laTinuri amerika:populisturi reJimebidan

liberaluridemokratiebisaken

zurabtatiSvili

Tbilisi2008

bTkk-s saerTaSoriso politikiskvlevebis seria

wigni gamoica evraziis TanamSromlobis fondis dafinansebiT(granti 08-0004) SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebissaagentos saxsrebis meSveobiT. wignSi gamoTqmulimosazrebebi SeiZleba ar emTxveodes SvedeTis saerTaSorisoganviTarebis saagentosa da evraziis TanamSromlobis fondisSexedulebebs.

© 2008 bTkk - politikis kvlevis jgufi

ISBN 978-9941-0-0625-8 (yvela wignis)

ISBN 978-9941-0-0802-3 (meSvide wignis)ISSN 1512-4118

“saerTaSoriso politikis

kvlevebis” proeqtis

direqtori:

proeqtis koordinatori:

recenzenti:

kompiuteruli dizaini:

bTkk-s saerTaSoriso

politikis kvlevebis seriis

saredaqcio sabWo:

mamuka komaxia

revaz baxtaZe

iago kaWkaWiSvili

vaxtang elerdaSvili

mamuka komaxia,

revaz baxtaZe,

Tornike TurmaniZe,

gela kvaSilava

winasityvaoba

`bTkk - politikis kvlevis jgufi~ `saerTaSoriso politikis

kvlevebis~ proeqtis farglebSi agrZelebs bTkk-s saerTaSoriso

politikis kvlevebis seriis gamoqveynebas, romelic axalgazrda

qarTvel mecnierTa naSromebs aerTianebs da saqarTveloSi poli-

tikuri mecnierebebis ganviTarebisaTvis xelis Sewyobas isaxavs

miznad. seriis meSvide wignia `laTinuri amerika: populisturi

reJimebidan liberaluri demokratiebisaken~ _ avtori zurab

tatiSvili.

vimedovnebT, rom bTkk-s saerTaSoriso politikis kvlevebis

seriis meSvide wigni saintereso informacias miawvdis mkiTxvels

laTinur amerikaSi politikuri procesebis ganviTarebaze da masSi

warmodgenili analizi gamosadegi iqneba, rogorc mecnierebisa

da studentebisaTvis, ise politikuri gadawyvetilebis mimRebi

pirebisaTvis saqarTveloSi.

`bTkk - politikis kvlevis jgufi~ gansakuTrebul madlobas

uxdis `evraziis TanamSromlobis fondsa~ da SvedeTis saerTa-

Soriso ganviTarebis saagentos `saerTaSoriso politikis kv-

levebis~ proeqtis ganxorcielebis mxardaWerisaTvis.

bTkk - politikis kvlevis jgufi

2008 weli

winaTqma

am wignis idea CemSi gaCnda laTinuri qveynebis Sesaxeb litera-turis gacnobis kvalobaze, rodesac bevri saerTo aRmovaCine amqveynebSi mimdinare socialur, politikur procesebsa dasaqarTvelos bolo periodis istorias Soris. Cemi es pirveladiSexeduleba gacilebiT gaRrmavda Cems megobarTan, malxaz saldaZ-esTan am Temaze mraval saubarSi. aqve minda aRvniSno misi dididamsaxureba am wignis daweris saqmeSi: misi rCevebi, SeniSvnebi dasferos codna didad damexmara am sakiTxis ukeT gacnobaSi. aqvedidi madloba minda gadavuxado Cems megobars baqar berekaSvils,romelmac aseve damexmara wignze muSaobisas, mimiTiTa ra ramoden-ime saintereso masala sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. gansakuTrebulimadloba minda gadavuxado baton iago kaWkaWiSvils, romelmacaseve bevri gaakeTa raTa am ideas wignis saxe mieRo da mkiTxvelam-de mieRwia.

ramodenime Tbili sityva minda vTqva im adamianebis mimarT, vincSesaZlebeli gaxada am wignis gamocema: bTkk - politikis kvlevisjgufis wevrebs: mamuka komaxias da rezo baxtaZes. Tu ara maTikeTilSobiluri wamowyeba da gverdSi dgoma wignis weris Ti-Toeul etapze, am ideis realizeba Zneli, Tu ara SeuZlebeli, iqne-boda.

da bolos madloba minda gadavuxado Cemi ojaxis wevrebs, gan-sakuTrebiT dedas: leila JorJolians, mamas nodar tatiSvilsda Zmas nikoloz tatiSvils, romlebmac yovelgvari piroba Semi-qmnes wignze muSaobis periodSi, riTac fasdaudebeli daxmarebagamiwies.

zurab tatiSvili3 oqtomberi, 2008 weli

s a r C e v i

Sesavali. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

Tavi pirveli.argentina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

Tavi meore.meqsika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64

daskvna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80

bibliografia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83

SesavaliCveni saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba jerac mniSvnelovani trans-

formaciis procesSi imyofeba: politikur sferoSi totalitaru-

li sistemidan demokratiulze, xolo ekonomikis sferoSi uaR-

resad etatisturi modelidan liberalurze gadasvla mimdinar-

eobs. aRniSnuli procesi cnobili problemebis fonze mimdinare-

obs, rac aRrmavebs interess amgvar cvlilebaTa Tu problemaTa

gamocdilebis mqone sxva qveynebis mimarT. Cveni msgavsi trans-

formaciis procesis gamocdileba aqvT laTinuri amerikis rig

qveynebs, ris gamoc maTSi momxdari da mimdinare procesebi, am

fonze warmoqmnili problemebi da maTi gadaWris gzebis Zieba,

SeiZleba iyos axlos Cvens realobasTan. amitomac maTi

gamocdileba SeiZleba garkveuli pozitiuri an negatiuri cod-

nis Rirebulebis matarebeli iyos CvenTvis. nebismieri Sedareba

gulisxmobs Sesadarebel obieqtebs Soris garkveul msgavsebas,

rac maTSi mimdinare transformaciis procesebis identobis ganm-

sazRvrel faqtors unda warmoadgendes. Tumca aqve aRsaniSnavia

is banaluri WeSmariteba, rom bunebaSi ar arsebobs ori absolu-

turad identuri, Tundac saerTo gvarisa Tu saxis umartivesi

elementi, miT umetes msgavsi identoba warmoudgenelia veZeboT

iseTi rTuli sistemebisaTvis, rogoricaa sazogadoebebi, rom-

lebic gansxvavdebian sakuTari religiiT, kulturiT, civili-

zaciisadmi kuTvnilebiT, istoriuli ganviTarebis Tavisebure-

biT da gamocdilebiT, sazogadoebis ekonomikuri da socialuri

struqturis TaviseburebebiT, geografiuli masStabiT da sxva...

miuxedavad Sesadarebi obieqtebis aseTi mkveTri sxvaobisa, rode-

sac demokratiul mmarTvelobasa Tu sabazro ekonomikur urT-

ierTobebze gadasvlas exeba saqme, erTmaneTisagan sruliad gan-

sxvavebul erebsac ki saerTo an msgavsi politikuri da social-

8

uri problemebi wamoeWrebaT. swored amitom interesi

saqarTvelosgan geografiulad da kulturulad ase daSorebu-

li qveynebis mimarT, rogorebic meqsika da argentinaa, poli-

tikuri demokratizaciisa da ekonomikuri liberalizaciis maTi

gamocdilebis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT savsebiT kanonzomieria.

saqarTvelo iyo ra aneqsirebuli da dapyrobili qveyana jer

ruseTis imperiis mier XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, xolo Semdeg sab-

WoTa imperiis mier XX saukunis ocian wlebSi, misi ganviTarebis

procesebis am periodiseul Taviseburebebs udides wilad gan-

sazRvravda ruseTis societaluri ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi,

romelic sruli safuZveliT SegviZlia movaqcioT ganviTarebis

saxelmwifo centristuli matricis kategoriaSi.

ganviTarebis saxelmwifo centristuli matricis cneba so-

cialur mecnierebebSi Semoitana argentinelma mkvlevarma marse-

lo kavarosim, romelic Seecada aexsna laTinuri amerikis qvey-

nebSi dRemde mimdinare rTuli, winaaRmdegobrivi da dapiri-

spirebebiT aRsavse politikuri demokratizaciisa da

ekonomikuri liberalizaciis procesebi, rogorc Sedegi ganvi-

Tarebis saxelmwifo-centristuli matricis rRvevisa1. zemoT

naTqvamidan gamomdinare, XX-s-is bolos sabWoTa sistemis rRveva

da Semdgom postsabWoTa sivrceSi mimdinare procesebi SesaZle-

belia da sasurvelia ganvixiloT am konceptualur WrilSi, am

sakiTxebis Seswavlisas aseve mniSvnelovania komparativistuli

midgomis gamoyeneba, radganac es saSualebas mogvcems ukeT gavi-

azroT arsebuli situacia da ufro naTlad davinaxoT Cveni qvey-

nis momavali ganviTarebis da am ganviTarebis procesSi

wamozrdili problemebis konturebi.

ZiriTadi cnebis interpretacia

rodesac romelime qveynis societaluri ganviTarebis tipis

klasifikacias vaxdenT da am ukanasknels vaxasiaTebT, rogorc

saxelmwifo centristuls, vgulisxmobT ganviTarebis iseT tips,

sadac saxelmwifo TamaSobs centralur rols sazogadoebaSi

Sesavali

1 Cavarozzi M. Autoritarismo y democracia (1955-1996). La Transicion del Estado al merca-do en la Argentina. Buenos Aires, 1997.

9

arsebuli ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri urTierTobe-

bis formirebaSi, struqturirebaSi, kristalizaciaSi. sxva sityve-

biT rom vTqvaT socialuri struqturis centraluri Semqmneli

faqtori aris ara kerZo Tu jgufur interesze dafuZnebuli

ekonomikuri da socialuri kavSirebi, aramed piriqiT, am uka-

nasknelTa formirebas axdens saxelmwifo, anu saqme gvaqvs sax-

elmwifos rolis etatistur gagebasTan, romelic cdilobs Camo-

ayalibos da gaakontrolos politikuri, ekonomikuri da social-

uri kavSirebi, gaakontrolos am sferoebSi mimdinare procesebi.

saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis am modelSi saxelm-

wifo gamodis, rogorc warmmarTveli da erTaderTi Zala, romel-

sac SeuZlia sazogadoebis integracia. saxelmwifo axSobs sazoga-

doebis damoukidebeli ganviTarebis unars da TviTon uwesebs mas

ganviTarebis gezs da mimarTulebas. Zlieri saxelmwifos arsebo-

ba xels uwyobs sazogadoebis socialuri TviTorganizaciis

meqanizmebis sisustes. `saxelmwifosTan aseTi tipis urTierTo-

bebisas sazogadoeba rCeba amorfuli, arastruqturirebuli, ar

SeuZlia adamianebis urTierTdainteresebis institucionaliza-

cia TviTon moaxdinos.~2

saxelmwifo axdens socialuri sivrcis srul an mniSvnelovan

monopolizebas, mis totalur reglamentacias, sazogadoebrivi

resursebis mniSvnelovan mobilizacias da marTvas. yovelive ze-

moT CamoTvlili funqciis efeqturad Sesasruleblad gamoiyene-

ba sxvadasxva meTodebi, maTgan gansakuTrebiT gamosayofia iZu-

lebiTi meqanizmebi, mag: sapolicio kontroli sazogadoebaze da

ideologiuri resursi. saxelmwifo ar aris angariSvaldebuli

sakuTari moqalaqeebis mimarT, aris ara sazogadoebis sxva seg-

mentebis dakveTaTa Semsrulebeli organo, aramed garkveuli

TvalsazrisiT aris organo romelic srulad flobs, akon-

trolebs da warmarTavs socialuri jgufebis aqtivobs garkveu-

li miznebis Sesabamisad. sazogadoeba aRiqmeba, rogorc pasiuri

an mtruli masala xelisuflebaSi myofTa ideeebis da gankargule-

bebis realizebisaTvis. fundamenturi principi, romelic SeiZle-

Sesavali

2 Ãóäêîâ Ë. Ê ïðîáëåìå íåãàòèâíîé èäåíòèôèêàöèè // Ìîíèòîðèíã îáùåñòâåííîãîìíåíèÿ: ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå è ñîöèàëüíûå ïåðåìåíû. 2000. ¹ 5.

10

ba gamoyenebul iqnas wyalgamyofad ganviTarebis tipebis klas-

ifikaciisas, am konteqstSi Semdegnairad SegviZlia Camovayali-

boT: sazogadoeba marTavs sakuTar Tavs da sakuTar ganviTarebas

saxelmwifo institutebis meSveobiT, Tu piriqiT: saxelmwifo mar-

Tavs sazogadoebas, mis ganviTarebas garkveuli Rirebulebis, miz-

nis, realizaciisaTvis an maT gareSec.

Sesavali

Tavi pirveli.argentina

populisturi reJimis Camoyalibeba da funqcionireba

argentinaSi

ganviTarebis saxelmwifo centristuli matricis modelis

Camoyalibeba/damkvidreba argentinaSi meore msoflio omis

Semdeg periodSi iwyeba da ukavSirdeba argentinis preziden-

tis xuan domingo peronis saxels. sanam uSualod argentina-

Si Camoyalibebuli saxelmwifo ekonomikuri sistemis aRweras

SevudgebodeT, mniSvnelovania davaxasiaToT is winapirobe-

bi, rac aRniSnuli modelis damkvidrebas uZRoda win.

am konteqstSi upirvelesad aRsaniSnavia meore msoflio

omis wina periodSi argentinaSi Seqmnili socialur

ekonomikur situacia. mTeli XIX saukunis meore da XX sauku-

nis pirveli naxevari xasiaTdeba argentinis ekonomikis

swrafi, dinamikuri ganviTarebiT.3 1860-1930 wlebSi ganviTare-

ba ZiriTadad exeboda soflis meurneobas, gansakuTrebiT

mesaqonleobas da xorblis warmoebas, romlis produqciis

eqsportireba xdeboda evropul qveynebSi, aseve viTardebo-

da am dargTan dakavSirebuli ekonomikuri seqtorebi, gan-

sakuTrebiT satransporto infrastruqtura. 1930-1945 wleb-

Si gaaqtiurda qalaqebSi sawarmoo bazis Seqmnis procesic: Tu

1900 wlisaTvis warmoeba mTliani nacionaluri produqtis

3 David Rock. Authoritarian Argentina: The Nationalist Movement, Its History and Its Impact// University of California Press. September, 1995. pp. 56-61.

12

11%-s iZleoda, es maCvenebeli 1940-iani wlebisaTvis TiTq-

mis gauTanabrda soflis meurneobas. Tu sainJinro teqnikuri

personalis e.w. `TeTrsayeloianTa~ xvedriTi wili saukunis

dasawyisSi mosaxleobis 6%-s Seadgenda, 40-ian wlebSi is 21%-

mde gaizarda, riTac qveyanaSi Camoyalibda saSualo klasi. aq

aRsaniSnavia argentinuli ekonomikis erTi Tavisebureba: gan-

sxvavebiT soflis meurneobis seqtorisagan, romelsac adgi-

lobrivi msxvili memamuleebi akontrolebdnen, ekonomikis

danarCen seqtorebSi da gansakuTrebiT warmoebaSi, mniS-

vnelovani iyo ucxouri, ZiriTadad britanuli investicie-

bi.4 maTi gavlenis zrda qveynis ekonomikaSi da aseve am peri-

odisaTvis farTod gavrcelebuli dapirispireba kapitalsa

da daqiravebul Sromas Soris sazogadoebis garkveul feneb-

Si qsenofobiisa da nacionalizmis ideebis gavrcelebisaTvis

noyier niadags qmnida.

