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(, 1986: 473), . - , , , - () . , , -, , - , .

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, , : . , , . . . - -, (, 1986: 270). , , - , (, 1986: 299). - . , . . .

( ) (-, 2001: 113; Baylon, Mignot, 2000: 198199, 207; Brousseau, Roberge,2000: 272; Lemire). . - (. : , 2001: 113). - - (Ducrot, Schaeffer, 1995: 604605). , (Spooren, 2002: 223) (Brousseau, Roberge,2000: 272). (cohrence rfrentielle et relationnelle) (Spooren, 2002:224, 231234). - , . , , . , , , . . - (Ducrot, Schaeffer, 1995: 603604; Baylon, Mignot, 2000: 199201, 207;Lemire; , 2001: 11). , -, .

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, . . -. , () - , .

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. . (-, 1986: 268271). - : , - (, 1986: 268), - , - (, 1986: 269), - (, 1986: 270) ( . . .).

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, - . , , - . , , - . , (, 2001: 113)., , - , .

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10 11

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: (,1986: 299).

. . (..., 1986: 263): ... , - , (, 1986: 299). -. , (, 1986: 270). - -- , . . - . - : , -, , -, (, 2006: 104).

-, , - (, 1986: 258). - (, 1986: 267). ( -) - (, 1986: 266). - , , - (, 1986: 263). - , - .

, - . , , , . - , . . , -, . . , . , , - (, 1986:258), - ( . . .) (, 1986: 263). , ., , -

12 13

. : - . -, 2004. .7782.

8. . . -. : - . -, 1998. 104 .

9. . . - - // : , , . : - , 2005. . 100103.

10. . . . . . ,2001. 368 .

11. Baylon C., Mignot X. Initiation la smantique du langage. P. : Nathan,2000. 255 p.

12. Brousseau A.-M., Roberge Y. Syntaxe et smantique du franais. Qubec,Saint-Laurent: Fides, 2000. 352 p.

13. Ducrot O., Schaeffer J.-M. Nouveau dictionnaire encyclopdique des sciencesdu langage. P. : Seuil, 1995. 817 p.

14. Greimas A.- J. Smantique structurale: recherche de mthode. P. : Larousse,1966. 262 p.

15. Lemire G. Texte et texture: cohrence et cohsion // Langue franaise, visionsystmique. Application la langue franaise de la thorie de M. A. K. Halliday et deR. Hasan par Gilles Lemire: : http://www.fse.ulaval/ca/fac/Gramniaire-BEPP/doc/vs/lfvs/ lfvscb7/vschap7.html

16. Pottier B. Smantique gnrale. P. : PUF, 1992. 237 p.17. Spooren W. La structuration des textes. La linguistique textuelle // Linguisti-

que cognitive. Comprendre comment fonctionne le langage. Bruxelles : Duculot,2002. P. 223248.

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. .

- , () , . - , - , - , . . - . - , - . , - - , , - .

-, . . [1], , , -

(, 1986: 314) , . . . , - .

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1. . . // -. . . : . ., 1988. . 189192; 449450.

2. . . - . . : . ., 1986. 543 .

3. . . . . : . , 1979. 320 .

4. . . . . : , 1986. 445 .

5. . . - // . . I . 2 . : - . -, 1995. . 1. . 4043.

6. . . - // . . . : - -. -, 2006. . 104106.

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14 15

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16 17

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, , - [9, . 20], , - , - . - ( ) () - , [5, . 59]. . . , - . , , - -, , [4, . 172]. - , : -, - ; - , - [9, . 20].

, , - , , , . . . , , - , -: 1) , . . ; 2) - -; 3) - ; 4) - - ; 5) -

, ( ) , ( ). , () , - -. , - , -, -, , .

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18 19

( , - ), (, , - , , - ), - .

- - (, -) , - . - , (), - - , , - .

- () , ; - () .

1. . . / . . . . : -, 1986. 446 .

2. . . - /. . // . 1985. 1. . 1012.

3. . . / . . , . . // : - : . .-. . , 2004. . 186191.

4. . . . . / . . . . :, 1975. 304 .

5. : / . . . . , . . -. . 2- . . . : , 1990. 494 .

6. . . / . . . . :, 1973. 424 .

7. . . - / . . // . 1990. 2. . 7 11.

8. . . / . . - // . 1985. 3. . 1318.

9. . . / . . // . 1986. 3. . 2021.

[ ]. - . , , .

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20 21

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-. ( epistole , ) , - , . - , . - , , - , -. , - , , . , . , , , , . - , .

. ( ) - , .

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22 23

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24 25

, -, .

. - , .

- , [Fillmore, 1969: 109]. - - , , . -. .

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- . [, 2003: 41]. - , - , . . , [-, 1973: 84].

, , . .

In the late summer of that year we lived in a house in a villagethat looked across the river and the plain to the mountains.

. - . , () , , , , .

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- - there be. there be...

. , () , () . ( -), , , - . - .

1. . . - (XV XIX .) : . ... . . . ., 2000.

2. . . . ., 1981.3. . . (: ). . :

, 1986.4. . .

XIX XX . (- ) : . ... - . . ., 2000.

5. . . ( ) : . . ... . . . ., 1993.

6. . . // . . . : . ,1997. . 5.

. . , . .

, , , , - , -, , -, .

, , , , - , . : S (presupposes) S , - S S S(. . S) S. S , S.

, (presupposition)

26 27

, , - , . - . . , , , - .

1. . . // . . . . . 1973. . XXXII, . 1. . 8489.

2. . . / . // ( ). -, 1975. . 1017.

3. . . - / . . . : . . . -, 2003. 127 .

4. Fillmore Ch. Types of Lexical Information/ Ch. Fillmore// Studies in Syntaxand Semantics. Dordrecht, (Holland), Reidel, 1969. P. 109137.

. .

, , , -, , . - -. - , - .

: - .

-, -- , - , - - .

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, , [, 1975: 12].

. -, - -.

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- we lived in thelate summer of that year. . . - , . - the that. . - , we. , , -. , - , . . .

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28 29

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, ; , -

;

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. - , . , , - - , .

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, - , -. , , , -, , , , , - . :

Welcome to Marlboro country.: Finest quality shirt makes structured weaves and intense

colours produce mesmerising textures reminiscent of the views fromRavello, perched above Italys Amalfi coast. Immaculately finishedwith our signature, mother of pearls Trinity Buttons ( -).

, ( - ), , , , . . , . :

Get your kick above the waist line. A whole new-line up of shirts.

, , /, .

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, - , :

Kaiser Power in action. -

, ,:

Have any risk under control. -

, :Nissan Shift expectation. ,

, , -, . -.

Nokia connecting people.

:

30 31

1. Keiko T. Advertising Language: A Pragmatic Approach to Advertisement in Britainand Japan. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 1994.

2. Leech G. N. English in advertising: A linguistic study of advertising in GreatBritain. L. : Longmans, 1996.

. .

, - , - , , . - , . , - , , . , - , , - -. , , -, () -.

(- ), , - , - -, - , - : () () , -- , - - -, (, 2005:. 61).

Herringbone, Twill checks and Bedford cord shirts are ready to rock!Come, power yourself with this seasons lethalmal weapon-color Plussmart casuals ( ).

: . :

Deer sanctuary.Bear sanctuary.Wolf sanctuary.Business Traveller sanctuary ( ). -

star power - . - , - (, , . .):

Are you feminine enough? ( LouisFeraud).

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32 33

(), (), .

