary to check out the scaling of the model.

Tables A-4 through A-10 list the results of clay-backed ballistic tests conducted atBiophysics Division on numerous armor materials.

!, 10

...............

AM TIM

IV. CONCLUSIONS.

1. A readily available, easy-to-use backing material, Roma Plastilina 1, has been

found which can be correlated to tissue response for use in characterizing both the penetration and

deformation effects of ballistic impacts on soft body armor materials.

2. A technique has been demonstrated by which backface signature parameters can

be related to the probability of lethality.

3. There is a lack of lethal armor deformation data necessary to validate the

modelling effort and hence this effort should be considered provisional.

II

APPENDIX A

TABLES

"Table A-1. Penetration Resistance Tests

Target LC HP V50

ft/sec* ft/sec ft/sec

1. 7 Ply Kevlar 29

Abd** 1087 1115 1096

Thor 1091 1148 1115

Gel 1093 1122 1109

No. 1 (EA) 1062 1100 1079

No. I (LEAA) 1085 1087 1088

2. 8 Ply Hi-Tenacity Nylon

Thor 821 850 830

Gel 815 857 836

No. 1 (EA) 819 841 831

No. I (LEAA) 798 794 "/88

One foot - 0..'048 m; 1000 ft 304.8 m; 800 ft 243,84 in.** Abd = abdomen; Thor = thorax; Gel = gelatin; EA = Edgewood Arsenal (now Chemical Systems

Laboratory); LEAA = Law Enforcement Assistance Agency; LC = lowest complete penetration;HP = High partial penetration; V50 = striking velocity at which 50% of impacts are expected toresult in complete penetrations of an armor target.

19

13

i i -*1•

t• • , --; .; .•o,, 1: , . ." " "-,.r t '• : . ... . .. . ...

Table A-2. Maximum Deformation Depth, Biunt Impactor

Target Deithcn,

Gelatin ," 9.11No. 1 Clay i 8.53,as..line 8.22*".arn 7.31

Nk,. 2 Clay 5.61No _ + Rubber membrane 6.70

Table A-3. Other Deformation Data

Deformation depth Deformation diameterCaliber Velocity 7 eLH

Clay Gel Clay Gel

mag or mm ft/sec* cm cm

.22 1000 2.5 2.8 4.4 6.6

.38 800 4.5 4.7 6.0 8.6

.38 1000 4.8 5.5 8.0 10.9

.357 mag 1300 4.8 5.1 8.5 12.6

9 1200 4.0 4.0 7.0 9.9

.45 800 5.2 5.3 6.4 9.8

* One ft 0.3048 m; 1000 ft = 304.8 in; 800 ft 243.84 rn.

AI" Appendix A 14 •

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............................................

APPENDIX B

FIGURES

4 (6

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TIME, M SEC

Figure B-2. Time -Deformatioi, Data for Various Backing Materials

Appendix B 30

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Appendix B 37

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40

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Appndi B3

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