1869-1914 periodSi argentinaze modioda msoflioSi yve-

laze didi da xangrZlivvadiani investiciebi evropidan, gan-

sakuTrebiT inglisidan.

1910 wlisaTvis argentina ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis

mixedviT ar CamorCeboda msoflioSi yvelaze dinamikurad

ganviTarebad qveynebs, imave maxasiaTebliT uaxlovdeboda

iaponiasa da aSS-s. XX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan moyolebuli

30-iani wlebis msoflio ekonomikuri depresiamde argenti-

nis ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi weliwadSi saSualod 4,5%-s

Seadgenda.5

swrafad mzardi ekonomika gzas uxsnida qveyanaSi muSaxe-

lis farTo Semodinebas evropeli emigrantebis saxiT. saxelm-

wifoc, Tavis mxriv, mniSvnelovnad axalisebda msgavs pro-

4 XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis sawarmoTa 80% ucxouri kapitalis sakuTre-bas warmoadgenda.

5 Alvin Y. So. Social Change and Development: Modernization, Dependency and World-System Theories // Sage Publications, Inc., March, 1990. pp. 23-31.

Tavi pirveli

13

cesebs: imigraciis xarjze 1850-1880 wlebis periodSi argen-

tinis mosaxleoba 150%-iT gaizarda; 1900 - 1914 wlebSi qvey-

anaSi Cavida TiTqmis 4 milioni emigranti, maTgan 4/5 italie-

li da espaneli iyo. emigrantTa ZiriTadi nawili ekonomikurad

saqmdeboda da saxldeboda did qalaqebSi, gansakuTrebiT

buenos-airesSi, romelic im periodis msxvili saerTaSoriso

mniSvnelobis sazRvao porti iyo. 1920 wlisaTvis erT sul mo-

saxleze SemosavliT argentina uswrebda iseT evropul sax-

elmwifoebs, rogorebicaa, magaliTad: Svecia, safrangeTi.

evropidan Camosul emigrantebs qveyanaSi Tan CahqondaT

am periodis evropaSi farTod gavrcelebuli liberaluri

ideebi. buenos-airesi iqca im periodis erT-erT yvelaze ko-

smopolitur qalaqad. msgavs procesebs xels mniSvnelovnad

uwyobda qveynis xelisufalTa mosaxleobaSi masobrivi ga-

naTlebis sistemis danergvaze mimarTuli politika.6 argen-

tina iyo erT-erTi pirveli qveyana, romelmac 1912 wels mi-

iRo mamakacTaTvis sayovelTao saarCevno uflebis Sesaxeb

kanoni.7

swrafi ekonomikuri winsvla xels uwyobda qveynis kul-

turis ayvavebas. am periodis argentina ara marto regionis,

aramed msoflios erT-erT yvelaze ganviTarebul saxelmwi-

fos warmoadgenda, rac misi mosaxleobis TviTaRqmaze, saer-

TaSoriso konteqstSi, sxva erTa Soris sakuTari adgilis

gaazrebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda.8

1930 wlebis msoflio ekonomikurma depresiam da gan-

6 am TvalsazrisiT gamosayofia qveynis prezidentis: domingo faustiniosarmientos (1868–1874 w.w.) mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebi, ris gamoc mas argen-tinaSi “prezident-maswavleblad~ moixsenieben.

7 Anthony W. Pereira. Political (In)Justice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil,Chile, and Argentina (Pitt Latin American Studies) // University of Pittsburgh Press. October,2005. pp. 57.

8 radganac identobis fenomeni am naSromSi calke aris ganxiluli, aq mxolodimdenad Sevexebi, ramdenadac “peronizmis~ fenomenis ukeT gagebaSi dagvexmare-ba.

argentina

14

sakuTrebiT meore msoflio omma gansakuTrebiT mZime gavle-

na moaxdina argentinis ekonomikaze, ramac, Tavis mxriv, so-

cialur da politikur procesebSi hpova asaxva. 30-iani wleb-

is msoflio ekonomikurma krizisma gamoiwvia fasebis kleba

xorbalze da xorcze - argentinis ZiriTad saeqsporto

saqonelze, radganac samrewvelo saqonelze fasebis kleba

ar iyo aseTive mkveTri, argentina, romelic msgavsi saqon-

lis importiori qveyana iyo, mis ekonomikas rigi sirTuleebi

Seuqmna. pasuxad argentinaSi daiwyo adgilobrivi mrewvelo-

bis farTo ganviTareba, romlis produqciasac importireba-

di saqoneli unda Caenacvlebina.9 am periodidan moyolebu-

li argentinis ekonomika orientacias iRebs Sida bazris moTx-

ovnilebebis srul dakmayofilebaze. gacilebiT seriozuli

ekonomikuri sirTuleebi qveyanaSi meore msoflio omis pe-

riodSi daiwyo: daikarga argentinuli eqsportis iseTi trad-

iciuli bazrebi, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, safrangeTi da

niderlandebi, mkveTrad gaizarda umuSevroba, gansakuTre-

biT soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebul pirTa Soris, romelTa

didma nawilma qalaqebSi daiwyo migracia. Semcirda realuri

xelfasebi, mkveTrad gauaresda sazogadoebis farTo feneb-

is socialuri mdgomareoba. ekonomikuri krizisebis period-

Si mcirdeboda qveynis politikuri stabilurobac, xdeboda

saxelmwifo gadatrialebebi.10

yovelive zemoT naTqvamma ganapiroba qveynis ganviTareb-

is tempebis mkveTri Semcireba da CamorCenis gaRrmaveba

msoflios mowinave ekonomikebTan SedarebiT, qveyana kargav-

da lideris poziciebs msoflioSi da es ara mxolod qveynis

9 Alvin Y. So. Social Change and Development: Modernization, Dependency and World-System Theories // Sage Publications, Inc., March, 1990. pp. 45-46.

10 magaliTisaTvis, 1929 wels dawyebuli msoflio ekonomikuri krizisisfonze, 1930 wlis seqtemberSi “nacionalur-demokratiuli~ partiis liderebmasamxedroebisa da “samoqalaqo radikaluri kavSiris~ Sida opoziciis mxardaW-eriT qveyanaSi samxedro gadatrialeba ganaxorcieles.

Tavi pirveli

15

socialur/ekonomikuri sferosaTvis, aramed argentinuli

identobisaTvis mtkivneul dartymas warmoadgenda.

garda aRniSnulisa, gamosayofia kidev erTi mniSvnelovani

faqtori, rac win uZRoda populizmis aRzevebas argentina-

Si. argentinul sazogadoebaSi mkveTri iyo mosaxleobis

diferenciacia qonebrivi niSniT: qveynis saukeTeso miwebi

e.w. estansiebs11 ekavaT, romlebic 300-mde ojaxis xelSi iyo

koncentrirebuli. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, sawarmoTa didi

nawili ucxouri kapitalis sakuTrebaSi iyo. socio-

ekonomikuri jgufebis interesebi xSirad winaaRmdegobaSi

modiodnen erTmaneTTan da es dapirispireba drodadro

mZafr saxesac iRebda. mkveTr socialur diferenciacias Tan

axlda mosaxleobis farTo masebis gariyuloba sajaro sivr-

cidan. am periodSi arsebuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis insti-

tutebi sazogadoebis viwro fenebs aerTianebdnen da Sesa-

bamisad farTo masebis interesebi naklebad poulobdnen

politikur dRis wesrigSi asaxvas. sazogadoebis farTo mase-

bis gariyuloba sazogadoebriv-politikuri sivrcidan

aramdgrads xdida argentinul sazogadoebas.12

peronis mmarTveloba

xuan domingo peroni xelisuflebaSi qveynis daCqarebuli

industrializaciis programiT movida 1946 wels, rac saxelm-

wifos mier ekonomikis, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis regulire-

bis gziT unda yofiliyo miRweuli. aRniSnul RonisZiebebs

argentinisaTvis lideris poziciebi unda daebrunebina laT-

inuri amerikis qveynebs Soris. am axal politikas `axali ar-

gentinis~ Seqmnamde unda mieyvana qveyana da xalxi.13

11 msxvili mamulebi.12 David Rock. Authoritarian Argentina: The Nationalist Movement, Its History and Its

Impact // University of California Press. September, 1995. pp. 16-19.13 J. Timmons Roberts. From Modernization to Globalization: Perspectives on Development

and Social Change// Wiley-Blackwell. January, 2000. pp. 45-50.

argentina

16

saxelmwifo etatizmi ekonomikis sferoSi Semdegi Tavise-

burebebiT xasiaTdeboda:

saxelmwifo Tavis Tavze iRebda ekonomikur subieqtebs

Soris urTierTobebis mogvarebis sakiTxs. kapitalsa da

daqiravebul Sromas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, savaldeb-

ulod profkavSiris14 formiT unda yofiliyo warmod-

genili, erTmaneTTan saxelmwifos SuamavlobiT da mi-

TiTebiT urTierTobdnen.15

moxda kerZo sakuTrebis nacionalizacia da saxelmwifo

sakuTrebaSi da kontrolqveS gadasvla ekonomikis rig

seqtorebSi. nacionalizacia Seexo: centraluri banks,

rkinigzas, kavSirgabmulobas, savaWro flots, saqalaqo

transports, wyalomaragebis sistemebs, eleqtrosad-

gurebs, navTobis da gazis mompovebel seqtors.

1947 wlidan saxelmwifo argentinis ekonomikas ganvi-

Tarebis xuTwlian gegmebs uwesebda. gegmis Sesabamisad

saxelmwifos fuliT Sendeboda rigi sawarmoebi,16

izrdeboda farTo moxmarebis sagnebis warmoeba.

daCqarebuli industrializaciis misaRwevad peroni da-

Tanxmda qveynis ekonomikaSi dasavluri, maT Soris ZiriTadad

aSS-is investiciebis Semosvlas. amiT uari iTqva peronis mi-

erve miRebul deklaraciiaze `ekonomikuri damoukideblo-

bis Sesaxeb~ da am deklaraciaSi postulirebul `janmrTeli

ekonomikis~ Seqmnis principebze, radganac es ukanaskneli

ucxouri kapitalisagan damoukideblobas moiTxovda. 1953

wels aSS prezidentis duait eizenhaueris Zmis vizitis Sed-

14 argentinuli profkavSirebi “Sromis sayovelTao konfederaciaSi~ iyogaerTianebuli. maTSi gaerTianebuli muSaTa ricxvi am periodSi 350 aTasidan 3milionamde gaizarda.

15 argentinuli reJimi am da rig sxva sferoebSi daCqarebuli modernizaciisevropuli modelebis, gansakuTrebiT italiuri faSizmis gavlenas ganicdida.

16 ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo seqtoris xvedriTma wilma am periodSi 18% Sead-genda.

Tavi pirveli

17

egad peronma miiRo kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac saxelmwifo

uars ambobda adgilobriv mewarmeTa mimarT proteqcionizmze

da ucxoeli investorebisaTvis adgilobrivebTan Tanaswori

pirobebis Seqmnis garantias iRebda.17

rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, socialuri sivrce daxuru-

li iyo mosaxleobis didi nawilisaTvis, rac arastabilurs

xdida mTlianad sistemas. gatarebuli reformebis Sedegad

mosaxleobis didi nawilis, ZiriTadad profkavSirebis saSu-

alebiT sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi inkorporireba moxda.

Tumca, aqve aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom am organizacias

sruliad akontrolebda saxelmwifo, ris gamoc es struqtu-

ra saxelmwifos gagrZelebas ufro warmoadgenda vidre samo-

qalaqo sazogadoebis nawils am cnebis viwro gagebiT. sazoga-

doebrivi masebis socialur sivrceSi inkorporirebis idea

perons evropuli faSizmis gavleniT ganuviTarda: `faSizmma

migviyvana sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis Seqmnamde da xalx-

is realur monawileobamde nacionalur cxovrebaSi, romlis-

ganac is yovelTvis mowyvetili iyo.~18

msoflio ekonomikaSi Seqmnili situaciis gavleniT argen-

tinis ekonomikaSi peronis mmarTvelobis pirvel etapze,19

winsvla SeiniSneboda: xelfasebi gaizarda 70%-iT, gadaiWra

umuSevrobis problema. pirvel 5 weliwadSi 19,5-dan 29,5%-

mde gaizarda mTliani Sida produqtis moculoba.

peronis socialur dasayrdens xelisuflebaSi mosvlamde

da mis Semdegac ZiriTadad `dekamisados~-ebi,20 profkav-

SirebSi gaerTianebuli muSebi asrulebdnen. warmoebis da

Sesabamisad qalaqebSi samuSao adgilebis gazrdis perspeq-17 Howard J. Wiarda. Politics and Social Change in Latin America: Still a Distinct Tradition?

// Praeger publishers. October, 2003. pp. 32-36.18 Yo, Juan Domingo Perón. Relato autobiográfico. Barcelona, 1976. P. 27-28.19 es winsvla droebiT movlenas warmoadgenda da ar gaaCnda sistemuri xas-

iaTi, peronis mmarTvelobis bolosken SeimCneoda ekonomikis mkveTri daRmasv-la.

20 upijakoebi.

argentina

18

tiva gansakuTrebiT soflidan qalaqSi migrirebuli mosax-

leobis keTilganwyobas iwvevda. peronis dros moxda ga-

naTlebis, jandacvis, socialuri da sapensio uzrunvelyofis

sistemis Camoyalibeba, gaumjobeseba, aseve politikuri

uflebebi mianiWes qalebs 1948 wels.

xelisuflebam gadadga rigi sekularistuli nabijebi, ra-

mac misi eklesiasTan dapirispireba gamoiwvia: 1954 wels sax-

elmwifom nebadarTulad gamoacxada ganqorwineba; aseve

gauqmda saeklesio dResaswaulebis saero aRniSvna da isini

samuSao dReebad gamocxadda. 1955 wels romis papma lev XII

peroni mokveTa eklesiidan, ramac mniSvnelovanwilad gana-

piroba klerikalistulad ganwyobili samxedro elitis gamos-

vla peronis winaaRmdeg da misi gaZeveba qveynidan 1955 wlis

seqtemberSi.

peronis mmarTvelobas meore mxarec hqonda, naklebad

prezentabeluri: is ar iyo demokratiuli, aramed mkveTrad

gamoxatul avtoritarul populistur xasiaTs atarebda. xe-

lisuflebis piramidis saTaveSi idga peroni, qveynis da parti-

is beladi. prezidents konstituciiT hqonda uaRresad didi

uflebebi: gaeuqmebina nebismieri partia Tu organizacia,

Seecvala konstitucia, arCeuli yofiliyo usazRvro raode-

nobiT.21

Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis instruments warmoadgenda

mis mier 1947 wels daarsebuli `peronistuli~22 partia,

romelSic Sedioda profkavSirebic. `peronistuli~ partia

iyo masobrivi moZraoba, romelsac hqonda pretenzia qveynis

mTeli mosaxleobis interesebis artikulaciaze da agrega-

ciaze. misi organizaciis principi iyo uaRresad centrali-

21 David Rock. Authoritarian Argentina: The Nationalist Movement, Its History and ItsImpact // University of California Press. September 1995. pp. 65.