AbstractZellig S. Harriss original idea of transformations has been

transformed (changed) several times in Chomskys work. Inthis paper I shall explicate all these transformations (changes).I shall argue that, though their motivations are highly understandable,these transformations (changes) are not necessary for understandingthe workings of natural languages. In other words, I shall argue thatHarriss transformational grammar is quite adequate. I shall also arguethat the idea of discovery procedures, seen from a novel point viewwhich I shall provide, can indeed lead to important discoveriesabout the secrets of human language and the human mind.

(Lin) -

(: ZelligS. Harriss original idea of transformations has beentransformed (changed) several times in Chomskys work) (novel point view) - (I shall explicate) (I shall argue) -. , : importantdiscoveries about the secrets of human language and the human mind. - , -.

I shall propose here that we need another change of aspect. Thenew aspect is that grammar is known. We know what the grammaticalrules of our language are. We know why a sentence is grammaticalor not. Nothing about grammar is hidden from us. What is hiddenfrom us is knowledge-how, i.e. knowledge how we come to know allthose grammar rules.

, , -. : Nothing about grammar is hidden fromus. What is hidden from us is knowledge-how, i.e. knowledgehow we come to know all those grammar rules. . , -, -.

In this new aspect, our task is no longer to discover the grammarof a language, for there is nothing there about grammar to discover:everything about grammar is known already. Rather, our task is

: -. , - :

The structure of this paper is as follows. In Section 2 I shallpresent Harriss conception of transformational grammar, and explainthe so-called discovery procedures. In Section 3 I shall expoundChomskys criticisms of the procedural approach to language. Section4 will explain Chomskys own theory of grammar. Section 5 willprovide an examination of Chomskys argument, and will point out afundamental error in his linguistic thinking. In Section 6 I shallargue that, once this fundamental error is corrected, we willsee that discovery procedures can indeed discover the secretsof human language and the human mind. Conclusions anddiscussions will be offered in the final section, Section 7.

(Lin) . -

. -. , , , - - . , - . , -, - , - , - .

, -. - -, .

- , (,2006). - (, 1979), , - . , , - ( ) - , - , - . , . The transformations of transformations -

34 35

: Notice that when we arenot stabbing at Rather, our task is clear; The input is the outputis; The research is because the rules serve as tests; If thediscovery procedures explain then they are - , - , -, - . , - , . - .

Without knowing what is learned, what would be the point of alearning theory? Without a way of evaluating the adequacy ofdiscovery procedures, the practice of devising discovery procedureswould be arbitrary and would lose all its significance

Instead of thinking that the initial state consists of innategrammatical principles, we postulate that it consists of a set of discoveryprocedures.

, - . , - , -. , . , -, , - , , , , , - . , , .

In this new aspect, finding discovery procedures will no longerbe dull and unsatisfying [Chomsky (1975a), p. 25]. The oldtaxonomic linguistics was dull and unsatisfying because even tofind a very simple grammar rule one had to go through the proceduresof segmentation, classification, making use of classes, sequences of classes,etc., while one could easily write down the rule in question based onones intuitions (cf. Section 4.1 above). But we are no longer tryingto discover grammar rules. We are rather trying to discoverdiscovery procedures. The search is as exciting as finding the neuro-algorithms for processing certain information.

trying to discover grammarrules finding the neuro-algorithms for processing certain

to discover how we (or the child) come to know the rules of grammar.We can make the assumption that the child is equipped withcertain discovery procedures, such that given primary linguistic data,the child applies the discovery procedures and arrives at the grammarof the language in question. Under this assumption, our taskwill be to discover what the discovery procedures are.

, - -: In this new aspect, our task is no longer to for thereis nothing everything about grammar is known already. Rather,our task is to discover -, :We can make the assumption that Under this assumption,our task will be to discover what... , - . , , , , - . . :

We might start by assuming that the discovery proceduresare procedures of induction, generalisation and analogy. Butas Chomsky rightly pointed out, these notions are vague, and seem tobe empty. Chomsky (1975a) also accurately remarked that taxonomicprocedures of classification, segmentation, etc. are an unusual-ly refined, detailed, and sophisticated development of a theory ofthis general [empiricist] character (p. 13), are among the mostsophisticated and interesting e.orts undertaken within a significant(i.e. nonvacuous) empiricist framework (p. 36), are an instanceof E, perhaps the most complex version that has yet been developed[Chomsky (1975b), p. 138]. (See Section 4.6.1 above.) We thuscan carry on from where taxonomic linguistics stopped.

, - , - . - - .

Notice that when we formulate discovery procedures we are notstabbing at the dark. It is not that we do not know what are trying todiscover. Rather, our task is clear. The input is primary linguisticdata, and the output is the set of rules of grammar, which we know.The research is empirical, because the rules of grammar, which weknow, serve as tests for the adequacy of the discovery procedures. Ifthe discovery procedures explain the acquisition of the grammar rules,then they are descriptively adequate; otherwise they are not.

- . , ,

36 37

, , / : new aspect / the oldtaxonomic linguistics / a much clearer goal / a new light.., - : Firstly, why isthere a huge difference The difference may well lie ,. I shall - . , - .

Secondly, how did the human brain come to have discoveryprocedures? Were discovery procedures the direct result of evolution,or were they a by-product of something else which had been evolved?A lot of research will be needed in order to answer these questions.But they are sensible questions. At least, they seem to be as sensibleas questions concerning the evolution of innate linguisticprinciples

, , - , , -, -, , - . how did were they. A lot will beneeded they are they seem to be - . .

Thirdly, are discovery procedures language-specific or they areused in other cognitive tasks as well? This question cannot be answereda priori: future research will be able to answer it. But it is reasonableto think that discovery procedures are not language-specific. Whatdiscovery procedures do is, in essence, to find certain regularities,or patterns, in the primary linguistic data. And finding regularitiesand patterns is rather common in other cognitive tasks.

Fourthly, what is the relationship between this linguistic scienceand todays computer technology? It seems that the former will begreatly helped by the latter. With the great computing power computershave, we can simulate discovery pro- cedures (algorithms) on computersquickly and easily. Indeed, there have been computer systems whichcan classify words into classes on the basis of their distribu-tion.

Fifthly, how is the creativity of language to be explained? Thisis not difficult to answer in this new framework. The speaker of alanguage learns, using discovery procedures (and probably someother things, to be discussed in the following paragraph), thegrammars rules of his language. These rules are finite in number,but they can generate an infinite number of sentences.

Firstly Fifthly , , ,

information - dull and unsatisfying as exciting as. (, 2000) , , -, , , (, 1990). - : will no longer be vsWe are rather trying to. - , - - .

, , .

We know the grammar rules of our language all along. But howdo we come to know them? The answer we postulate is that weare endowed with certain discovery procedures. Taxonomic linguisticshas given us an idea of what such procedures might be. The discoveryprocedures may well be procedures of segmentation, classification,etc. This suggests that the (human) brain has certain built-in algorithmsof processing linguistic data and finding the distributional structure

What lies in front us, then, is a genuine linguistic science. Thegoal is clear, and so is its method. The theory of discovery proceduresis empirical, it can be proved or disproved by whether it explains theacquisition of the grammar rules, which we know. This science doesnot suffer from any of the methodological problems Chomsky identifiedin the old taxonomic linguistics.

- : We know.., we postulate.., weare endowed.., What lies in front us : has given us..,what such procedures might be.., is a genuine linguistic science..,The goal is clear, and so is its method.., The theory is empirical, itcan be proved or disproved.., This science does not suffer - , - WE/US, - .

- 7. Conclusions and discussion.

In this new aspect, what lies in front us is an exciting linguisticscience. It is like the old taxonomic linguistics, but with a muchclearer goal and a sounder philosophy. Many important questionscan be seen in a new light. Firstly, why is there a huge differencebetween human language and animal language (if animals do havelanguages)? The difference may well lie in the discovery procedures:animals either do not have discovery procedures at all, or their discoveryprocedures are not as sophisticated as ours.

38 39

(.: In this paper I shall explicate.., I shallargue that.., which I shall provide.., I shall propose here.., The newaspect is.., What is hidden from us is.., our task is.., We can make theassumption that.., our task will be.., we postulate that.., . .). , (.: important discoveries about thesecrets of human language and the human mind.., We thus can carryon from where taxonomic linguistics stopped.., If the discoveryprocedures explain then they are..,), - , , , . - - , - (.: Without knowingWithout a way of evaluating the practice would be arbitraryand would lose all its significance..; Notice that when we are notstabbing at Rather, our task is clear..; will no longer be dull andunsatisfying), , , . - (.: The discovery procedures may well be procedures ofsegmentation, classification, etc. This suggests that the (human) brainhas certain built-in algorithms of processing linguistic data and findingthe distributional structure), - , , , , - -.

, , , - , - ( - ), - - - . , - .

1. . . ( )// . 2005. 4. . 6070.

2. . . -/ . . . . , 2000.

: a sounder philosophy discovery procedu-res, the evolution of innate linguistic principles certain re-gularities, or patterns, in the primary linguistic data com-puter systems which can classify words into classes on thebasis of their distribution using discovery procedures, thegrammas rules of his language they can generate an infinitenumber f sentences

.

All in all, the Chomskyan revolution started with a change ofaspect. That aspect was that a grammar is unknown and shouldtherefore be treated as a scientific theory. That change of aspect gaverise to several transformations of Harriss conception of transformationalgrammar. Discovery procedures were replaced by evaluationprocedures.

This new aspect gives rise to a linguistic science, which is verymuch like the old taxonomic linguistics but is on a sounder scientificand philosophical footing. The once ridiculed and abandoneddiscovery procedures, seen in this new aspect, may indeed discoverthe deep secrets of human language and the human mind. It mightlook as if that we are moving backwards, to the old taxonomiclinguistics. But that would only be partially true. We are, in a sense,back to the old spot, but with a new understanding, a new way ofseeing things, and a new state of mind.

, All in all, / , , - (the Chomskyan revolution), (a change of aspect), (gaverise) (Dis-covery procedures were replaced by evaluation procedures). (a sounder sci-entific and philosophical footing), (discover the deep secrets of humanlanguage and the human mind).

. , . , , ( . ) , , . - , .

, - . , - ,

40 41

, , , . - , - , .

- . . . (1990), - - - , . - . - , , , , -. , - , - , . , , . . , - , - , , , - - , (- . ., 1987).

. , , , , -, , . . . , - ( . ., 1999:25). , - , - -.

, ( ) , -, , , , ( . ., 2001: 39). , -

3. . . - : : . . . .. ., 1979. . 23.

4. . . : . : -. -, 2006. 148 .

5. Lin F. The transformations of transformations// Language & Communication20 (2000). . 197253.

. .

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42 43

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1. . . ( . ) // : . . .,1999. . 2931.

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3. . . - . . : - , 1991. 204 .

4. . . . . : , 1996. 416 .5. . . . . : , 1987.

264 .6. . . //

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44 45

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46 47

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. , , . - , , - - .

, - , - . , , - . , 324 , 15 , - . - ( , ). - : - ( ) (- 1888 ); , - (54 ); - (469).

, - . - 17 ( 324), 5 % . , . (The Town Where No One Got Off; The Gift; The Little Mice),. (A Telephone Call), . . (The Dream), . (With the Photographer; To Nature and Back Again; A Lecture onWalking), . (Love, Here is My Hat; The Pilipino and theDrunkard; My Home, My Home; The Faraway Night; Noonday DarkEnfolding Texas), . (Old Man at the Bridge; In AnotherCountry; On the American Dead in Spain), . . (Mercury). , , - - - : . (Chapter VI), . (Fever Dream;The Smile), . (The Sexes; Glory in the Daytime), . (Lamb to the Slaughter), . (My Financial Career; NumberFifty-Six); . (Sun and Moon; The Dolls House; Late atNight; Sixpence), . (The Mouse), . . (The PrussianOfficer). -

48 49

Conjurers Revenge), the Man in Asbestos (The Man in Asbestos: anAllegory of the Future), the Nature Man (First Call for Spring),Friend (Personal Adventures in the Spirit World), the Great Actor, theEminent Novelist (Ideal Interviews), the Great Detective (Maddenedby Mystery: or, the Defective Detective; First Lecture, Murder at$2.50 a Crime). , . - , - , , , (, 2001:28). . , -, , - .

, , 21 . , - , - - . , ; , ; , - , , - (, 1978: 115116). :

1. , : Sun Moon (Sunand Moon, . ); Face Mug (Bliss, . ); Dollie,the Princess (The Princess, . . ).

2. , : Espado the Vulture (The Sign of the Broken Sword,. . ); Red , - - - (Red, . . ); Big Mike (The Raid, . -); Fat Carl (Johnny Bear, . ); Blind Tom (JohnnyBear, . );

3. , : Johnny Bear (Johnny Bear,. ); Fighting Mac (The Kidnapped Prime Minister,. ); The Mad Lord (Now Lies She There, . );Peeping Tom (The Ormolu Clock, . ); Clever Face (Glory ofthe Daytime, . ); Galloping Foxley (Galloping Foxley, . );the Rahat Lakoum, the Tu rkish Delight (Mother and Daughter,. . ); Mouse, Killer, Dopey (The Mouse, . ); BullLa Jolla (The Wonderful Ice-Cream Suit, . ); Powder-PuffPercy (The Door of Opportunity,. . );

4. , - : Needle (The Portobello Road,

; -.

XX . - , , , - (, 2001: 3133). - . . , Guido the Gimlet of Ghent:A Romance of Chivalry - , - : Guido the Gimlet (gim-let ), Isolde the Slender (slender , ), Ottothe Otter (otter ), Conrad the Cocoanut (cocoanut ),Hugo the Hopeless (hopeless ), Siegfried the Susceptible(susceptible , , ), Agathathe Angular (angular ), Carlo the Corkscrew (corksc-rew ), Beowulf the Bradawl (bradawl ). - - , , - : Feats of arms were done dailyfor her sake. To win her love suitors were willing to vow themselves toperdition. For Isoldes sake, Otto the Otter had cast himself into thesea. Conrad the Cocoanut had hurled himself from the highestbattlement of the castle head first into the mud. Hugo the Hopelesshad hanged himself by the waistband to a hickory tree and had refusedall efforts to dislodge him. For her sake Siegfried the Susceptiblehad swallowed sulphuric acid. , - - , , - . . . - , . , , - , . -: Mr. K / Yll, Mrs. K / Ylla, Dr. Nlle, Hulle, Pao, Uel (February1999: Ylla); Iorr of Wendillo, Tylle of Rathalar (Perchance to Dream);Linnl, Ttil, Werr (Dark They Were and Golden-Eyed). , , .

, - XX , - (, 2001: 26), , , . . - , ,

: the Quick Man (The

50 51

- , -.

1. . . : - : . . . / . . ,2001.

2. . . / . . -. . : , 1978. 198 .

. .

, , - -, , -, . .

, -, , , . - - . -, [1; 77].

, - , - , , , , , . . - . : - , , , , [1;78].

- () . , - .

. ); the Man in the Street, the Philatelist (The Creative Impulse,. . ); the Secret Sin Specialist (Fun in an Artists Studio,. . ); Zara the Crystal Gazer (Accident, . );Snow Bird (Babylon Revisited, . . ).