22 es partia peronis uwindeli dasayrdenis: “leiboristuli~ partiis safuZ-velze Seiqmna.

Tavi pirveli

19

zebuli, populisturi, liderze Camokidebuli. wevrebs Soris

urTierTobebi agebuli iyo patron-klientur damokidebule-

bebze. partiuli struqturis msgavsi Taviseburebebis gamo

partias axasiaTebda mtruli damokidebuleba politikuri

oponentebisadmi, maTi politikuri sivrcidan gagdebis mis-

wrafeba, ar axasiaTebda kompromisebis da saerTo pozicieb-

is gamonaxvis survili.

peronis dros profkavSirebis uflebebi sagrZnoblad ga-

farTovda, maTi warmomadgenlebi moxvdnen xelisuflebis

sxvadasxva StoSi, miuxedavad amisa da swored amis wyalobiT,

rogorc ukve aRiniSna zemoT, moxda profkavSirebze kontr-

olis daweseba saxelmwifos mier. sazogadoebis farTo maseb-

is socialuri da politikuri cxovrebidan gamoricxva iyo

laTinuri amerikis peronamdeli oligarqiuli respublikeb-

is arastabiluribis umniSvnelovanesi wyaro, risi nivelire-

bac moxda sazogadoebriv politikur sivrceSi saxelmwifos

mxridan srulad gakontrolebuli arxebis saSualebiT maso-

brivi monawileobis institucionalizaciis gziT, riTac am

ukanasknels sruliad dakarguli hqonda spontanuroba da

damoukidebeli moqmedebis unari.

xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTanave 1946 wels, aikrZala xelisu-

flebis kritika, mas Ralatis kvalifikacia mieniWa. mediis

Tavisufleba gauqmda: saxelisuflebo berketebis gamoy-

enebiT peroni mepatroneebisagan yidulobda qveyanaSi arse-

bul gazeTebsa da radiosadgurebs, Tavad Seqmna qveyanaSi

pirveli telemauwyebloba, ris Sedegadac prezidenti per-

oni msxvili media sindikatis mepatroned iqca. opozicia ar

akrZalula, Tumca es ukanaskneli ganicdida devnas xelisu-

flebis mxridan. Zalauflebis, resursebisa da zemoqmedebis

berketebis koncentracia erTi politikur subieqtis xelSi

saSualebas aZlevda mas ignorireba gaekeTebina kritiki-

argentina

20

saTvis, rac realobis grZnobis modunebas da masSi zedmet

Tavdajerebas iwvevda. amis Sedegi iyo voluntaristuli,

moufiqrebeli, araprofesionaluri, naCqarevi politikuri

nabijebi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi.23

saxelmwifos Carevebi ekonomikaSi negatiuri procesebis

mizezs warmoadgenda: saxelmwifos mier Seqmnili sistemis

Taviseburebebma ganapirobes soflis meurneobis dargis stag-

nacia da regresic ki: am dargSi produqciis kleba moxda 30%

_ iT, ris gamoc Semcirda sagareo eqsporti, qveynis savalu-

to rezervebi, importi; mkveTrad gaizarda inflaciis

maCveneblebi, gaCnda umuSevroba. inflaciis zrdas xelisu-

fleba produqciis warmoebis an/da moxmarebis saxelmwifo

regulirebiT, SemcirebiT ebrZoda.

saxelmwifos funqciebis da rolis gazrdam 1946-1955 wleb-

Si gamoiwvia saxelmwifo biurokratiis zrda, 8 Zveli saminis-

tros nacvlad Seiqmna 20, Seiqmna uamravi damatebiTi komi-

teti, komisia, samdivno, romlebic erTmaneTis funqciebis

dublirebas axorcielebdnen, gaizarda korufciis masStabe-

bi.

peronis reJimis samxedro gadatrialeba argentinaSi xan-

grZlivi politikuri arastabilurobis periodis dasawyisis

safuZveli gaxda. 1955 - 1983 wlebis periodSi konstituci-

urad arCeul samive samoqalaqo xelisuflebas ar mieca saSu-

aleba konstituciuri vadis bolomde dasrulebisa, xolo

samxedroTa mmarTvelobis oTxi periodis administraciebs

ar gaaCnda resursi dasaxuli miznebis realizaciisaTvis. ar-

gentinaSi iwyeba samxedro an/da samoqalaqo mmarTvelobebis

xelisuflebaSi mosvlis, krizisis da xelisuflebidan wasv-

lis ciklebi. am ciklebis yoveli axali etapi dakavSirebuli

23 David Held. A Globalizing World?: Culture, Economics, Politics (Understanding SocialChange) // Routledge. October 2000. pp.67-70.

Tavi pirveli

21

iyo politikuri oponentebis mimarT Zaladobis zrdasTan.

rogorc zemoT iqna aRniSnuli populisturi reJimis erT-

erT funqcias warmoadgenda sazogadoebis farTo fenebis or-

ganizeba da inkorporireba sazogadoebriv politikur

sivrceSi, rac sistemis stabilurobis magarantirebeli faq-

tori iyo. samxedro gadatrialebis Sedegad xelisuflebaSi

mosuli Zalebi cdilobdnen swored es jgufebi gaeriyaT sa-

zogadoebriv politikuri sivrcidan,24 rac zemoT miTiTebul

arastabilurobas warmoSobda. aqve aRsaniSnavia is garemoe-

ba, rom peronisSemdgomi periodisaTvis es socialuri Zale-

bi gacilebiT ufro organizebul da mravalricxovan Zalas

warmoadgendnen vidre peronis xelisuflebaSi mosvlamde,25

ris gamoc sistemis stabilurobis problema Tvisobrivad

ufro maRal safaxurze avida.

samxedro gadatrialebis Semdgom Camoyalibebuli situa-

cia zogadad Semdegnairad gamoiyureboda: argentinuli sa-

zogadoeba met-naklebad Tanabari Zalis mqone socialuri

jgufebis dapirispirebis kontinuums warmoadgenda. am

Zalebs SeeZloT mowinaaRmdegis banakis politikuri

proeqtebis blokireba, Tumca amave mizezis gamo Tavad ar

SeeZloT sakuTari politikuri miznebis implimentacia.26 ar-

gentinuli sazogadoebriv politikuri cxovreba CixSi iyo

Sesuli, saidanac gamosavals yvela mxare mowinaaRmdegis

daTrgunvaSi xedavda. xelisuflebaSi mosuli yvela Zala up-

irveles movaleobad sxvadasxva socialuri metoqis moR-

vaweobis dablokvis meqanizmebis SemoRebas miiCnevda. yove-

li axali ciklis dros Zaladobis zrda am logikis gamov-

24 Alison Brysk. The Politics of Human Rights in Argentina: Protest, Change, and Democ-ratization // Stanford University Press. May 1994. pp.78-83.

25 ixileT zemoT profkavSirebis raodenobriv organizaciuli gaZlierebisgzebze da statistikaze.

26 Larry Sawers. The Other Argentina: The Interior And National Development // WestviewPress. July 1998. pp. 45-48.

argentina

22

linebas warmoadgenda.

1955 wlis samxedro gadatrialebis Semdeg, qveyanaSi Senar-

Cunebuli iqna politikuri mmarTvelobis demokratiuli

meqanizmebi, pirvel rigSi arCevnebi, Tumca properonistul

partiebs an/da kandidatebs aekrZalaT maTSi monawileoba.

socialuri gariyvis msgavsi meqanizmebis SemoReba demokra-

tiuli procedurebis SenarCunebis fonze, saarCevno

konkurenciaSi CarTul politikur Zalebs properonistul

partiebTan TanamSromlobisaken ubiZgebdaT, radganac am

ukanasknelebs mniSvnelovani eleqtoraluri mobilizaciis

resursebi gaaCndaT.27 Tumca yovelive msgavsi SeTanxmeba,

rasac peronistebis gaaqtiureba mohyveboda xolme,

samxedroebis winaaRmdegobas awydeboda. peronistebTan Tan-

amSromlobis motiviT samxedroebma gadadgoma aiZules prez-

ident arturo frondisis, romelic partia `SeurigebelTa

samoqalaqo radikaluri kavSiris~ kandidati iyo da prezi-

dentobis periodSi peronistul ZalebTan TanamSromlobda.28

politikuri arastabiluroba da qaosi gavlenas ekonomikazec

axdenda: pesos kursi mkveTrad davarda, izrdeboda infla-

cia, investiciebi mkveTrad Semcirda,29 gaxSirda dapiri-

spirebebi sxvadasxva dajgufebebs Soris, maT Soris

samxedroebis dajgufebebs Sorisac.

radganac qveyanaSi Seqmnili Cixidan gamosavali ar Canda

da krizisi kidev ufro mwvave formebs iRebda, 1966 wlis iv-

nisSi samxedroebma kvlav CamoaSores xelisuflebas prezi-

dent arturo umberto ilias samoqalaqo administracia da

27 Celia Szusterman. Frondizi and the Politics of Developmentalism in Argentina, 1955-62 // University of Pittsburgh Press. December 1993. pp. 90-110.

28 man argentinis provinciaTa did nawilSi moaxdina properonistuli Zaleb-is legalizacia.

29 cvalebad politikur reJimebs gansxvavebuli midgomebi gaaCndaTekonomikisadmi, ase magaliTad, Tu frondisi ucxouri investiciebis mozidvascdilobda qveynis ekonomikaSi, arturo uembro ilias prezidentobisas moxdainvestorebTan adre dadebuli xelSekrulebebis gauqmeba.

Tavi pirveli

23

qveynis xelisuflebaSi `argentinuli revoluciis~ mosvla

gamoacxades. `argentinuli revoluciam~ Seqmnili Cixidan

gamosavlad demokratiuli institutis gauqmeba miiCnia da

qveyanaSi samxedro avtoritaruli mmarTveloba damyarda:

daTxovnil iqna parlamenti, gauqmda adgilobrivi TviTm-

marTvelobis institutebi, aikrZala politikuri partiebi,

damoukidebloba dakarga sasamarTlo xelisuflebam. Tumca,

Cixuri situacia msgavsi RonisZiebebis Semdegac ar iqna da-

Zleuli: dapirispirebam saxelisuflebo institutebidan, ma-

galiTad, parlamentidan, gadainacvla, erTi mxriv, saxelm-

wifosa da, meore mxriv, samoqalaqo institutebis WrilSi:30

mmarTvelobis avtoritaruli meTodebis winaaRmdeg gamov-

idnen mediis saSualebebi, eklesia, gaificnen profkavSire-

bi, daiwyo studenturi mRelvareba. qveyanaSi Camoyalibda

partizanuli jgufebi.31 samxedro mmarTveloba iZulebuli

gaxda daeniSna arCevnebi da xelisufleba am gziT gadaeca

samoqalaqo mmarTvelobaSi. 1973 wels Catarebuli arCevneb-

is Semdeg xelisuflebaSi dabrundnen properonistuli Zale-

bi, male qveynis prezidentad Tavad peroni iqna arCeuli. 1976

wels kvlav, rigiT meoTxed, samxedro elitam kvlav CamoaSo-

ra xelisuflebas samoqalaqo mmarTveloba da diqtatura

daamyara. `nacionaluri reorganizaciis procesi~32 imeoreb-

da `argentinuli revoluciis~ meTodebs, Tumca misgan gansx-

vavebiT daiwyo da farTo masStabebi SeiZina represiebma. `bin-

Zuri omis~33 dros 10 000 aTasamde argentineli iqna ganadgure-

buli, 30 000-mde iqna gatacebuli da nawamebi. reJimis msxver-

pls warmoadgendnen politikuri oponentebi, studentebi,30 Javier Auyero. Routine Politics and Violence in Argentina: The Gray Zone of State Power

// Cambridge University Press. April 2007.pp. 69-74.31 e. w. “montoneros~, romlebsac peronistulad ganwyobili jgufebi warmoad-

gendnen da memarcxened ganwyobili Zalebis:”xalxis revoluciuri armia~.32 ase uwodebdnen sakuTar moRvaweobas xelisuflebaSi mosuli samxedroebi.33 "binZuri omi~ saxelmwifos mxridan politikuri oponentebis mimarT arain-

stitucionalizirebuli Zaladobis gamoyenebas aRniSnavda.

argentina

24

inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi, profkavSiris wevrebi.34 xe-

lisuflebis mxridan iZulebis msgavsi meTodebis gamoyeneb-

is miuxedavad samxedro xelisufleba iZulebuli gaxda 1983

wlis bolosaTvis daeniSna arCevnebi da xelisufleba kvlav

samoqalaqo administraciisaTvis gadaebarebina.

demokratizacia da argentinuli politikis normal-

izacia: ekonomikuri stabiluroba da Ria demokratiuli

politikis gamowvevebi

1976-1983 wlebSi argentinaSi ierarqizebuli samxedro re-

Jimi marTavda, ramac demokratiaze gadasvlis process

garkveuli specifika SesZina. argentinis momavali ganviTare-

bis da sasurveli politikuri wesrigis damkvidrebis Sesaxeb

diskursebi didwilad gansazRvra im faqtma, rom am qveyanaSi

32-jer meti adamiani gaqra - vidre urugvaiSi da 300-jer meti

vidre - braziliaSi. samxedro xelisufleba argentinaSi ufro

avtoritarul situacias qmnida, vidre institucionalize-

bul reJims, mocemuli iyo avtoritaruli instituciuri mow-

yoba, magram mas mTlianad aklda sazogadoebis mxridan Sesa-

bamisi ideologiuri mxardaWera. Tavad samxedro-politikuri

elita totalitarizmis zRvarze idga, rac maT Soris gaba-

tonebul diskursSic gamoixateboda:

`movklavT Cvens mowinaaRmdegeebs, maT Tanamzrax-

velebs, maT mimarT simpaTiiT ganwyobilebs, da maTac

vinc indiferentuli darCeba" (generali iberiko sen

Jani).35

`davxocavT 50 000 adamians, vinc gvewinaaRmdegeba, 25

an 20 000 adamians, vinc maT TanagrZnobas ucxadebs, da34 Paul H. Lewis. Guerrillas and Generals: The Dirty War in Argentina // Praeger Publishers.

October 2001. pp. 57.35Paul H. Lewis. Guerrillas and Generals: The Dirty War in Argentina // Praeger Publishers.

October 2001. pp. 97.