5. , : Skinny , - Skinner (The Portobello Road, . );Cervix , - Snape (My Lady Love, My Dove, . ).

, - , - , . - . - , - . , Johnny Bear. Bear -: His name described him better than I can. He looked like agreat, stupid, smiling bear. His black matted head bobbed forward andhis long arms hung out as though he should have been on all fours andwas only standing upright as a trick. His legs were short and bowed,ending with strange, square feet. , , - - XX , -, - . , . -, , - - , - , , , , .

, - . , - .

- , , - , - .

, -

52 53

, . -:

( ; ( -

); ; . : ; ( , -

); ( -

, ). , , -

, , -, , - , - .

1. . . / . . // -. ., 1984. . 7778.

2. : . : / . . . . . . . : - ; ; , 2005. 992 .

. .

- - - . - , - , -, [ . .,1954: 7]. . . , - -, , - [ . ., 1997: 85].

, - , , [2; 898].

. . : ... - [2; 900].

. : , [2; 907]. , ... - . , , , . - - [2; 907].

, . , .

, (. . ), (. , . ).

: ; , -

; , -

; / . , () -

( . implicite), () ( . explicite). , , . - , .

: (- - ), (- ), ( , , -, , , , , ). ( , - ). - . -.

-

54 55

nicht.1) Nicht + :Nicht zu vernachlssigen ist ferner die Prdisponiertheit der Idiomezum sprachspielrischen, kreativ-humoristischen Umgang [Piirainen,221].2) Nicht + :Nicht von ungefhr griffen die sich bildenden beiden deutschenStaaten dazu erst einmal auf das andere, bessere Deutschland vonKant bis zu den Gebrdern Mann zurck, das einst die Welt inLiteratur und Philosophie, in Wissenschaft und Industrie so sehrbereichert hatte [Witte, 72].3) Nicht + :Nicht bekannte oder wenig automatisierte grammatische Regeln,die jedoch zur Formulierung eine bestimmten Gedankens benutztwerden mssen, knnen dann [Nsangou, 234].4) Nicht + :Nicht die Geschichte der tatschlichen Entlehnungen fremder Wrterins Deutsche oder die Geschichte ihrer Assimilation interessiertals Erstes, sondern die Geschichte ihrer Bewertungen, aus demBlickwinkel von Grammatikern, Stilllehrern, Rhetorikern,Sprachtheoretikern und Ideologen [Gardt, 134].5) Nicht + :Nicht selten sind die Regeln anders gefasst als im amtlichen Regelwerk[Mogensen, 215].6) Nicht zufllig:Nicht zufllig fiel sie in eine Zeit, die fr Frankreich berausschmerzlich war, gekennzeichnet durch den Verlust nicht nur grosserTerritorien, sondern zugleich der hegemonialen Machtstellung aufdem europischen Kontinent [Witte, 72]. nicht nur sondern auch ,

, - - - , .

Nicht nur einfache Lexeme, sondern auch aus mehrer Wrtern, zusam-mengesetzte Lexeme sind dem Einfluss des Englischen unterworfen[Schfer, 76].Nicht nur

, nicht nur sondern auch - , .. .

- kein, nichts, niemand, nirgendwo - , nicht: , -, - , . :

Keine Publikation hat in den letzten Jahren so viel Aufsehen erregt

() () [AdmoniW., 1986: 158], () - () [ . ., 1981: 9]. -:

) Nicht nur in der Psychologie ist seit lngerer Zeit ein verstrktesInteresse an Fragestellungen, die sich mit Emotionen beschftigen,zu verzeichnen [Jahr, 88].) Nirgendwo in der Welt findet sich eine vergleichbare Ausprgungdes Verhltnisses zwischen Staat, Nation, Kultur, Volk und Sprachewie in Afrika [Diop, 35]. () nicht

; () - , nirgendwo - -.

Nicht - -- , - : [Admoni W.,1986:210], [ . ., 1956: 384], [Eisenberg ., 1994: 214]. Nicht , , . (verstrkte Negation; . ., 1962: 159):

Nicht selten hat der Gebrauch solcher Wrter mit Wichtigtuerei,falscher Weltlufigkeit, vermeintlicher Modernitt, mangelndemSelbstbewusstsein oder einfach mit Gedankenlosigkeit zu tun [Debus,201].

Nicht nur Plank (1993) und Vater (1995) haben deshalb zuRecht fr die Annahme eines solchen (spezifischen) Reflexiv-Passivs pldiert (auch wenn sich Plank im Wesentlichen nur aufkonstruierte Beispiele sttz und die Belegsammlung Vaters nocheher bescheiden ist) [Helbig, 25].Nicht -

.Nicht vergessen werden darf, dass der dritte deutschsprachige Staat,sterreich, in wenn auch begrenztem Umfang die gleiche Arbeitbetrieb und bis heute betreibt [Witte, 76]. nicht .

, , -. - , -, . nicht - [ . ., 2004: 157].

56 57

1. . . - ( ) : -. . . . / . . . ., 1954.

2. . . - // /. . . . , 2004. . 4246

3. . . - nicht - / . . . . ,2004. 215 .

4. . . / . . . ., 1981. 183 .

5. Admoni W. Der deutsche Sprache/ W. Admoni. ., 1986. 336 .6. Eisenberg P. Grundriss der deutschen Grammatik/ P. Eisenberg. Dritte Auflage.

Verlag J. B. Metzler, 1994. 408 S.7. Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Mnchen/Berlin, 20002004.

:

( )

. .

- . /. , . . , - (- ), .. . . . , , - ( . ., 1999:189). - , , - , - .

- () -

wie [Quetz, 42].Niemand wird bezweifeln wollen, dass Instruktionsmassnahmen imFremdsprachenunterricht eine zentrale Bedeutung zukommt [Blex,226].Nichts hat diese Diagnose so augenfllig und hrbar besttigt wieder Ruf, der in Leipzig und anderswo gegen Ende des Epochenjahrs1989 immer strker wurde: Wir sind ein Volk! [Witte, 74].Nirgendwo , -

- .

Nirgendwo in der Welt findet sich eine vergleichbare Ausprgungdes Verhltnisses zwischen Staat, Nation, Kultur, Volk und Sprachewie in Afrika [Diop, 35]. - -

nein -, , , -.

Oder soll etwa ein vereinfachtes, also miserables Englisch die alleinherrschende Sprache Europas werden? Nein, Europas Strke istgerade die Vielfalt in der ntigen Einheit [Witte, 75].Wir haben in dieser komplizierten Lage eine kohrente Sprachpolitik,welche die Frage nach ihrem Warum ebenso beantwortet wie dieFrage nach ihren Handlungsrumen sowie nach dem Umfang unddem Einsatz der verfgbaren Mittel. Frankreich hat sie. Haben wirsie? Ich frchte: Nein [Witte, 75]. weder nch -

.Weder die Zahl oder die Bezeichnung der Gebiete noch dieRelationen zwischen den Gruppen sind objektivierbar [Herberg, 197]. , -

; - . , - , - - . , , (Niemand wird.., Nichts hat), , , , , (Keine Publikation hat.., Nicht nur sondern auch.., Nicht bekannteoder wenig automatisierte grammatische Regeln.., Nicht selten sind). , .

58 59

- . , - , - . , , - , () . (-) , , -. , - , . - . ( ) - . - , , -, . . . , , - , , /, /,/ ( . ., 1988: 32). , - . - , - , , , , [ ].

(- ) The art of representingscenery in paintings, etc.(, , -, ). - . - . , -, , , , , , . . . () - .

- : , , , , . - , - (, , . .). ,

. , - . , - , -. , , - , . , - () , -.

. . - , - ( . ., 2005: 75). , - , , - , , . - , - , . - , ( . ., - . ., 2001: 61). , , . , - - , , - ( :130).

, , - . -, , -- , - (). , , - - . , -. , , - , - , , , -. -. , ( . . ) . - , , , - . -

60 61

E.g. ... to the red nn and yellow lights glowing at the dark edge ofchance.

air: The invisible mixture of gases surrounding the earth.E. g. In the heavy night air nothing was real

sky: The region of the upper air seen as a high vault or archover the earth; the firmament. E. g. pointed to the still blu skyover the b

sun: The heavenly body from which the earth gets warmthand light. E. g. And past all this, reddened b round slow Septembersun, are mountains

cloud: A white or grey mass of condensed watery vaporfloating in the atmosphere. E. g. Around noon great crown of puffycloud settled around Gros Piton

grass: Any of numerous plants with narrow leaves, jointedstems, and spikes or lusters of inconspicuous flowers such plantcollectively. E. g. On day in October, when red tails screamed andhoarfrost tipped the meadow grass

water: A limpid, tasteless, odorless liquid compound ofhydrogen and oxygen, H2O, any body of water, as a lake, river, or sea.E. g. The big ketch lay motionless on unruffled water, the float linedrifted slack.

tree: A perennial plant having a woody trunk of considerablesize, from which spring branches, or, in the palms, fronds. E. g. In thedarkness she heard the wind rising.., stirring in the apple trees.

field: Area of land, either grassland for cattle, etc or arableland for crops, usually enclosed by means of hedges, fences, etc. E. gtrudging through untended fields girding Bush Hill.

house: A building intended as a dwelling for human beings.E. g. The house itself was big and old and plain, almost square, with agreat chimney settled firmly across the ridgepole

city: A place inhabited by a large, permanent community.E. g. Yu could cheat for moment in this light and see the old city

street: A road with houses or other town buildings on oneor both sides. E. g. they stepped out onto the narrow street

road: An open way or public passage, a piece of groundbetween one city, town, or place and another appropriated for travel byfoot passengers or vehicles. E. g they are circling down the westernslope, as the two-lined road forms wide arcs.

mountain: A natural elevation of the earths surface,typically having steep sides and a narrow summit, and rising higher thena hill. E. g drops of l water that are catching low light oversharp mountains.

hill: A conspicuous natural elevation of the earths surfacemuch smaller than a mountain. E. g n n side I could see wherethe trail went around the rocky gray hills and disappeared into thesoutheast.

rock: Hard substance in the Earths surface that consists of

. - . : wind, light, air, sky, sun, cloud; grass, water, tree, field; house, city, street,road; mountain, hill, rock, ridge; sea, ocean.

1 - .

1

, , , .

wind: Moving air, esp. natural and perceptible movementof air parallel to or along the ground. E. g. The doctor takes deepbreaths, inhaling the cool, fresh wind.

light: The natural form of energy that makes things visible.

K

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any type of stone, a large piece or solid mass of stone. E. g. The rockwas high above the spreading miles of arroyos and long mesas.

ridge: An elevation long in proportion to its width andheight and generally having sloping sides, a long, relatively narrowelevation of land. E. g. h trail leveled out n narrow ridge thatwas steep n both sides like n animal spine.

sea: The great body of salt water covering the larger portionof the earths surface, the ocean. E. g. From the deck San Franciscois still invisible; it lurks there bhind the great cliffs of land, acrossthe surging, dark-streaked sea.

ocean: The great body of water that surrounds the landmasses of the earth, one of the main divisions of this: the Atlantic/Pacific/ Indian O. E. g. What rolling gray-green n does he walkbeside?

- - . , , , , . ., . 27.

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64 65

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66 67

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68 69

. .

, , . , . , , . , .

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, , - . - , - , - . , , , . - . , , , .

1. . . . - / . . , . . . . : , 1999. 189 .

2. . . / . . ,. . . : , 2001. 191 .

3. . . - // . ., 1988. . 2652

4. . . ? ( ) / . . // . 2005. 1. 7178.

70 71

. , - , .

. -, . . , - . , 3- -, 1- 2- , , 3- []. , , -, 3- 2 :

1. Do you know him?2. No, I know only that boy. He is a rotten egg. 3- -

him he : , - , that boy.

-. , , , ., , -, ( , . .). , :

1. What do you think of him?2. Whom?3. You know whom I mean.

, him, . . -. - , , . background information -. , - , .

, . ,

. . . . , - , -. . . , , ( , , ). . . [, 1974: 7985]. . [, 1975: 325]. . . , - : , , , [, 1986: 10].

, - .

. , , : 1) , ( , XIX .); 2) - , ( . ., . .); 3) , ( . .). - , , . , , , , . , -, . , , , . . , - , , , .

, , , . - , . (). , , . , .

72 73

. ( , ) - . , . - . .

, , . , , - , . , . - , ., , -: , , (), . . , . .

, , ( ) -.

, , . ( ) ( ).

:1) ( ,

).She watched the dancing ghosts. They know. They were a part ofthose years, a part of my life (S. Sheldon, p. 4);2) .And settling back in his chair he closed his eyes (J. Galsworthy,p. 382);

, , , . . , ( ) - ( / ). - -, , . . , , . , , .

, you . one, ( ) you. , you . , , , . , - , ( ).

Youll find things need folds, they need to overlap, otherwise lifewould be like a broadsheet: flapping in the wind and down thestreet so you lose the important sections (Kulturchronik, 2003/5,p. 15). we

(, ), , .

If we do not learn to be well-behaved guests within organic life,we will also besmirch other planets (Kulturchronik, 2003/5,p. 13). they

(people in general), they say. - , he he or she.

A human being does not have any roots. He or she must make apilgrimage through the human condition (Kulturchronik, 2003/4,p. 13). , -

74 75

1. . . . . : . ., 2000. 161 .

2. . . . . . :, 1947. 764 .

3. . . - // . . : - , 1988. 206 .

4. . / . . . . . . ; . . . . . . . . : - .-, 1996. 283 .

5. . . . 2- . . : - -,1949. 348 .

6. . . // -- : . . . - : - . -, 1989. . 8087.

7. . ., . . / . ., 1971. . 157159.

8. . . . . : ,1988. 246 .

9. . . - // - , 1970. 4. . 6991.

10. . . . . : , 1986. 240 .11. . . . . : , 1975. 432 .12. Galsworthy J. The Proper Man. M. : - , 2000. 384 .13. Kulturchronik. 4. 2003.14. Kulturchronik. 5. 2003.15. Sheldon S. Master Of The Game. Harper Collins Publishers, GB. 673 .

-

( )

. . , . .

, . - . -- , .

- , Modernes Mrchen .

3) .That evening after dinner which he scarcely touched (J. Galswor-thy, p. 379). (this,

that), (here, today), (hedied) , - , (in the next room, yester-day).

- , .

.

1. .In this caf I can see only one man. He is not familiar to me. (

(this he) - (this room) - (one man he).)

2. ( ). 1- -

(I, me) , (, ) (, ).

3. .

. , this , , / /, that.

, - , . .

, ; - , , - .

7776

, .

, , , -, . , . . , - , . - . , , , , , - . . - 179 : (, , ), , () . . (, 1996: 134).

, : . - . , -- . , , . : , Glck und Unglck wandern auf einem Steg; - Dem Glcklichen schlgt keine Stunde . . -, .

, . , ,, . . . - , Das Glck mu man erobern. erobern, : ) , --, ; ) , .

, , : Das Glck hilft keinem,der sich nicht selbst hilft , .

Glck, Glck, Glck! , : Unser grtes Ziel im Leben darin bestehet,glcklich zu sein , .