Tavi pirveli

25

5000-sac SecdomiT movklavT" (generali luCiano men-

dudesi).36

am periodis argentinuli reJimi sufTa samxedroc ar iyo,

ufro saqme gvaqvs samxedro-biurokratiul sistemasTan,

romelSic samxedro da samoqalaqo xelisufleba Tanaarse-

bobda samxedro komponentis prevalirebiT. am Tanaarseboba-

Si samxedroebi xSirad winaaRmdegobaSi modiodnen saxelm-

wifo aparatis samoqalaqo CinovnikebTan, rac imis Sedegi iyo,

rom samxedroebs arc ucdiaT Tavisi batonoba institucio-

nalizebuli yofiliyo konstituciis gadakeTebis, loialuri

partiebis Seqmnis, arCevnebis gayalbebis an kontrolireba-

di, marTvadi demokratizaciis saSualebiT. samxedroebs ar

hqondaT xangrZlivvadiani strategiuli gegmebi xelisufleb-

is SenarCunebasTan dakavSirebiT. maTi politikaSi Careva

yovelTvis spontanur pasuxs warmoadgenda politikur

sistemaSi iseTi Zalebis mosvlaze, romlebic maTTvis miuRe-

beli iyvnen. general galtieris SeWra malvinis (folklen-

dis) kunZulebze aseve imaze metyvelebs, Tu ramdenad spon-

tanurad moqmedebdnen samxedroebi Zalauflebis Senar-

Cunebisa da pirovnuli liderobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT.37

malvinis omis wagebam da samxedro reJimis diskreditaciam

samxedroebis mmarTvelobas wertili dausva. samxedro eli-

tam scada garkveuli safasuris moTxovna wasvlis sanacv-

lod, magram Tavad am elitis SigniT arsebulma winaaRmde-

gobebma, dezintegrirebulobam da generalitetis prestiJis

Selaxvam saSualeba ar misca samxedro manqanas Tavisi pirobe-

bi Camoeyalibebina. realurad Seiqmna situacia, rodesac

samxedroebs naCqarevad mouwiaT xelisuflebis daTmoba da

ver moaswres saTavisod sasargeblo politikuri cvlilebi-

argentina

36 Ibid. pp. 99.37 Paul H. Lewis. Guerrillas and Generals: The Dirty War in Argentina // Praeger Publishers.

October 2001. pp. 46.

26

sTvis safuZvlis Semzadeba.38 yovelive es imiT iyo ganpirobe-

buli rom samxedro xunta ubralod daiSala. movlenebi Sem-

degnairad ganviTarda: 1982 wlis 14 ivniss generalma le-

opoldo galtierim mTavarsardlis da xuntis meTauris pos-

ti datova; misma memkvidrem generalma kristino nikolaid-

esma xuntis sxva wevrebTan (samxedro flotis admirali

xorxe anaia da aviaciis sardali orlando agosti) SeTanxmeb-

is gareSe prezidentad gadamdgari generali reinaldo bin-

ione daasaxela (1982 wlis 1 ivliss). binionem arCevnebi dani-

Sna, romelic 1983 wlis oqtomberSi Catarda. arCevnebmade

samxedroebma mTeli im dokumentaciis ganadgureba daiwyes,

rac maT sakuTari moqalaqeebis winaaRmdeg binZur omSi amx-

eldaT. miuxedavad amisa, xelisuflebaSi samoqalaqoebis mos-

vla TavisTavad daayenebda maTi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs.39

malvinis kampaniis Cavardnam (kviprosze berZnebis fiaskos

msgavsad) argentineli samxedroebi Sida dapirispirebis zR-

varze miiyvana, ramac isini xelisuflebidan wasvlaze aiZu-

la. argentineli eqspertis felipe agueros demokratiaze

tranzitis tipologiis mixedviT, samxedroebs Zalaufleba

pirdapir xelidan gamoecalaT da ar momxdara winaswari SeT-

anxmeba samoqalaqo xelisuflebasTan, ar momxdara garkveu-

li paqtis gaformeba, rac samxedroebs garantiebs miscemdaT

momaval politikur sistemaSi da rac, Tavis mxriv,

samxedroebsa da samoqalaqo xelisuflebas Soris konfliqts

daastabilirebda. msgavsi SeTanxmebis ar arsebobam gavlena

moaxdina SemdgomSi argentinuli demokratiis konsolida-

ciaze.40

38 Javier Auyero. Routine Politics and Violence in Argentina: The Gray Zone of State Power// Cambridge University Press. April 2007. pp. 98-110.

39 Edgardo R. Catterberg. Argentina Confronts Politics: Political Culture and Public Opinionin the Transition to Democracy // L. Rienner Publishers. January 1991. pp. 72-77.

40 Carol Wise, Riordan Roett, Guadalupe Paz. Post-Stabilization Politics in Latin America:Competition, Transition, Collapse // Brookings Institution Press. July 2003. pp. 43-52.

Tavi pirveli

27

argentinis demokratiuli tranziti saomari marcxis Sed-

egad daiwyo da amiT, rogorc aRvniSneT, didad hgavs saberZ-

neTSi ganviTarebuli politikuri cvlilebebis process. mi-

uxedvad am zedapiruli msgavsebisa, am or SemTxvevas Soris

siRrmiseuli gansxvavebebic arsebobs. argentinaSi sa-

berZneTisgan gansxvavebiT samxedro reJimi ierarqizebuli

iyo, rac imas niSnavs rom faqtobrivad argentinuli samxedro

manqana ar daSlila, ramac qveynis demokratiuli konsoli-

daciis gzaze SemdgomSi axali sirTuleebi warmoqmna.

omSi marcxma, samxedro elitaSi uTanxmoebebma samxedro

reJimi Searyia, magram maT mainc SeZles xelisuflebaSi

Tvrameti Tvis ganmavlobaSi darCena. reJimis sicocxlisuna-

rianobis ase gaxangrZliveba da misi Semdgomi bedi xuT faq-

torze iyo damokidebuli:

1. is rom samxedro reJimma mSvidobianad dauTmo samo-

qalaqo xelisuflebas politikuri sivrce da arCevneb-

is Catarebis pirobebi Seqmna, metyvelebs imaze, rom

samxedroebs revoluciuri scenariT movlenebis ganvi-

Tarebis eSinodaT, aman, Tavis mxriv, saSualeba misca

maT, dro moegoT da xelisufleba droebiT SeenarCune-

binaT;

2. marTalia, 18 TviT xelisufleba kidev SeinarCunes, ma-

gram samxedro marcxis Semdeg reJimSi imdenad didi

uTanxmoebebi dagrovda, rom Sida samxedro konfliq-

tis albaTobac gaizarda, ramac saSualeba misca argen-

tinaSi moqmed politikur Zalebs, uari eTqvaT

samxedroebTan paqtis dadebaze (samjer iyo msgavsi

SeTavazeba da samivejer partiebma uari Tqves SeTanxme-

baze);

3. samoqalaqo politikur ZalebTan saerTo enis ver

gamonaxvam ganapiroba SemdgomSi samxedroebis dapatim-

argentina

28

rebebi da maT mimarT dawyebuli sasamarTlo procesebi

(samxedroebma araviTari garantiebi ar miiRes, demokra-

tiaze gadasvla maTi kontrolisgan Tavisufali iyo);

4. argentinis moqalaqeebis mimarT samxedroebis mier ganx-

orcielebulma Zaladobam da samarcxvinod wagebulma

saomarma kampaniam Zirs dasca samxedroebis prestiJi

da isini politikuri mokavSireebis saxiT arcerTi poli-

tikuri ZalisTvis misaRebi ar iyvnen, amasTan Tavad sa-

zogadoebaSi ndoba mxolod arCeviTi politikuri Zaleb-

is sasargeblod Camoyalibda;

5. swored imis gamo, rom samxedro reJimi marTalia daemxo,

magram ar moxda samxedro manqanis daSla, moxda is rom,

Tuki saberZneTSi samxedroebze gamarTulma sasamarT-

lo procesebma demokratiis konsolidacias Seuwyves

xeli, argentinaSi piriqiT, Zala SenarCunebulma

samxedro aparatma demokratizaciis dawyebidan mokle

xanSi lamis demokratia Seiwira (1987 wlis aprilsa da

1990 wlis ianvars Soris periodSi argentinaSi oTxi

samxedro ajanyeba moewyo, ramac maSindeli preziden-

ti raul alfonsini aiZula samxedroebis mimarT

garkveul daTmobebze wasuliyo).

rac Seexeba Tavad 1983 wels arCeuli samoqalaqo xelisu-

flebis politikas, prezidentma raul alfonsinma (poli-

tikuri partia radikaluri samoqalaqo kavSiridan) gamoacxa-

da, rom axali xelisuflebis muSaobis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba

argentinul sazogadoebaSi dagrovili socialuri proble-

mebis gadaWra iqneboda.41 imis gamo, rom alfonsinis partias

ar hyavda umravlesoba parlamentis arc qveda da arc zeda

palatebSi, misTvis rTuli iyo dasaxuli miznebis Tanmim-

devruli ganxorcieleba. ufro did problemas is warmoad-41 Jonathan Barton. The State of Democracy in Latin America: Post-Transitional Conflicts in

Argentina and Chile // Routledge. January 2005. pp. 89-100.

Tavi pirveli

29

genda, rom alfonsins ar SeeZlo farTo sazogadoebrivi mx-

ardaWeris mobilizebac, argentinaSi Zlieri peronistuli

profkavSirebi misi ekonomikuri da socialuri programebis

winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen, rac mTavrobis winaaRmdeg mowyo-

bil 13 farTo masStabian gaficvaSic gamoixata. am winaaRmde-

gobis Sedegi is iyo, rom alfonsinis mTavrobam uari Tqva sta-

bilizaciis gegmis ganxorcielebaze (PLAN AUSTR). 1987 wlis

oqtomberSi radikalurma samoqalaqo kavSirma saparlamento

arCevnebi waago, rac axal gamowvevebs umzadebda demokra-

tizaciis gzaze Semdgar argentinul sazogadoebas, mxardaW-

era ekonomikuri liberalizaciis mowinaaRmdege populis-

turma peronistulma partiebma miiRes, amasTan izrdeboda

samxedroebis mxridan revanSis safrTxec, saboloo jamSi ki

eWvs qveS dgeboda saxelmwifos demokratiuli ganviTarebis

perspeqtiva. 1988 wlis ivnisSi mZafri ekonomikuri krizisis

da samxedroebis ajanyebebis fonze (saSualo rangis oficre-

bis moZraoba CARAPINTADAS - saxemoxatulebi) argentinuli

sazogadoebis mxolod 12% uWerda mxars mTavrobas, xolo

49% morigi samxedro gadatrialebis molodinSi iyo.42 am vi-

TarebaSi vadis amowurvamde eqvsi TviT adre raul alfonsi-

ni gadadga.

argentinis prezidentis savarZelSi raul alfonsini kar-

los menemma (samarTlianobis partia - peronistebi) Secvala.

misi administraciis pirobebSi argentinaSi demokratiis kon-

solidaciis gzaze ori cvlileba gamoikveTa:

1. 1987 wels dawyebuli samxedroebis ajanyebebi, romleb-

sac mTeli samxedro organizacia uTanagrZnobda, vi-

naidan alfonsinis dros dawyebuli sasamarTlo pro-

cesebi saerTod samxedro korporaciis prestiJs uqm-

nida safrTxes, nel-nela Cacxra. am gamosvlebs aSkarad

argentina

42 Edgardo R. Catterberg. Argentina Confronts Politics: Political Culture and Public Opinionin the Transition to Democracy // L. Rienner Publishers. January 1991. pp. 68-75.

30

politikuri xasiaTi hqondaT, romelSic samxedro

nomenklaturis piradi politikuri interesebic ikveT-

eboda. samxedro gamosvlebis Cacxroba menemma imiT

moaxerxa, rom 1989 wlis aprilSi sajarod bodiSi moixa-

da `ciliswamebebisa" da alfonsinis droindeli Seiar-

aRebuli winaaRmdegobisTvis, man aseve miuteva Zveli

xuntebis rig dapatimrebul wevr generlebs da aRiara,

rom isini iZulebuli iyvnen samoqalaqo uflebebi sax-

elmwifo interesebis gamo daerRviaT. amgvarma daT-

mobam saSualeba misca qveynis samoqalaqo xelisufle-

bas konsensusi mieRwia samxedro elitebTan, da ofi-

cialurad gaecxadebina, rom amieridan prezidenti da

samxedro generaliteti erTad dadgebodnen

`demokratiisa da samxedro disciplinis" dasacavad.

amgvarma paradoqsulma erTobam karlos menems saSu-

aleba misca Tavisi politikuri poziciebi gaemyarebina

da politikaSi samxedroebis Careva gaeneitralebina

(rac alfonsinis mTavrobisTvis SeuZlebeli iyo Tavisi

principuli poziciis gamo).

2. Seicvala aseve moqalaqeebis mxridan ekonomikis aRq-

mac, ekonomikuri cvlilebebis mimarT damokidebule-

bebis mTavari RerZi legitimurobis politikur

ekonomikas gulisxmobda. avtoritaruli reJimebis ume-

tesobas mudam hqondaT problema Zalaufleba Seenar-

CunebinaT ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi, rogorc

wesi sami warumatebeli wlis Semdeg ekonomikuri kriz-

isi aucileblad politikurSi gadaizrdeboda. amis

mizezi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom avtoritaruli reJime-

bis mxridan mmarTvelobis pretenzia ekonomikur seq-

torSi efeqtianobis pretenziis pirdapir proporciu-

li iyo, da ara legitimurobisa. amisgan gansxvavebiT, le-

Tavi pirveli

31

gitimurobis safuZvelze mmarTvelobis pretenziis

mqone demokratiul reJimebs warumatebeli ekonomikis

pirobebSi, sazogadoebis mxridan politikuri izolaci-

isTvis Tavis daRwevis ori TavdacviTi meqanizmi gaaC-

niaT. esenia, demokratiuli legitimurobis safuZvelze

sazogadoebis mier sakuTari pasuxismgeblobis gacno-

biereba (rom Tavad airCia warumatebeli xelisufleba)

da demokratiuli sistemis farglebSi alternatiuli

politikuri da ekonomikuri proeqtebisTvis mxaris

daWeris SesaZlebloba (martivad rom vTqvaT Semdeg

arCevnebze sxva mTavrobis arCeva). 1988 wlis noemberSi

argentinelebis 70% Tvlida rom ekonomikuri situa-

cia mkveTrad gauaresda bolo xuTi wlis manZilze, mi-

uxedavad amisa, 74% mainc Tvlida rom demokratia

samxedro diqtaturaze ukeTesia, da mxolod 15%-s mi-

aCnda rom situacia ukeTesobisken Seicvleboda

samxedroebis dabrunebis SemTxvevaSi (SedarebisTvis

imave periodSi, am poziciaze braziliaSi sazogadoebis

40% iyo). ekonomikuri situacia am gamokiTxvebis

Catarebis Semdeg eqvs TveSi kidev ufro gauaresda da

arc misi gamosworebis imedebi iyo, magram miuxedvad

amisa saparlamento arCevnebze menemis partiam xmebis

49% miiRo, xolo ekonomikis mimarT optimisturad gan-

wyobilTa raodenobam 32%-dan 72%-mde imata.43

imis wyalobiT, rom menemi peronistuli Zalebidan iyo mo-

suli mas peronistuli profkavSirebis mxridan loialoba ga-

rantirebuli hqonda. misi mmarTvelobis pirvel sam wels

profkavSirebis mier organizebuli arcerTi gaficva ar yofi-

la, miuxedavad amisa rom menemis neoliberaluri ekonomikuri

kursi udavod aRizianebdaT. menemma udavod moigo per-43 Edgardo R. Catterberg. Argentina Confronts Politics: Political Culture and Public Opinion

in the Transition to Democracy // L. Rienner Publishers. January 1991. pp. 33-38.

argentina

32

onistebis mxardaWeriT, aseve adgilobrivi da saerTaSoriso

kapitalis mxardaWeriT. garda am mxardaWerisa, iyo gamarTle-

bac: alfonsins prezidentoba savalo krizisis pirobebSi, misi

pikis dros mouwia da argentinuli ekonomika kreditebis gas-

tumrebas undeboda, menems ki Tavisi administraciis perio-

di am krizisis bolos mouwia, amave dros gaumarTla imiTac,

rom am dros saerTaSoriso kapitalis sainvesticio masa im-

denad didi iyo, rom swori ekonomikuri politikis fonze qvey-

anaSi finansuri dabandebebi problematuri ar iyo.

muSaTa profkavSirebze kontrolis mopoveba da maTi mx-

ardaWeris mobilizeba menemma imiT SesZlo, rom lazaro

kardenasis (meqsika) da Jitulio vargasis (brazilia) msgavsad

oficialurad aRiara isini da maTi liderebi, da es aRiareba

momgebian politikur kapitaldabandebad iqca aliansebisa da

kavSirebis SekvrisTvis. im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac profkav-

Sirebi arRvevdnen pirobebs da gaficvebs awyobdnen, xelisu-

flebisgan mxardaWerasac kargavdnen da aralegaluradac

cxaddebodnen. menemi ufro Sors wavida vidre kardenasi da

vargasi, TviT peronsac ki azrad ar mosvlia gaekeTebina is,

rac man gaakeTa profkavSirebis damoukideblobis SezRud-

visTvis. menemma profkavSirebis uzarmazari socialuri fon-

debi xelisuflebis kontrols dauqvemdebara.

miuxedavad imisa, rom menemi ar wawydomia gansakuTrebul

winaaRmdegobas profkavSirebis mxridan, gansakuTrebuli

ekonomikuri warmatebebisTvisac ar miuRwevia. 1990-iani wleb-

is dasawyisSi, rodesac ekonomikis ministrad argentinuli

ekonomikuri `saswaulis" Semoqmedi domingo kavalo dainiS-

na, argentinuli peso hiperinflacias ganicdida. kavalom

ekonomikis stabilizacia pesos kursis stabilizaciiTdaiw-

yo (pesos kursi pirdapir aSS dolaris kurss mieba, riTac ar-

gentinam realurad damoukidebeli emisiis politikaze uari

Tavi pirveli

33

Tqva da pesos simyare bazarze moZravi dolaris odenobaze

iyo mibmuli). pesos stabilizaciam sazogadoebriv ganwyobe-

bzec hpova asaxva, Tuki 1991 wlis martSi sazogadoebis 16%

uWerda mxars mTavrobis ekonomikur politikas, 1991 wlis

dekemberSi es raodenoba 68%-mde gaizarda. 1992 wlis Sua

xanebSi sazogadoebaSi ukve Camoyalibda ganwyoba, rom argen-

tinaSi manamde moqmedi dabal efeqturi da aralegitimuri

mTavrobebis Semdeg funqcioba daiwyo sistemam, romelsac

zomieri efeqtianoba da legitimurobac gaaCnda.44

argentinis demokratiuli politikuri ganviTarebisTvis

kritikuli, gamocdis momenti 1999 wlis oqtomberSi idga,

rodesac morigi saprezidento arCevnebis Sedegebs unda

gaerkviaT wavidodnen Tu ara xelisuflebidan peronistebi

(karlos menemi - samarTlianobis partia JUSTICIALISTAS - aTi

wlis ganmavlobaSi 1989-1999 w.w. iyo argentinis prezidenti)

mSvidobianad arCevnebis saSualebiT. peronistebs memarcx-

ene-centristuli da memarjvene-centristuli Zalebis poli-

tikuri aliansi `samuSao adgilebisTvis, samarTlianobisa da

ganaTlebisaTvis" daupirispirda, romelic radikaluri samo-

qalaqo kavSirisa (UNION CIVICA RADICAL memarjvene-cen-

tristebi) da qveyanaSi solidarobis frontisgan (FRENTE POR

UN PAIS SOLIDARIO - FREPASO, memarcxene-centristebi) Sedge-

boda, da romlis kandidatic fernando de la rua iyo. per-

onistebis kandidats eduardo dualdes, menemis adminis-

traciis erT-erTi gamoCenili ministri domingo kavaloc (mo-

qmedeba respublikisTvis - ACCION POR LA REPUBLICA) daupir-

ispirda, romelic jer kidev 1996 wels amovarda peronistu-

li mTavrobidan korufciaSi braldebebisa da socialurad

mtkivneuli ekonomikuri politikis gatarebisTvis. 1999 wlis

24 oqtombris arCevnebis Sedegad sam ZiriTad kandidats44 Judith A. Teichman. The Politics of Freeing Markets in Latin America: Chile, Argentina,

and Mexico // The University of North Carolina Press. December 2000. pp. 68-72.

argentina

34

Soris xmebi Semdegnairad gadanawilda:

1. fernando de la rua - 49%;

2. eduardo dualde - 38%;

3. domingo kavalo - 10%.45

de la ruas prezidentad arCevas argentinisTvis manamdel

istoriasTan SedarebiT uprecendento xasiaTi hqonda, pirv-

el rigSi imis gamo rom pirvelad moxda rom sazogadoebam ga-

dairCia peronistebi, da isini xelisuflebidan mSvidobianad

wavidnen, meorec imis gamo, rom memarcxeneebma da memarjve-

neebma saerTo politikuri programa SeimuSaves da koalici-

uri mTavroba Camoayalibes. aseve mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom

Tuki karlos menemi xelisuflebaSi raul alfonsinis waru-

matebeli mTavrobis dacemis da mZvinvare ekonomikuri kriz-

isis talRaze `mxsnelis" SaravandiT Semkobili movida, de la

ruas aranairi qarizma ar hqonda da xelisuflebaSi momxdari

cvlilebebi stabilurobis fonze, gansakuTrebuli situacie-

bis ar arsebobis, instituciuri procedurebis dacviT mox-

da, rac argentinul sazogadoebaSi momxdar mniSvnelovan

politikur cvlilebebze miuTiTebs. argentinuli sazoga-

doeba 1999 wlisTvis mowyda Tavis mtkivneul istoriul

gamocdilebas da demokratizaciis dawyebidan eqvsi wlis

Tavze TiTqos gavida problematuri sazogadoebebis wridan

(ekvadori, peru, bolivia, venesuela) da institucionalize-

buli demokratiis mqone qveynebis rigSi dadga (Cile,

urugvai).

maS, rogori iyo demokratiis konsolidaciis gza argentin-

aSi? 1990-ian wlebSi argentinulma demokratiam konsolidaci-

is urTierTsawinaaRmdego etapebi gaiara. erTi mxriv, Zalau-

flebis gafarToebisken menemis swrafvam, rac yovelTvis

tipiuri iyo peronistebisTvis, daasusta warmomadgenlobi-45 Carol Wise, Riordan Roett, Guadalupe Paz. Post-Stabilization Politics in Latin America:

Competition, Transition, Collapse // Brookings Institution Press. July 2003. pp. 43.

Tavi pirveli

35

Ti institutebi da daarRvia horizontaluri angariSvalde-

bulebebis sistema. magaliTad, 1990 wels prezidentis de-

kretebma lamis Caanacvles umaRlesi sasamarTlos gadaw-

yvetilebebi, rodesac maTi gverdis avliT samxedroebis mi-

marT devna Sewyda, 1994 wels radikalur samoqalaqo kavSir-

Tan bundovani da gaumWvirvale SeTanxmebebiT, e.w. PACT DI

OLIVOS, ganxorcielda sakonstitucio reforma, romelmac

marTalia Sekveca saprezidento vada eqvsi wlidan xuTamde,

magram saSualeba misca moqmed prezidents xelaxla eyara

kenWi Semdgom arCevnebze (zedized orjer arCevis saSuale-

bas manamde moqmedi konstitucia ar iZleoda), riTac menemma

Zalauflebis saTaveSi Tavisi yofna gaixangrZliva. am da sxva

mizezebis (socialuri sakiTxebis ignorireba, mzardi koruf-

cia da braldebebi piradad menemis mimarT, maT Soris bralde-

bebi iranTan saeWvo kavSirebSi)46 gamo argentinul demokra-

tias delegatiurs, qaoturs, permanentulad arakonsoli-

drebuls uwodebdnen.47

meore mxriv, 1990-ian wlebSi demokratia raRac Tval-

sazrisiT siRrmiseuladac ganviTarda, magaliTad arCevneb-

is gamWvirvaloba oponentebis mxridan gansakuTrebul kri-

tikas ar imsaxurebda, samoqalaqo da adamianis uflebebis

darRvevebis arsebobis miuxedavad ar SeimCneoda faqtebis

tendenciebad gadaqcevis safrTxe, Jurnalistebze zewolis

miuxedavad sityvis Tavisufleba ase Tu ise mainc mocemuli

iyo. saxelmwifos mxridan am sakiTxebSi Carevas demokratiu-

lad organizebuli, aqtiuri samoqalaqo seqtori zRudavda.48

46 siriuli, Sesabamisad muslimuri warmoSobis menemis mimarT eWvi gamoiTqva1992 wels buenos-airesSi israelis saelCos afeTqebis da 1994 wlis ebraulisaTvistomos afeTqebis gamoZiebis arasworad warmarTvaSi da Ziebis procesSiCarevis mxriv iranuli da hesbolas kvalis dafarvis mizniT.

47 Larry Sawers. The Other Argentina: The Interior And National Development // WestviewPress. July 1998. pp. 156-160.

48 Edgardo R. Catterberg. Argentina Confronts Politics: Political Culture and Public Opinionin the Transition to Democracy // L. Rienner Publishers. January 1991. pp. 99-110.

argentina

36

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba aralegitimuri Zaladobis mimarT

mgrZnobiare da Seurigebeli gaxda, magaliTad - 1994 wels bue-

nos-airesis ebraul saTvistomoze teroristul Tavdasxmas,

rasac 86 adamiani Seewira, da 1997 wels fotograf-reportior

xuan kabesas mkvlelobas sazogadoebis mxridan mZlavri

saprotesto gamosvlebi mohyva.

aseve progresi iqna miRweuli samxedro-samoqalaqo urT-

ierTobebSi, Tavdacvis uwyeba mTlianad samoqalaqo kon-

trols daeqvemdebara (gansxvavebiT Cilesgan, ekvadorisgan

da perusgan) da samxedroebs aekrZalaT politikaSi monawi-

leoba. Sedegi iyo is, rom Seicvala Tavad samxedroebis kul-

turac, magaliTad generalma martin balsam aRiara

samxedroebis braleuloba `binZur omSi" da sajarod bodiSi

mouxada argentinul sazogadoebas.49 1990 wels samxedroTa

ajanyebebis dasrulebis Semdeg menemma Seamcira Tavdacvis

biujeti, armiis raodenoba mesamedamde daiyvana da Tav-

dacvis saministros qonebis nawilis privatizacia moaxdina.

zemoT naxsenebi sakonstitucio reforma, garda imisa rom

xdeboda piradad menemisTvis sasargeblo cvlilebebi, da mas

saSualeba eZleoda eqvsi wlis nacvlad aTi weli emarTa qvey-

ana, aseve iTvaliswinebda senatorebis, gubernatorebis, qala-

qis merebis pirdapir arCevas. sakonstitucio reformam aseve

daawesa ombudsmenis instituti (CONTROLADURIA) da gaauq-

ma debulebebi, romlebic religiur niadagze politikaSi

monawileobas zRudavdnen (magaliTad, manam, imisTvis rom mo-

qalaqes argentinis prezidentad eyara kenWi, konstitucia

iTxovda, rom igi aucileblad kaTolike unda yofiliyo).50

da bolos, horizontaluri angariSvaldebulebebis siste-

mis TvalsazrisiT, menemis administraciis pirobebSi aseve

49 Carol Wise, Riordan Roett, Guadalupe Paz. Post-Stabilization Politics in Latin America:Competition, Transition, Collapse // Brookings Institution Press. July 2003. pp. 201.

50 Ibid. pp. 232.

Tavi pirveli

37

imedis momcemi tendenciebi SeiniSneboda. Tavad menemi aq-

tiurad TanamSromlobda aramarto Tavis JUSTICIALISTAS par-

tiasTan, aramed opoziciur CR-Tanac (UNION CIVICO RADICAL).

Tavisi neoliberaluri ekonomikuri politikis gatarebi-

sTvis mas aseve sWirdeboda farTo aliansi ara marto qveynis

sakanonmdeblo organoSi, aramed regionebSi (gubernator-

ebTan, municipalitetebTan da merebTan, gansakuTrebiT didi

uenos-airesis olqSi, sadac memarcxeneebi - FREPASO, iyo pop-

ularuli da warmodgenili xelisuflebaSi) da profkavSirebs

(raul alfonsinis mTavrobis warumateblobebi didwilad

maTi wyalobiT moxda) Soris. aliansebis politikis warmoeba

neoliberaluri reformebis gaxorcielebis fonze gvaiZu-

lebs, vaRiaroT, rom miuxedavad garkveuli gadaxrebisa pi-

radi ekonomikuri interesebis mimarTulebiT, menemis

mTavrobis politikam sazogadoebis demokratiuli mowyobis

ZiriTadi principebi ar daazarala (gansxvavebiT Cilesgan da

meqsikisgan).51

horizontaluri angariSvaldebulebebis TvalsazrisiT

miRweuli progresi ubralod karlos menemis administraci-

is keTili nebiT ar aixsneba da amis mizezebi Tavad argentinu-

li politikuri speqtris specifikaSia saZiebeli. jer kidev

1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Tavi iCina tendenciam, romelic

hipermaJoritarianobis saxeliTaa cnobili.52 Tavad argenti-

nis ganviTarebis am etapze am movlenas negatiuri efeqti

meti hqonda, vidre -pozitiuri, igi politikis destabili-

zaciis potencialis Semcveli iyo. am da aseve ekonomikuri

problemebis, upirveles yovlisa hiperinflaciis fonze me-

nems Zalauflebis gamyarebisTvis brZola mouxda. argenti-

51 Judith A. Teichman. The Politics of Freeing Markets in Latin America: Chile, Argentina,and Mexico // The University of North Carolina Press. December 2000. pp. 176-186.

52 Carol Wise, Riordan Roett, Guadalupe Paz. Post-Stabilization Politics in Latin America:Competition, Transition, Collapse // Brookings Institution Press. July 2003. pp. 87.