, . - , - , - , : Was Glck

- , , , , , . - , . , .

, . , - , , , , .

. . , - , . . . . . : ... , - , - , - (, 2001: 537).

, - , , , , , - - . , , , . , , . 4 - : 1) , ;2) ; 3) -, ; 4) (, 1986: 255256). , , , , - . .

- , , , , . ., - .

, , , .

. -

7978

: Er nannte sie: Mein Schmetterling. , . ? , , (c ), : Zu Weihnachten malten sie kurzerhand Geschenke mitBuntstiften an die Wand , , - - . , : Und aen Brot, als wr's Konfekt, undspielten: wie Gnsebraten schmeckt . , . . . . . . : Doch tat's ihnen leid. - , . : Sie geben das Geld einemWeisenkind.

Geld macht nicht glcklich, , - . , - , - .

, - , , - -. Jeder ist seines Glckes Schmied, .

1. . . : 3 . ., 1996. 145 .2. . . . . : , 1999. 940 .3. . . Deutsche Sprichworter und russische Aquivalente. . :

, 2003. 76 .4. . . . : , 1986. 332 .5. . . . . : , 2001. 771 .6. . . - : -

- , 2001. 32 .

jedoch bedeutet? Ist schwieriger in Worte zu fassen und noch schwierigerzu erreichen ? , [, 2001: 7].

, , , : , . : Zuviel Glck ist Unglck. Gesundheit, interessante Arbeit; Geld, - Beruf, Liebe . . . - . - . , , : Der Glcklichekennt den Unglcklichen nicht , - -. , . . - , , , : VieleMenschen sehen in selbstlosem und uneigenntzigem Handeln eineMglichkeit, glcklich zu sein.

, - : Dennoch kann ein gesunder Krper keineGarantie fr Glck sein.

- Modernes Mrchen, 2 : ) ( , - , );) , , -- .

, , .Sie waren so sehr ineinander verliebt, wie es das nur noch in Bcherngibt. , , . , . :Sie hatte kein Geld. Und er hatte keins. , : Er war ohneAmt. So blieben sie arm. , . , , . , , , ? - . ,

8180

, . - , .

. - bloody - , .

, , - bloody , , , .

- , . . -, . , ( , - , , . .). , , - bloody , -, , . , XVII - The bloody hands ofcritics, bloody (-) . - : , bloody backs ( ) - - , .

, - - , - . - , .

1. . . . - . . : , 1997. 330 .

. . , . .

- . . , , , .

- Informer's blood! ( , !) (, 1997: 284).

- - bloody My blood . . - bloody , fucking, . . - .

fucking - , - .

bloody . , By our Lady! , - bloody.

bloody , . , , , .

bloody. -, XVIIIXIX , - , . XVIII - . . : It wasbloody hot walking today.

bloody , - , , -, . bloody -

8382

. , , forbiddenfruit , Job's comforter -, Juda'skiss , a prodigal son , a deadletter ; , .

, , - , , - , -, , .

the golden age , the apple ofdiscord , Pandora's box ,Achilles' heel , Augean stable(s) , a labor of Hercules , a labor ofSisyphus , Lares and Penates (.) (, , - ), thethread of Ariadne (.) , ,, ( - , , - ) .

:Homeric laughter ( - ); an Iliad of woes - ; a sardonic laugh , ;Penelope's web , ; wingedwords ; between Scylla and Charybdis , ; on the knees ofthe Gods ; on the razor's edge - , ; like a Trojan ,, ( ); the Trojan Horse , .

- : to blow hot and cold , , ( , , , ); to add insult toinjury ; to kill the goose that laid thegolden eggs , ; to cry wolf toooften ; the lion's share ; the last straw (that broke the camel's back) , , ; sour grapes ( - ); tonourish a viper in one's bosom ; an assin a lion's skin ; a fly on the wheel , - .

. . , . .

, , - . .

() - . - , . , - , . . , - , , . , - - , , , : the apple ofSodom , ; ; the beam(the mote) in one's eye ; - ; the blind leading the blind ; by the sweat of one's brow ; a crown ofglory ; daily bread , -; a drop in the bucket ( ); ~ ; a fly in the ointment ( ); ~ ; loaves and fishes (- ). No man can serve two masters ; the prodigal son ; the promised land - ; a prophet is not without honor, save in his owncountry .

, - ( ), , :to bear one's cross ; to condemn oneself out ofone's mouth (); to escape by theskin of one's teeth - , ; tokill the fatted calf ( ), (. . , , ); to laugh to scorn ; to situnder one's vine and fig-tree (. . ); to sow the wind and reapthe whirlwind ; ;to worship the golden calf (. . - , ).

8584

unwrung , ; to shuffle off (this mortalcoil) , ( ); togive pause to (smb.) ; to out-HerodHerod ; to know a hawkfrom a handsaw - ( ); caviar to the general ( general ); germane to the matter ; atowering passion , ; the primrose path of dallian-ce ; there's the rub ( ); from whose bourne no traveller returns , (. . ); in themind's eye , ; to the manner born - ; shreds and patches ; sweetsto the sweet ( ); to the top of one's bent , ;, , . Othello : the green-eyedmonster (.) , ; tochronicle small beer , , ; the seamy side , - -; to wear one's heart upon one's sleeve ( ); trifles light as air - ; curled darlings , -, ; moving accident(s) -; ocular proof ; a foregone conclusion ; , ; the head and frontof , ; , , ; the pity ofit! ! King Henry IV : to eat one out of house andhome , ; the wish is father tothe thought ; , ; the better part of valour is discretion . King Henry V : to give thedevil his due . KingJohn : to gild refined gold (. ); , - -; ; to paint the lily , . . -, - .

Twelfth Night : midsummer madness ; thewhirligig of time ; ; cakesand ale , , .Merchant of Venice : to have (smb.) on the hip - (-) , -; toone's heart's content , ; a Daniel come to judge-ment , ; a pound of flesh , , ; with bated

to take time by theforelock , . the small of the lamp (. . , ); -, to know where the shoe pinches , , -. the skeleton at the feast , , ; to call aspade a spade - , - ( - ).

- : a snake in the grass , -, (); the golden mean - (); the sinews of war (.) , - , (); anger is ashort madness ().

, , - , - , .

-, - . , , , - - - .

. , . - : Macbeth : to make assurance doublesure ; the be-all and end-all , - , ; the milk of human kindness - (.), , ; to screw one's courageto the sticking place , ; to wingolden opinions , ;at one fell swoop , , ; thesere and yellow leaf , ; pride ofplace , ,; full of sound and fury , , - ; Hamlet : to be or not to be? ?; To cudgel one's brains (-); theobserved of all observers ; to be hoistwith one's own petard ; to doyeoman service ; our withers are

8786

at one swoop. :They go quick, one after another five of them vanished alreadyat one swoop (S. O'Casey).

, . - , , , , .

: fools rush in where angels fear to tread , (An Essay onCriticism), ( ); damn with faint praise (Epistleto Dr. Arbuth-not) , , ; break abutterfly on the wheel (Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot) (~ ); who shall decide when doctors disagree?(Moral Essays) , - ?

: to catch smb. red-handed (Ivanhoe) - , - -; beard the lion in his den (Marmion) - ; laugh on the wrong side of one'smouth (Rob Roy) , ; on one's native path (Rob Roy) , ; a foeman worthy of smb.'s steel (The Lady of the La-ke) , .

: through thick and thin (The CanterburyTales) , , ;murder will out (The Canterbury Tales) ; he needs a long spoon that sups with the devil , ; ~ , (. He who sups with the devil should have along spoon) (The Canterbury Tales).