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38

nelebi miesalmebodnen `Zlieri xelis" politikas

ekonomikur problemebTan brZolaSi, Sesabamisad menemisa da

kavalos ekonomikuri politikis mimarT ekonomikur elitasa

da sazogadoebis umravleobaSi, rogorc garduvals ise aRiq-

vamdnen, swored amitom egueboda sazogadoeba menemis mis-

wrafebas Zalauflebis koncentraciisken. zemoaRniSnuli

PACTO DI OLIVOS aseve am logikaSi jdeba, UCR-s sxva gza ar

hqonda Tu, ara dahyoloda prezidentis SemoTavazebebs, sxva

SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebrivi simpaTiebis fonze sakuTar dis-

kreditacias moaxdenda. UCR-is Semguebeli pozicia imiTac

iyo ganpirobebuli rom im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini TavianT sapa-

rlamento xmebs menemis proeqtebs ar miscemdnen, maSin prez-

identis administracia plebiscitiT da sazogadoebrivi mx-

ardaWeriT gaitanda Tavisas.53

ekonomikurma krizisma opozicia daasusta da daqsaqsa, yve-

laze gavleniani opoziciuri partia UCR diskreditebuli iyo

alfonsinis mTavrobis warumateblobiTa da SemdgomSi cal-

saxa poziciis arqoniT, maT mimarT sazogadoebrivi mxadaW-

era 52%-dan (1983 wels) 17%-mde daeca (1995 wels). arCevneb-

Si partiebis mimarT mxardaWera wlidan wlamde Semdegi di-

53 Ibid. pp. 280-283.

Tavi pirveli

39

namikiT gamoixateboda:

aRniSnul sqemaze54 mocemuli maCveneblebi opoziciur

politikur spetrSi arsebul eleqtoraluri mxadaWeris

fragmentulobaze da memarjvene Zalebis etapobriv dasus-

tebaze miuTiTebs. dedaqalaqsa da didi buenos-airesis olq-

Si memarcxene ganwyobebis zrda iyo mocemuli, TandaTan pop-

ularuli xdeboda FREPASO, magram UCR sazogadoebriv mx-

ardaWeras sul ufro da ufro kargavda. regionebi metwilad

provinciebis warmomadgenel memarjvene maJoritarebs

uWerdnen mxars, romlebic peronistebTan aliansSi moiazre-

bodnen. marTalia, argentinuli saSualo klasi antiperonis-

tulad iyo ganwyobili, magram maTi xmebi saerTo

ideologiuri mimarTulebis sxvadasxva partias Soris gaifan-

ta. opozicia gaxleCili iyo da menemisTvis alternativas ver

qmnida.

karlos menemma 1995 wlis saprezidento arCevnebze per-

onistuli partiis (JUSTICIALISTAS) mxardamWerTa ori didi

segmenti gamoavlina:

1. e.w. `menemistebi" (eleqtoratis 10-15%), romlebic

damoukidebel, konservatiul saSualo da maRal saSu-

alo klass warmoadgendnen, da romlebic ekonomikuri

krizisis gamo `Zlieri xelis" politikas uWerdnen mx-

ars;

2. da peronistebis tradiciuli eleqtorati (amomrCev-

lebis 30-35%), romelic muSebisgan, dabali da dabali

saSualo klasisgan Sedgeboda.55

erTad orive es segmenti fragmentirebuli opoziciis da

misi daqsaqsuli mxardamWerebis fonze did eleqtoralur

54 Anthony W. Pereira. Political (In)Justice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil,Chile, and Argentina (Pitt Latin American Studies) // University of Pittsburgh Press. October2005. pp. 215.

55 Ibid. pp. 218.

argentina

40

koalicias qmnidnen, ramac peronistebis dauZlevelobis miTi

Seqmna da ramac 1999 wlis oqtombris arCevnebis uprecenden-

toba ganapiroba.

hipermaJoritarulobis tendenciis negatiuri efeqtebis

gamo warmoebulma peronistebis xelSi Zalauflebis koncen-

traciis politikam bevri damkvirvebeli argentinuli poli-

tikis `meqsikanizaciaze" aalaparaka. Tuki meqsikuri dominan-

tur partiuli sistema ar tovebda sivrces demokratiuli

ZalTa balansisTvis, argentinaSi, romelsac susti respub-

likuri institutebi da konfliqturi politikis tradicie-

bi gaaCnda, erTi partiis, miTumetes peronistuli Zalis

sasargeblod politikur simpatiaTa aseTi balansi Zalau-

flebis miTvisebis SesaZleblobas zrdida. marTlac menemma

isargebla opoziciis uZlurebiT da ar moerida uxeSi wese-

biT mmarTvelobas, Tumca mainc mouwia politikuri speqtris

dacalkevebul centrebTan TanamSromloba, riTac daadastu-

ra, rom axali peronistuli hegemoniis safrTxe fuWi gangaSi

iyo da meqsikanizaciis perspeqtiva ganuxorcielebel sa-

frTxes warmoadgenda. karlos menemma daicva (metnaklebad)

sazogadoebriv-politikuri sivrcis demokratiuli mowyobis

principebi, ar daarRvia horizontaluri angariSvaldebule-

bebis sistema da aliansebis politikis warmoebiT safuZveli

daudo postkrizisul politikaze gadasvlas.56

`menemizmisa" da hipermaJoritarulobis gamomwvevi mize-

zebi karlos menemis administraciis meore periodSi ukve am-

oiwurnen. am periodis ganmavlobaSi politikuri ganviTareb-

is ori gza gamoikveTa:

1. e.w. postkrizisul politikaze gadasvla, rac imaSi gam-

oixta, rom Tuki 1983-1993 wlebSi sazogadoeba

56 Carol Wise, Riordan Roett, Guadalupe Paz. Post-Stabilization Politics in Latin America:Competition, Transition, Collapse // Brookings Institution Press. July 2003. pp. 305.

Tavi pirveli

41

ekonomikuri krizisis fonze yuradRebas ar uTmobda

menemis mmarTvelobis stils, hiperinflaciis daZle-

vis Semdeg SiSi ekonomikuri problemebis mimarT gaqra

da xelisuflebis muSaoba politikuri ganxilvis aqtu-

aluri Tema gaxda. politikur dRis wesrigSi dadga ko-

rufciis, politikuri da ekonomikuri konkurenciis,

samomxmareblo uflebebis sakiTxebi. imis gamo rom men-

emis mTavroba efeqtianad ver reagirebda postkrizisu-

li periodis problemebze, gansakuTrebiT korufciaze

(Tavad iyo dakavSirebuli korufciasTan), misi imiji da

prestiJi TandaTanobiT dakninda;

2. ekonomikuri krizisis daZlevam saSualeba misca opoz-

iciur speqtrs aRorZinebuliyo da saerTo xedvebis ir-

gvliv gaerTianebuliyo. UCR-ma da FREPASO-m, romlebic

SesaZlo Zalauflebis mpyrobelebad ar aRiqmebodnen

adre da Sua 1990-ianebSi, 1994 wels mniSvnelovani cv-

lileba ganaxorcieles:

a. maT moaxerxes `axali ekonomikuri modelis" Zir-

iTad principebze SeTanxmeba, romlebic akmay-

ofilebda, rogorc memarjvenebis ise memarcxe-

neebis moTxovnebs, ar akritikebdnen xelisufle-

bas ekonomikis liberalizaciis politikis gamo,

magram mwvaved akritikebdnen SromiTi uflebeb-

is da socialuri uzrunvelyofis ignorirebas.

miuxedavad memarjvene liberaluri ekonomikuri

politikis erTxmad gamarTlebisa 1995 wlis

arCevnebze CR mainc gamovida domingo kavalos

konvertabelurobis gegmis (pesos kursis gan-

sazRvra brunvaSi myofi aSS dolaris odenobiT,

da realurad pesos kursis mibma ucxour

valutaze) winaaRmdeg;

argentina

42

b. 1997 wels UCR-ma da FREPASO-m Camoayalibes alian-

si ramac maT saSualeba miscaT fragmentirebuli

eleqtorati gaeerTianebinaT da arCevnebze per-

onistebis hegemoniisa da ualternativobisaTvis

safrTxe SeeqmnaT. msgavsi gaerTianebiT per-

onistebs dabali saSualo (muSebi) da maRali sa-

Sualo klasis xmebis dakargvis perspeqtiva gauCn-

daT, rac eqspertebis daTvliT maTi eleqtorat-

is 40-45%-s Seadgenda.57

am cvlilebebs isic daerTo Tan, rom ekonomikis stabili-

zaciis Semdeg ekonomika aRar asocirdeboda menemis sax-

elTan. 1997 wlis sazogadoebrivi gamokiTxvebis Sedegad ar-

gentinelebis 95% Tvlida, rom ekonomikuri situacia aRar

gauaresdeboda da igi ar iyo damokidebuli imaze, Tu vin iqne-

boda xelisuflebaSi. imave wlis sazogadoebrivi azris gamo-

kiTxvebis Sedegad argentineli biznesmenebis 72% Tvlida,

rom ekonomikuri situacia ar Seicvleboda Tu xelisufleb-

is saTaveSi aliansi `samuSao adgilebisTvis, samarTlianobisa

da ganaTlebisaTvis" movidoda. sazogadoebriv azrSi momx-

darma am Zvrebma partiul sistemaSic moaxdina cvlilebebi,

ukve aliansis Seqmnidan eqvs TveSi 1997 wlis saparlamento

arCevnebze UCR-sa da FREPASO-s gaerTianebam xmebis 46% mi-

iRo, xolo peronistulma JUSTICIALISTAS 36%.58

1997 wlis saparlamento arCevnebi postkrizisuli poli-

tikis dadgomis mauwyebeli gaxda. 1998 wels menemi axali

saprezidento arCevnebisTvis mzadebas Seudga, mas mesamed-

ac undoda kenWi eyara prezidentad, magram saparlamento

arCevnebis gamocdilebam peronistebs ukarnaxa, rom es wamge-

57 J. Timmons Roberts. From Modernization to Globalization: Perspectives on Developmentand Social Change // Wiley-Blackwell. January 2000. pp. 167-181.

58 Howard J. Wiarda. Politics and Social Change in Latin America: Still a Distinct Tradition?// Praeger publishers. October 2003. pp. 85-92.

Tavi pirveli

43

biani nabiji aRmoCndeboda. sakuTarma partiam menems uari

uTxra prezidentobis kandidatad nominaciaze, da mis magi-

er eduardo dualde iqna dasaxelebuli. Tavad menems ar sur-

da partiisTvis msgavsi `Ralatis" ufleba mieca, ris gamoc

dualdes saprezidento kampania Sidapartiuli dapiri-

spirebebis fonze mimdinareobda da realurad peronistuli

Zalebis gaxleCvaze miuTiTebda, rac Tavis mxriv sazogadoe-

bas ufro unificirebuli aliansis `samuSao adgilebisTvis,

samarTlianobisa da ganaTlebisaTvis" sasargeblod ganawyob-

da. aliansis kandidatma de la ruam peronistebi aramarto

saprezidento arCevnebze daamarcxa, misma partiam CR-ma men-

dozasa da entre riosSi gubernatoris arCevnebic moigo,

Tumca qveynis masStabiT gubernatorebis 2/3 mainc per-

onistebi iyvnen (maT Soris peronistebis kontrols qveS aR-

moCndnen yvelaze didi Statebis didi buenos-airesis, kor-

dobas da santa fes gubernatoris postebi). peronistebma

aseve kontroli SeinarCunes senatze da umaRlesi sasamarT-

los mosamarTleebis umetesobac menemis momxreebi iyvnen.59

am garemoebebma safuZveli daudes hegemonuri politikis

dasasruls da konsensusze orientirebuli politikuri kom-

promisebis politikas. Tumca am mxrivac bevri faruli

winaaRmdegoba iyo Cadebuli antiperonistuli aliansis

mTavrobisTvis, rac 2001-2003 wlebis ekonomikurma krizisma

gamoavlina.

postkrizisuli politikis xangrZlivobam fernando de la

ruas saprezidento vadis bolomdec ki ver gastana. 2001 wlis

dekemberSi domingo kavalos konvertabelurobis gegmis Sede-

gi (erTi peso udris erT aSS dolars) is iyo, rom ekonomikuri

krizisis fonze rac dolaris gadinebas mohyva, peso Tvalis

daxamxamebaSi gaufasurda. am movlenebis Sedegad argentin-59 Carol Wise, Riordan Roett, Guadalupe Paz. Post-Stabilization Politics in Latin America:

Competition, Transition, Collapse // Brookings Institution Press. July 2003. pp 247.

argentina

44

as gaRatakebuli sazogadoebis mxridan spontanuri da qao-

turi protestis talRam gadauara, rac male ZaladobaSic ga-

daizarda. 19-20 dekembers qveyanaSi Seqmnilma daZabulobam

piks miaRwia,60 prezidentma de la ruam peronistebs, rom-

lebic Statebis umetesobas akontrolebdnen da sakanonmde-

blo organoSic solidurad iyvnen warmodgenilni, krizisu-

li koaliciuri mTavrobis Seqmna SesTavaza, razec uari mi-

iRo. ukontrolobis da qveynis sruli kolafsis Tavidan ac-

ilebis mizniT (qveynis masStabiT ukve 26 adamiani iyo daRu-

puli) de la rua da misi mTavroba gadadga, xelisufleba isev

peronistebs daubrundaT.61 am movlenebma kidev erTxel

gamowvevis winaSe daayenes argentinuli demokratia, misi si-

cocxlisunarianoba damokidebuli aRmoCnda ara demokrati-

uli TamaSis wesebis universalurobaze, aramed mTavrobis

ekonomikur efeqtianobaze.62

2003 wlis saprezidento arCevnebze STambeWdavi Sedegi

aCvenes: 1999 wlis arCevnebisas 3 nawilad dayofili peronis-

tuli partiis samma kandidatma pirveli sami adgilis aReba

SeZles. arCevnebis Sedegad qveynis saTaveSi nestor kirSneri

movida. is Tavis politikaSi peronizmis safuZvlebs daubrun-

da: kirSneris mTavrobam uaryo neoliberaluri modeli da

mkveTrad gaaZliera saxelmwifos maregulirebeli roli so-

60 John Jordan. Que Se Vayan Todos: Argentina’s Popular Rebellion - An Eyewitness AccountOf The Financial Meltdown And Ongoing Grassroots Rebellion // Routledge. March 2003. pp.43.

61 2001 wlis dekembridan 2003 wlis maisamde, politikuri da ekonomikuri kriz-isis ganmavlobaSi argentinam oTxi peronisti prezidenti (federiko ramon pu-erta, adolfo rodriges saa, eduardo oskar kamano, eduardo alberto dual-de) Seicvala. 2003 wlidan ekonomikis stabilizaciasTan erTad argentinulipolitika isev dastabilurda, Tumca antiperonistebs arCevnebi ar mougiaT daargentinas dResac peronisti prezidenti hyavs (2003-2007 wlebSi prezidentinestor karlos kirSneri iyo, 2007 wlidan ki prezidenti misi meuRle kristinakirSneria).

62 Anthony W. Pereira. Political (In)Justice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil,Chile, and Argentina (Pitt Latin American Studies) // University of Pittsburgh Press. October2005. pp. 172-178.