: fall on evil days (Paradise Lost) , ; ; ~ ; heaven on Earth (. Paradise on Earth) (ParadiseLost) ; confusion worse confounded (ParadiseLost) , ; more than meets the ear (ParadiseLost) , ; , .

: the land of Nod (Polite Conversation) , ; a sight for sore eyes (PoliteConversation) , ( - ); all the world and his wife (Polite Conversation) 1) , ; 2) , ; to quarrel with one's bread and butter (PoliteConversation) , -; all in the day's work (Polite Conversation) ; to rain cats and dogs (Polite Conversation)

breath . As You Like It: how the world wags? ?; In good set terms , -; lay it on with a trowel ; ;sermons in stones , . Midsummer Night's Dream : fancy free ; , ; the beginning of theend . King Lear: every inch a king , , (); more sinnedagainst than sinning () , , . Much AdoAbout Nothing: comparisons are odorous ; good men and true , , ."Troilus and Creseide" : hit or miss , ,. Romeo and Juliet : a fool's paradise ; . Comedy of Errors: neither rhyme nor rea-son ~ , , . Antonius and Cleopat-ra : salad days (~ -). Julius Caesar: an itching palm ; , ( ).

- . , to wearone's heart upon one's sleeve for days to peck at (Othello) (~ ). ( - .) : to wear one's heart upon one'ssleeve. upon on. : It's lovely to be able to tell the worldwhat she means to me. Howard adds: I never back off from showingmy emotions whatever they are. I think if we all wore our hearts onour sleeves a bit more we'd all get on a lot better (The times).

the better part of valour is discretion (King Hen-ry IV) :discretion is the better part of valour.

- : , applaud ( cheer) to the echo -, , (applaud to theecho (Macbeth); cram (ram thrust) smth. downsmb.'s throat - ( . . (thrust smth. down smb.'s throat TitusAndronicus).

buy golden opinions - , buy win. atone fell swoop (Macbeth) , ,

8988

. : the child is father of the man ; . : few and farbetween - , (Pleasures of Hope);. : Paul Pry , , ( Paul Pry);. . : Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde , , ( The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll andMr. Hyde); . : a little rift within the lute ; , (Idylls of the King,Merlin and Vivien); . . : mover and shaker - , .

XX . : little Mary (. .) ,

( ); . : the tail wags the dog , (The Conun-drum of the Workshops); . : corridors of power ( ).

-, . : JohnBarleycorn XVII - . John Barley-corn. to be on the side of the angels (. - ) () . . - vanity fair , . , . Pilgrim's Progress (16781684). a skeleton in the closet , , . - , . grin like aCheshire cat , ; (as) mad as ahatter (as) mad as a March hare - . Alice in Wonderland.

. - . - .

.. : the almighty dollar (

); a Rip Van Winkle , ( - ).

. ': the last hurrah ; ( -

( ); someone is walking over my grave (PoliteConversation) - .

: king Charles's head (David Copper-field) , ( - I); never saydie (David Copperfield) ; how goes the enemy?(Nicholas Nickleby) , .

, . ( - , - ).

XVIII . : John Bull (

). - . Law is a BottomlessPit (1712), The History ofJohn Bull; . : John Barleycorn ( , ) (JohnBarleycorn); . : (as) cool as a cucumber -, ; , (Poemson Several Occasions); . : man Friday ; ( RobinsonCrusoe); a gentleman's gentleman , - , (Everybody's Business); . . :an albatross about one's neck - ; ( The AncientMariner , - ); . : a cup that cheers but not inebriates , , (The Task); . -: to clip smb.'s wings -; . -: what will Mrs. Grundy say? ?,. . ? Speedthe Plough. (. ?); . : flyoff at a tangent (Humphrey Clinker); fit like a glove , - (Humphrey Clinker); . : small talk -, , (Letters to his Son).

XIX . . : (as) merry as a marriage-bell ,

, (Childe Harold's Pilgrimage);

9190

November 8 2005, Interview by Katie Shimmon), The blind leading theblind (UK-news, Guardian Unlimited, Friday April 22 2005); Don'tleave morals to the madmen (Guardian, Wednesday March 22 2000, AC Grayling ) (...) poor, warns that it is easier for a camel to go througha needle's eye than for a well-off person to (...); Reflections in theEvening Land (Guardian, Saturday December 17 2005, Harold Blo-om); (...) who disapproves of taxes, and who has widened the needle'seye so that camels and the wealthy pass readily into the Kingdom(...); Big Macs replace loaves and fishes at Pope's pray-in (international,Guardian, Monday April 28 2003, Giles Tremlett in Madrid); (...) tofeed the 5,000 with a handful of loaves and a couple of fish, the Spanishbishops have turned to McDonald's; Greens fight Trump over? 1bngolf courses (conversation, Observer, Sunday May 20 2007 Paul Kelbie);(...) scrubland into a world-class resort, he was welcomed like a prodigalson. As the 60-year-old New Yorker - whose mother, Mary (...); Is thisthe promised land? (Guardian, Monday April 12 2004 Tania Branigan).

:1) , -

:Pandora's Box and Diary of a Lost Girl (Observer, Monday May

21 2007, Philip French); (...) arc in the lives of their heroines. In thebetter one, Pandora's Box, Brooks plays a wilful femme fatale whounthinkingly destroys the (...); Pandora's box is open (Guardian,Thursday March 8 2007, Michael White); Golden age of dance that TVis missing (Guardian, Wednesday December 27 2006); (...) can givefuture audiences a more regular taste of this currently golden age ofdance. Tony Barlow Wallington, (...); The 'achilles heel' of Britain'sskills deficit (Guardian, Friday December 3 2004, Rebecca Smithers,education editor); (...) improve adults' poor basic skills, which hecomplained were Britain's achilles' heel. All employees in Englandwho do not have basic qualifications (...); Appreciation: John Heath-Stubbs (Guardian, Saturday January 6 2007); (...) every day. Duringthis time his poems became a kind of Ariadne's thread that led him outof the maze of confusion caused (...); British Gas mix-up on finaldemand was last straw (Observer, Sunday April 29 2007, MargaretDibben);

2) , :How to solve youth crime and illegal immigration in one fell

swoop: brightly coloured uniforms! (Guardian, Wednesday July 26 2006,Marcel Berlins); The green-eyed monster (Guardian, ThursdayNovember 24 2005, Lucy Mangan); Last night's TV (Guardian, TuesdayJanuary 3 2006, Nancy Banks-Smith) (...) against anything but writtenevidence. Give me, it says repressively, the ocular proof. They scoredone hit with ploughman's lunch, which was (...); Single but not

, ). ).

. : the last of the Mohicans ( ). - . - , - : bury the hatchet , , - ( ); dig up the hatchet ( - ); go on the war-path , .

. : ships that pass in the night , (Tales of Wayside Inn) (. ). - - (1893).

. : the call of the wild , -, ( ); the ironheel , ( ).

. : gone with the wind , . - . (Gone With theWind) , , . (18671900).

. : the grapes of wrath ( - . Battle Hymn of theRepublic (1862), . ).

, -, , - .

, , , .

, (20002007), : The Independent,The Guardian, The Times, The Observer, The Financial Times,The Daily Telegraph, The Daily Mail, The Daily Mirror, TheDaily Express, The Sun.

, : Thebeam in Bremer's eye (Guardian, Wednesday April 14 2004. PaulFoot), Motes and beams in the MCB's eyes (Guardian, WednesdayOctober 18 2006, letters), Leading the blind (Guardian, Tuesday

9392

space , , , , ,, , . . - space , , , : space-an area that is empty and can be used or filled byobjects or people [3].

( ), , . - , . - - , ; - , , . .[8]. , - .

space, - , . , , . Wikipedia, space three-dimensional space . The American HeritageDictionary space : 'space, n, 1. Mathematics. A set of elements or points satisfyingspecified geometric postulates: non-Euclidean space. 2. The infini-te extension of the three-dimensional region in which all matterexists [1].

pp pp, . . p p p pp 3 p. p , pp .pp, p p, p, p , p p pp. - pp , p , - . pp p - pp p pp p , p , p -, .

McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science andTechnology space -: a set of mathematical elements and especially of abstractionsof all the points on a line, in a plane, or in physical space; especially: aset of mathematical entities with a set of axioms of geometric charac-ter compare METRIC SPACE, TOPOLOGICAL SPACE, VECTORSPACE [6], , space The American

fancy free for long (Observer, Sunday September 28 2003, MargaretDibben); Britain is living in a bit of a fool's paradise (Guardian,Friday July 30 2004, Robert Barrie Chief UK economist at Credit SuisseFirst Boston); Today, the beginning of the end (Guardian, ThursdayMay 10 2007, Patrick Wintour, political editor); Beginning of theend for the best TV ever (Observer, Sunday April 8 2007,TomTeodorczuk); Beginning of the end shows what Australia will misswith McGrath (Guardian, Wednesday January 3 2007 Gideon Haigh);Blair's salad days with Murdoch's guru (Observer, Sunday October17 2004, David Smith);

3) , -, :

Gone with the wind (Guardian, Saturday July 29 2006, GaryYounge); First class to the land of nod (Guardian, Saturday October15 2005, Annalisa Barbieri); To the land of nod (Observer, SundayFebruary 4 2001, Jane Clarke); Never-say-die Nadal wins five-hourclassic on clay (Guardian, Monday May 9 2005, Stephen Bierley inMilan and Richard Jago in Berlin); McNish is Man Friday (Observer,Sunday April 6 2003).

, , - - , , .

-

SPACE( )

. .

space - .

space , - . -- . space, : /, , /,, , , - , , , -, . -

9594

, . . , , - space:

1) space cadet n, informal-someone who forgets things, does notpay attention, spacing n, the amount of space between the printedletters, words or lines on a page [4];

2)spacecraft, spaceship n, a vehicle that can travel in space,spaceman n, 1. an astronaut, 2. creative from another planet,spacewoman n, a female astronaut [5].

, , , : 1. empty land land or an area of landthat has not been built on; 2. empty area the amount of an area, room,container that is empty or available to be used [4], : gap- a space between two objects or surfaces from which there issomething missing [3].

space - - , - . , space - . - , , , , -, , , , -, , , , , , ,, , , , -, , - . . - 90 space.

, , - space (), - -, , , , - . , - - -, .

1. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth EditionCopyright 2007, Updated in 2007. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.

2. The American Heritage Science Dictionary Copyright 2002 by HoughtonMifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.

Heritage Science Dictionary - : mathematical object, typically a set ofsets, that is usually structured to define a range across which variablesor other objects (such as a coordinate system) can be defined [2].

space -, , . - , - , . : - ?

, , - space time, , , : ; - / /; - /- /. - , , , . ,, ; , [9].

space time:TIME: a) in/within the space of sth within a particular period oftime; b) a short space of time, a short period of time [4], a periodof time: space of time [5].

space time: bit, duration, period, season, span,spell, stretch, term, time, while [7].

space universe :

1) space n, the whole of the universe outside the Earth's atmosphe-re [5];

2) space n, the expanse in which the solar system, stars and galaxiesexist; the universe [1];

3) space-outside the earth the area beyond the Earth wherethe stars and planets are [4].

space: ,, , , - ,

9796

-.

, , (-) . , - - [, 1981: 24]. - , . - , - . . . , - , , - , - [, 1981: 24].

, - -, . -.

- / /. - .

3. Longman Dictionary. Uk Limited 1993 plc, Great Britain by Days Ltd, St. Ives.. 1272.

4. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Person Education Limited, 1978,2003.

5. Macmilllan English Dictionary for Advanced learners. Oxford, MacmillanPublishers Limited, 2002.

6. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. Copyright 2005 by TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

7. Roget's New Millennium Thesaurus, First Edition (v 1.3.1). Copyright 2007by Lexico Publishing Group, LLC.

8. .9. . ., 1981. . 1067.

. .

, () . , -, , , ,, , . . - [-, 1986]. : -, , . . -, -, , , ,-, , , .

- , - .

-, , -, , , - - . , , , , ,, , .

, , - , - - , - [, 1986: 13]. - - . -

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. . , . .

-, . -, , .

, , - . - , -, -. , , -, -. : Why don't womenmind their own business? a) no business, b) no mind. . -, - ( ). -. , , , (Elshtain, 1981:77). -, , - : Beyond the front page: exploring the dailynewspaper.

, , - , ,, , , . . , - - , - , (Davies, 1998: 68).

-

1. . . / . . // . .17. ., 1986. . 721.

2. . . : . . / . . . . : . ., 1981. 175 .

3. . . / . // . . 17. ., 1986. . 22129.

103102

. : , , .

- , : , , -. ? , ! .

, , , : Why did the woman cross the road? It doesn'tmatter. Why was she out of the kitchen in the first place? Why did: Whatdo you do when the dishwasher is broken? Slap her and tell her toget to work. , Why can't women ski? Because there's no snowbetween the bedroom and the kitchen.

, , - , : A man was traveling down the countryroad when he saw a large group of people outside a house. He stoppedand asked a person why the large crowd was there. A farmer replied:Joe's mule kicked his mother-in-law and she died. Well, repliedthe man, she must have had a lot of friends. Nope, said the farmer,we all just want to buy his mule.

: - : , , : ? , ! , . , . ? !!!!!!! - : ? !!! . , -: ? , !!!

, , , - .

: - , (Davies, 1982: 91). , , - , . - , , , - .

. -, , , , - . -, , , , (Davies, 1998: 74). , , , . - .

Q u e s t i o n : How does a blonde kill a fish?A n s w e r : She drowns it.Q u e s t i o n : What is it called when you blow into a blonde's ear?A n s w e r : A refill! -

. , , - . :

1. -: ? : . , . ?

- , , : What is the bestway to get a man to do something? Suggest they are too old for it. , - :Men are like mascara they usually run at the first sign of emotion., Why is it so hard for women to find men that are sensitive,caring, and good-looking? Because those men already have boyfriends.

, , - - .

, , - . , - . - , , , , . , , : On a ruralroad a state trooper pulled a farmer over and said: Sir, do yourealize your wife fell out of the car several miles back? to which thefarmer replied: Thank God, I thought I had gone deaf!. : , ,

105104

- : , , (, 2002: 72). , . - , : : , ! : , .

, - . , - ( , , , ) -, : What do you tell a woman with two black eyes? Nothing, you done told her twice.

: , - -, -, . .

, , - , , -. - , - , : : , , ? . , .

, , - : ; ; ; -; ; - ; -: ; - ; ; - ; ; - ; - : ; - ; , , -.

, - -

: , , . . , , - ( , , .) (, 2004: 122). : A funny thing about drinkingis that you turn into the world's greatest lover and make sexualpromises that you can't keep. It's like this: When we come home, doyou know what I'm going to do? I'm going to I'm going to I'mgoing to fall asleep, that's what I'm going to do.

- , : -. , . : - ! ! -. ! . ! - . . -: , - . : , .

, : , , ? - !

- , : A rather confident man walksinto a bar and takes a seat next to a very attractive woman. Hegives her a quick glance, then casually looks at his watch for amoment. The woman notices this and asks, Is your date runninglate? No, he replies, I just bought this state-of-the-art watch and