Tavi pirveli

45

cialur da ekonomikur procesebSi. saxelmwifos CareviT

Seiqmna 3 milionze meti samuSao adgili, umuSevroba Semcir-

da 2002 wels 24%-dan 2006 wlisaTvis 10%-mde. 50%-iT gaizar-

da xelfasebi, saSualo xelfasma 260 aSS dolari Seadgina.

imave periodSi siRaribis zRvars qvemoT mcxovrebi argenti-

nelebis ricxvi 54,7% dan 31,4% Semcirda. 2003 wels argenti-

nis mTliani Sida produqtis zrdam 8,8%, 2004 - 9,0%, 2005 -

9,2%, 2006 - 8,5%, Seadgina, mTlianad am 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi

mTliani Sida produqti 53%, xolo sawarmoo produqciis moc-

uloba - 56%-iT gaizarda. aseTi ekonomikuri zrda qveyanaSi

1919 wlidan ar dafiqsirebula. yvelaferi amis Sedegad mniS-

vnelovnad Semcirda qveynis sagareo valebi, gaizarda

savaluto rezervebi, biujeti sruldeba mdgradi profic-

itiT, gadasaxadebis akrefva samjer gaizarda. am ekonomikuri

zrdis fonze kirSneris reitingi mosaxleobaSi stabilurad

70% doneze narCundeboda.63 2007 wlis saprezidento

arCevnebSi man sakuTaris nacvlad meuRlis: kristina

fernandes de kirSneris kandidatura wamoayena, romelmac

damajereblad gaimarjva am arCevnebSi da argentinis prezi-

denti gaxda.

koleqtiuri identobebis konstruirebis problema ar-

gentinaSi

sociasluri Zalebis orientaciebi, interesebi, Rirebule-

bebi, ar arseboben vakuumSi, aramed yalibdebian istoriulad

gansazRvrul saxelmwifo sistemis konteqstSi. yovel poli-

tikur sistemas aqvs sakuTari kanonebi, ar SeiZleba maTi re-

ducireba sistemaSi moqmedi socialuri Zalebis urT-

ierTqmedebaze. Tumca politikuri sistemis da misi trans-

formaciis ganxilva calmxrivi da naklebad gasagebi iqneba im63 Jonathan Barton. The State of Democracy in Latin America: Post-Transitional Conflicts in

Argentina and Chile // Routledge. January 2005. pp. 84-101.

argentina

46

sazogadoebis Taviseburebebis gagebis gareSe, im garemos gage-

bis gareSe, romelSic mas uxdeba funqcionireba. argentinu-

li sazogadoebis ukeT gasagebad misTvis damaxasiaTebeli

koleqtiuri identobis raobis, misi transformaciebis da

politikur sistemasTan urTierTkavSiris ganxilvaa mniS-

vnelovani.

koleqtiuri identobebi, rogorc socialuri sazRvrebis

moniSvnis da socialur jgufebs Soris msgavsebaTa da gansx-

vavebaTa aRniSvnis modelebi, aRiqmebodnen rogorc social-

ur-struqturuli procesebis Tanmxlebi efeqti. am proces-

ebSi gansakuTrebiT moiazrebodnen ZalauflebiT da

ekonomikur urTierTobebTan dakavSirebuli cvlilebebi,

romlebic laTinur amerikaSi modernizaciis gavleniT mim-

dinareobdnen.

laTinur amerikaSi koleqtiuri identobebis Camoyalibeba

gansxvavebulia evropuli modelebisgan. am TvalsazrisiT

identobebis Camoyalibeba sam sxvadasxva ganzomilebaSi unda

ganvixiloT:

1. identobebi jer kidev damoukidebeli saxlemwifoebis

Camoyalibebamde ikveTeba;

2. koleqtiuri identobebis Camoyalibeba xdeboda trad-

iciulad da aseve modernizaciis gavleniT, rac iden-

tobis mravalmxriv gagebebs sTavazobda am sazogadoe-

bebs (anu erTi mxriv aqcenti keTdeba istoriul ganvi-

Tarebis gzaze, meore mxriv ki saerTaSoriso garemos

gavlenaze);

3. da yvelaze mTavari, es iyo dominaciis, Zalauflebi-

sTvis brZolis da konkurenciis, kompromisisa da kon-

sensusis formirebis procesSi instituciuri proces-

ebis centraluroba, rac uaRresad did gavlenas axden-

da sazogadoebrivi sivrcis Camoyalibebaze.

Tavi pirveli

47

laTinur amerikaSi sazogadoebrivi sivrcis struqturire-

ba da koleqtiuri identobebis Camoyalibebis procesi urT-

ierTganmsazRvrel da urTierTdakavSirebul fenomenebs

warmoadgenen da socialur-politikur procesebSi monawile-

obis, liderobis, CarTulobisa da gariyvis meqanizmebSi da

formebSi gamoixateba.

identobis konstruirebis sxvadasxva formebis (Temi, eT-

nikuroba, socialuri klasebi, erebi, regionuli da re-

ligiuri jgufebi da a.S.) da moqmedebaTa konteqstualuri

rukebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT laTinuri amerikis sxva-

dasxva sazogadoebaSi mniSvnelovani sxvaobebi ikveTeba, ma-

galiTad, heterogenulobis da homogenurobis TvalsazrisiT.

es gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia gavlenis, simdidris ganaw-

ilebis, zomis da saxelmwifosTan mimarTebis partikularu-

li istoriebis kuTxiT. aseT SemTxvevebSi erTianobis uzrun-

velyofisTvis socialur jgufebze saxelmwifos mier ganx-

orcielebuli iZulebis da zewolis sxvadasxva masStabebze

gviwevs saubari. am SemTxvevebSi Tavs iCens sxvadasxva koleq-

tiuri identobis mqone socialuri jgufebis brZola da

winaaRmdegoba saxelmwifosTan.

konkretuli identobebis mqone politikur erTobebSi

wevroba aSkarad dakavSirebulia im kulturul da

ideologiur programebTan, romlebic gansazRvraven sazoga-

doebriv sivrceSi CarTulobas da individebs, jgufebsa da

institutebs Soris interaqcias. am programebis safuZvelze

xdeba, rogorc gare, ise Sida `ucxoebis" gansazRvra da rom-

lebic mravalferovnebas qmnian, rogorc istoriuli, ise

geografiuli TvalsazrisiT, da romlebic, Tavis mxriv, ukav-

Sirdebian eTnikur da demografiul formatSi sxvaobasac. am

urTierTkavSirebis safuZvelze ikveTeba koleqtiuri iden-

tobebis kriteriumebi da aqedan gamomdinare sazogadoebriv-

argentina

48

piolitikur procesebSi monawileobis formebi, romlebsac

ama Tu im identobis matarebeli elitebi gamoxataven.64 gan-

sakuTrebiT mniSvnelobas es im sazogadoebebSi iZenda, sadac

sxvadasxva socialuri jgufi, Tavisi gavlenisa da Zalis Se-

sabamisad (socio-ekonomikuri da kulturuli statusis

mixedviT) sajaro-politikuri sivrcis gansazRvras an gada-

azrebas cdilobda, rac, Tavis mxriv, politikuri brZolisa

da daZabulobis Sesabamisi xarisxiT xasiaTdeboda. aqedan

gamomdinare, es jgufebi erTobas qmnidnen saxelmwifosTan

TanamSromlobiTi Tu konfliqturi urTierTqmedebis pro-

cesSi, romelic `mimarTuli iyo zogadad privatizebuli, ma-

gram mainc sajaro sivrcis marTvis Sesaxeb debatebze, imis

Taobaze Tu rogor unda momxdariyo marTvis moqnili wesebis

SemuSaveba" (habermasi)65. Sesabamisad socialurma jgufebma

aqtiuri roli iTamaSes sakuTaro interesebis win wamosawe-

vad, TavianTi urTierTqmedebiT Camoayalibes koleqtiuri

xedva da sazogadoebis SigniT interaqciis zogadi wesebi.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare laTinuri amerikis sazogadoe-

bebSi koleqtiuri identobebis Camoyalibebis gare gavlenis

faqtorebTan mimarTebis kuTxiT sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba

ikveTeba:

1. ra kavSirebi ikveTeba am sazogadoebebsa da gare cen-

trebs Soris, globaluri identobebis fokusebs Soris

(religiuri, kulturuli, ideologiuri, an maTi kombi-

nacia), an piriqiT Tu aris maT Soris winaaRmdegoba, anu

Tu aris sazogadoebis Sida kompoziciasa da gare Car-

Coebs Soris konfliqti.66

64 Will Fowler and Peter Lambert. Political Violence and the Construction of National Identityin Latin America // Routledge. November 2006. pp. 49-54.

65 Luis Roniger and Mario Sznajder. Constructing Collective Identities and Shaping PublicSpheres: Latin American Paths // Cambridge. January 1998. pp. 47.

66 J. Timmons Roberts. From Modernization to Globalization: Perspectives on Developmentand Social Change // Wiley-Blackwell. January 2000. pp. 230-234.

Tavi pirveli

49

2. ra winaaRmdegobebi ikveTeba dasavlur tendenciebTan

msgavsebebsa da laTinur amerikul sazogadoebebSi mim-

dinare socio-politikur dinamikas Soris, rac kultu-

ruli Camoyalibebis xangrZliv cvlilebebSi gamoixate-

ba.67

3. ra saxis gamyofebi arsebobs formalur organizaciul

principebsa da institutebis moqmedebis araformalur

qmedebebs Soris, politikis SemuSavebasa da gatarebas

Soris, aseve sazogadoebriv sivrceSi politikuri mod-

elebis ritorikul proeqciasa da sazogadoebriv cx-

ovrebaSi politikis realur praqtikas Soris.68

istoriuli perspeqtiviT Tu SevxedavT, laTinuri amerikis

gadasavlurebis tendencia XIX saukuneSi liberalizmis gama-

rjvebas ukavSirdeba. liberalizmis Semosvla mimarTuli iyo

kaTolikuri eklesiis winaaRmdeg da tradiciuli identobe-

bis da socialuri organizaciis tradiciuli principebis

Secvlas isaxavda miznad. liberalizmi ganixileboda, rogorc

`civilizaciis" dapirispireba `barbarosobasTan". liberal-

izmis talRam moitana evropuli institutebis damkvidreba,

Tumca ver moaxerxa sazogadoebis Rrma transformacia, mox-

da saxelmwifo aparatis partikularizacia da gaaRrmava poli-

tikuri konfliqtebi axal da Zvel socio-politikur klasebs

Soris. damkvidrda formaluri Tanasworoba, magram Zalau-

flebis SesanarCuneblad xdeboda Zaladobis gamoyenebac,

arCevnebis gayalbebac, mosyidva, patronaJi, klientelis-

turi manipulaciebi. gaumWvirvale meTodebiT Zalauflebi-

sTvis brZola liberaluri, dasavluri institutebis Sinaar-

sis Secvlas da demokratiuli ideebis diskreditacias iwvev-

67 Arturo Escobar and Sonia E. Alvarez. The Making of New Social Movements in LatinAmerica: Identity, Strategy, and Democracy // Routledge. July 1992. pp. 53-62.

68 James F. Petras. The New Development Politics: The Age of Empire Building and NewSocial Movements // Cambridge university press. November 2003. pp. 187-190.

argentina

50

da. XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi erT-erTi yvelaze

radikaluri mcdeloba daSlili sazogadoebriv-politikuri

sivrcis gadaazrebisa iyo populizmi, romlis warmatebuli

ganxorcieleba meqsikasa da argentinaSi moxda. populizmi sa-

zogadoebriv-piolitikur sivrceSi masobrivi inkorporire-

bis modeli iyo, romlis farglebSic saSualo da dabali so-

cialuri klasebis politikur sivrceSi saxelmwifos mier mar-

Tvadma CarTvam sajaro-politikur sivrceze kontroli

moitana, rac sazogadoebis TviTmobilizebis dakninebaSi,

korporatistul warmomadgenlobasa da Zveli socialuri

struqturebis mimarT ZaladobaSi (represiebi) gamoixata.69

populizmis damkvidreba, iseve rogorc misi Sekveca uci-

loblad gulisxmobda cvalebad Zvel da axal socialur stru-

qturebs Soris dapirispirebas da Zaladobas. Tavad Zalado-

ba erT-erT faqtors warmoadgens laTinur amerikul sazoga-

doebebSi koleqtiuri identobebis CamoyalibebisTvis.70 Se-

sabamisad, Rirebulia yuradReba mivaqcioT imasac Tu ra gav-

lena hqonda adamiansi uflebebis darRvevebs koleqtiur

cnobierebaze da saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaze.

adamianis uflebebis masobrivi darRvevebis Sedegi is iyo,

rom:

1. Seicvala instituciuri da legaluri procedurebi;

2. Seicvala politikuri monawileobis xasiaTi da avtono-

miuri organizaciisa da mobilobis unari SeizRuda;

3. SeizRuda pluralizmi, moxda sazogadoebis depoliti-

zacia da sajaro sivrceze korporatistul-biurokra-

tiuli kontroli dawesda;

4. saxelmwifom daamkvidra ucilobeli `WeSmaritebebis"

sistema, romelic sazogadoebis mxridan kritikas da re-69 J. Timmons Roberts. From Modernization to Globalization: Perspectives on Development

and Social Change // Wiley-Blackwell. January 2000. pp. 34-38.70 Will Fowler and Peter Lambert. Political Violence and the Construction of National Identity

in Latin America // Routledge. November 2006. pp. 276-279.

Tavi pirveli

51

fleqsias ar eqvemdebareboda.

am viTarebaSi politikuri liderobis mTavari amocana sta-

bilurobis SenarCuneba iyo. amasTan saubari iyo garkveuli

doziT demokratiulobis SenarCunebazec, romelic gansx-

vavdeboda demokratiis im SesaZlo `CarCoebisgan" rac av-

toritarul-biurokratiuli wnexis gareSe SeiZleba arsebu-

liyo. Sedegad politikurma erTobebma miiRes saxelmwifos-

gan alternatiuli sazogadeobrivi sivrceebi, romlebSic

xdeboda koleqtiuri TviTgarkveva da arsebul wesrigTan

konfrontacia, rac axali politikuri identobebis Camoyal-

ibebas uwyobda xels.71 swored am sivrceebis generireba gax-

da mogvianebiT demokratizaciis da axali politikuri wes-

rigis damkvidrebis safuZveli, romlis farglebSic sazoga-

doebriv-politikuri sivrcis axalma gaazrebam Semdegi mima-

rTulebebiT miiRo gaSla:

1. demokratiis konstituciuri principebis gadafor-

mateba;

2. monawileobis da politikuri da socialuri sikeTeebis

ganawilebis axali formebis damkvidreba;

3. instituciuri moqnilobis damkvidreba;

4. moqalaqeobis gadaazreba.72

am tendenciebs, gansakuTrebiT argentinaSi, xSirad ukav-

Sireben im debatebis RerZs rac germaniaSi iyo meore msof-

lio omis Semdeg mesame raixis istoriuli Sefasebebisas. Tum-

ca aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom Tuki germaniaSi am Se-

fasebebSi sazogadoebrivi konsensusi iyo uzrunvelyofili,

laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi, konkretulad argentinaSi, sa-

zogadoebrivi azri dRemde gayofilia, rac sazogadoebrivi

sivrcis disagregacias iwvevs.

71 Ibid. pp. 306-310.72 Will Fowler and Peter Lambert. Political Violence and the Construction of National Identity

in Latin America // Routledge. November 2006. pp. 298-303.

argentina

52

rodesac saubroben adamanis uflebaTa darRvevebis gav-

lenaze koleqtiur identobaze, zogi inteleqtuali miu-

TiTebs, rom sakmarisi araa 1970-80-iani wlebiT Semovifar-

gloT da Zaladobis istoria da sazogadoebriv cnobierebaze

misi gavlena jer kidev evropuli kolonizaciiT, damoukide-

blobisTvis omebiTa da samoqalaqo omebiT unda daviwyoT. am

mosazrebas imiT amyareben, rom Zaladoba da represiebi ar

iyo ucxo laTinuri amerikis sazogadoebebisaTvis da XX

saukunis ganmavlobaSi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Zvel mod-

elebTan dabrunebaze gviwevs saubari (represiebi, masebis

demobilizacia, individualuri cxovrebis destruqcia, mo-

nisturi idealebi da a.S.).

`es maSin mogvivida, rodesac Cven rogorc eri davibadeT.

argentina mkvlelobebis saga da Zveli gakveTilebidan Cven

veraferi SeviswavleT. masmediis pirobebSic ki cotam Tu icis

1921 wlis patagoniis ajanyebis Sesaxeb, an mkvlelobebze

TreliuSi da erisaSi (1973 wels), plaza de maios dabombvaze

(1955 wels)". (fernandes meixide).73

istoriuli memkvidreobis da koleqtiuri identobis kon-

frontacia mtkivneulia da maTi gadaazreba rTulia. Tulio

halperin dongi wers:

`axla rodesac tiraniis bolo dekada warsuls bardeba rTu-

lia imaze saubari axerxeben Tu ara argentinelebi am rTul

memkvidreobas Tavi gaarTvan... saWiroa bazisuri daskvnebis

gakeTeba romlebic saSualebas mogvcemen xangrZlivvadian

istoriul perspeqtivaSi SevxedoT Cvens qveyanas da teror-

is es ukanaskneli epizodi argentinis istoriaSi ramenairad

CavsvaT, rom moxdes qveynis iseTi saxis damkvidreba, romel-

ic daefuZneba argentinelebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis in-

Tavi pirveli

73 Luis Roniger and Mario Sznajder. Constructing Collective Identities and Shaping PublicSpheres: Latin American Paths // Cambridge. January 1998. pp. 102.

74 Luis Roniger and Mario Sznajder. Constructing Collective Identities and Shaping PublicSpheres: Latin American Paths // Cambridge. January 1998. pp. 104.

53

stinqtur Tanxmobas".74

argentinaSi ramdenime istoriuli xedva kristalizirde-

ba sxvadasxva politikuri ideologiis CarCoebSi: konserva-

tiuli liberalizmi da revizionistuli nacionalizmi, memar-

jvene da memarcxene peronistebi, social-demokratebi

radikalur samoqalaqo kavSirTan erTobaSi, da memarcxene

radikalebis mTeli seria.75 mTeli es politikuri ideologie-

bi mxars uWerdnen `revoluciuri" Tu `kontrrevoluciuri"

Zaladobis sxvadasxva mimarTulebas. erTi mxriv, iyo swrafva

socialuri organizmis radikaluri cvlilebebisken, rac Zal-

adobas gulisxmobda, meore mxriv, ki iyo sapasuxo Zaladoba

imaTi mxridan, romlebic `wesrigs amkvidrebdnen" da `binZur

oms" eweodnen sazogadoebaSi `ganTesili destruqciuli, Zir-

gamomTxreli elementebis" winaaRmdeg.

samxedro mmarTvelobebisa da reJimebis pirobebSi argen-

tineli da sxva laTinur amerikeli inteleqtualebisTvis

daiwyo TviTrefleqsiisa da istoriuli gadaazrebis perio-

di, romelSic yalibdeboda sakuTari qveynis axali xedvis

narativebi. es istoriuli gadaazrebis procesi ZiriTadad

ganviTarda im sakiTxebis irgvliv, Tu romeli sazogadoebrivi

seqtorebi iyvnen damnaSaveni an romelT miuZRodaT wvlili

samxedro reJimebis Camoyalibebasa da adamianis uflebebis

masobriv darRvevebSi. argentinaSi Ciles msgavsad ganviTar-

da narativi MEA CULPA76, romelic introspeqtul stilSi

aRZravda individualur da jgufur sinanuls piradi da

koleqtiuri istoriis mimarT, Tumca Cilesgan gansxvavebiT

argentinaSi msgavsi ganwyobebi umeteswilad konsensusis sa-

gani ar gamxdara.77 argentineli inteleqtualebis naSromeb-

argentina

75 Will Fowler and Peter Lambert. Political Violence and the Construction of National Identityin Latin America // Routledge. November 2006. pp. 235-237.

76 "Cemi bralia”.77 Jonathan Barton. The State of Democracy in Latin America: Post-Transitional Conflicts in

Argentina and Chile // Routledge. January 2005. pp 79-86.

54

Si Cndeba dualizmi, erTi mxriv, ikveTeba saxelmwifo, romel-

ic Trgunavs Tavis moqalaqeebs, da, meore mxriv, am represie-

bis msxverplni, romlebic saxelmwifos ebrZodnen. individ-

ualur doneze inteleqtualebi axerxebdnen saxelmwifo

dogmebis eWv qveS dayenebas, magram koleqtiur doneze iden-

tobebis proeqcia sxvagvarad xdeboda. sazogadoebaSi saxelm-

wifosgan gaucxoebas sakuTari identobis politikur wesrig-

Tan, kerZod demokratiasTan Sefardebis saxe hqonda. sazoga-

doeba eWv qveS ayenebda demokratiuli politikuri wesrigis

Sesabamisobas argentinis nacionalur saxesTan (rasac isto-

riuli gamocdilebis prizmaSi aRiqvamdnen) da sazogadoebis

farTo wreebSi, gansakuTrebiT dabal socialur klasebSi Cn-

deboda samxedro diqtaturamdeli populizmis mimarT nos-

talgiuri ganwyoba. 2002 welsac ki rodesac argentinaSi

ekonomikuri krizisi mZvinvarebda sazogadoeba jer kidev

svamda kiTxvas iyo Tu ara demokratia da sabazro ekonomika

sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis is sistemebi, rac adekvaturi

iqneboda argentinuli sazogadoebisTvis.

garda koleqtiuri identobebis konstruirebis faqtore-

bisa, zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom erovnul identurobasTan

dakavSirebiT Tanamedrove tendencia socialuri konstru-

qciis Sedegia da ara imanenturi faseulobebis sistema,

romelic argentinaSi udavod dasavluria.78 aRniSnulidan

gamomdinare upriania yuradReba mieqces imas Tu ras niSnavs

sakuTriv argentinuli sazogadoebriv organizmSi aRqmuli

Sida `sxva", `ucxo" da ra roli aqvs mas zogad erovnuli poli-

tikuri identobis formirebaSi, da aseve rogor vlindeba igi

saxelmwifos instituciur dizainSi da moqmedebaSi (sazoga-

doebriv-politikur sivrceSi socialuri jgufebis monawi-

leobisa da CarTulobis TvalsazrisiT).

Tavi pirveli

78 David Held. A Globalizing World?: Culture, Economics, Politics (Understanding SocialChange) // Routledge. October 2000. pp. 72-77.

55

am ukanaskneli sazomis mixedviT koleqtiuri identobebi

eqskluziis mixedviT sxvaoben:

1. zogi sazogadoebrivi jgufi mkacrad integrirebuli da

inkorporirebulia sazogadoebriv sivrceSi, zogi nak-

lebad;

2. sxvadasxva socialuri elitebi da organizaciuli

qselebi ibrZodnen alternatiuli identobebis damkvi-

dreba-institucionalizaciisTvis;

3. yvela es viwro koleqtiuri identoba ganisazRvreba

TavisTvis gare met-naklebi politikuri gavlenis mqone

jgufebTan urTierTobaSi, romelTa egzistenciuri

statusi memarjvene da memarcxene Teoriebis RerZeb-

is irgvliv qmedebebSi yalibdeba.79

aqedan gamomdinare argentinaSi zogaderovnuli poli-

tikuri identobis Camoyalibebas Tu revizias demokrati-

zaciis dawyebisas ori winapiroba hqonda gasarkvevi:

1. politikuri poziciebis sxvaobebi qmnian Tu ara erTian

sistemas, da es sistema moicavs Tu ara paradigmebs, rom-

lebic sxvadasxva socialur jgufs Soris poziciur sx-

vaobas raime sayovelTaod gaziarebul gamarTlebas

aZlevs;

2. hqondaT Tu ara am hegemonur paradigmebs im donis sta-

biluroba da moqniloba, rom Seqmniliyo koleqtiuri

rwmena maT efeqtianobaSi.80

am winapirobebis garkveva mniSvnelovani iyo argentinaSi

im TvalsazrisiTac, rom daZleuliyo arsebul koleqtiur

gamocdilebebsa da argentinuli saxelmwifos normatiul

gagebas Soris naprali.

argentinis politikuri ganviTarebis gzaze koleqtiuri

argentina

79 Ibid. pp. 89-93.80 Ibid. pp. 107-110.

56

identobebis ori tipi inkluziuri da segmentaruli Camoy-

alibda.81 inkluziuri identoba gulisxmobs saxelmwifo or-

ganizmis mier sazogadoebis jgufebis maqsimalur mocvas. amis

Sedegi imaSi gamoixateba, rom yalibdeba erovnuli idento-

ba, romelic moicavs yvelas, an gamoricxavs saerTo erovnu-

li organizmidan garkveul jgufebs eTnikuri an religiuri

niSniT. segmentaruli identoba ki gulisxmobs sazogadoe-

briv-politikur sivrceSi CarTul qvejgufebs (eTnikuri,

ideologiuri, religiuri niSniT) romlebic gavlenisa da

CarTulobis sxvadasxva xarisxs gulisxmobs, da amcirebs sta-

tusur Tanasworobas.

urTierTqmedebiTi atributebis TvalsazrisiT argentinis

sazogadoebis politikur identobaSi ori elementi gamoiyo-

fa:

1. atributebi, romlebic jgufebs SigniT urTierTobebs

miewerebaT (identobebis primordialuri, samoqalaqo,

religiur-sakraluri niSnebis mixedviT);

2. atributebi, romlebic koleqtiur jgufebs erT-

maneTisgan hyofs da romlebic Sinagani maxasiaTebleb-

is mkveTr gamoyofas emsaxurebian.

saerTo erovnuli politikuri identobis Camoyalibebisas

dgeba sakiTxi, Tu ramdenad iwyoba igi gansxvavebebze, rom-

lebic eris farglebSi erTze meti jgufis gagebas gulisx-

moben (rogorc Sida ise gare `ucxoebi/sxvebi"). istoriuli

ganviTarebis konteqstSi SeiZleba `ucxos" farglebi waiSa-

los, magram man seriozuli xangrZlivi anabeWdi datovos kul-

turasa da instituciebze. argentinis SemTxvevaSi msgavsi

procesebi XX saukunis dasawyisidan Sua xanebamde italiel

migrantebze aisaxa (Tu primordialuri TvalsazrisiT ganvix-

ilavT), da samxedro diqtaturebis da demokratizaciis pe-81 Luis Roniger and Mario Sznajder. Constructing Collective Identities and Shaping Public

Spheres: Latin American Paths // Cambridge. January 1998. pp. 67-83.

Tavi pirveli

57

riodSi peronistebis saxiT gamoixata (Tu ideologiuri

sazRvrebis mixedviT ganvsazRvravT). orive SemTxvevaSi sax-

eze gvaqvs argentinuli sazogadoebisTvis am Sida `ucxoeb-

is" Semdegi dinamika - gariyuloba, absorbacia, identobis re-

konstruireba Tu revizia (rac sazogadoebriv-politikur

sivrceSi sxvadasxva sakiTxze sxvadsxvagvarad vlindeboda).

`ucxo" ganisazRvreba ori kriteriumis, gare da Sida urTierT-

mimarTebebis (pozitiuri da negatiuri) mixedviT.

am urTierTqmedebiTi atributebidan gamomdinare saer-

To erovnul politikur identobaSi sami komponenti gamoiy-

ofa:

1. `ucxos/sxvis" umTavresi atributebis maxasiaTeblebi;

2. subieqturi koleqtiurobis definiciis ganmsazRvre-

li CarCoebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani

`ucxoebis" Sesaxeb rwmena-warmodgenebs da codnas em-

yarebian, da ris safuZvelzec jgufebs Soris statu-

suri ierarqia iqmneba;

3. instituciuri dizainisTvis anu erovnuli obieqtebi-

sTvis programuli Sedegebis Zieba, rac Tavad eris sxva

erebisgan gansxvavebulobis gacnobierebidan gamom-

dinareobs.82

mas Semdeg rac identobis es CarCoebi ganisazRvreba maTi

socialur cxovrebaSi gamocda reviziebisa da cvlilebebis

Sedegad xdeba. argentinaSi ideologiebisa da sazogadoe-

brivi moZraobebis gamocdileba uCvenebs, rom isini uaryofi-

82 Luis Roniger and Mario Sznajder. Constructing Collective Identities and Shaping PublicSpheres: Latin American Paths // Cambridge. January 1998. pp. 120-127.

argentina

58

Ti gamocdilebis dagrovebis gamo sustdebian, magram ar qre-

bian. rogorc wesi dasustebis Semdeg identobis ukiduresi

dacemis Sedegi misi axal paradigmad transformaciaa, romel-

ic saSualebas aZlevs identobas da mis safuZvelze Sekrul

jgufebs realobasTan da misgan gamomdinare saerTo erovnul

interesebTan kavSiri ar dakargon. amis kargi magaliTi per-

onistuli politikuri speqtris transformacia, rac imaSi

gamoixata Tu rogor moaxerxa populisturi ideologiis gar-

egani atributebis SenarCunebiT am Zalam qveyanaSi Tavisi

ideologiisTvis ucxo neoliberaluri ekonomikuri re-

formebis gatareba.

koleqtiuri identobebi XX saukunis argentinaSi, cv-

lilebebis dinamika

saerTo erovnuli politikuri identobebis CarCoebi

radikalurad icvlebodnen argentinaSi XX saukunis ganmav-

lobaSi. sxvasxva dros argentineli inteleqtualebi qveynis

identobis sam CarCos gamoyofdnen:83

1. axali qveyana;

2. periferia;

3. aRmocenebadi bazari.

Tu zemoT mocemul urTierTqmedebiTi atributebis sqe-

mas mivusadagebT gare `ucxoebTan" mimarTebaSi identobis

pirveli da mesame tipebi asociatiuri iyvnen, xolo meore tipi

konfliqturi iyo. Sida `ucxoebs" rac Seexeba XIX saukunis

meore naxevridan, didi depresiis da meore msoflio omis

ganmavlobaSi argentineli inteleqtualebis mier Camoyali-

bebuli identobis CarCoebi maT saerTo sazogadoebriv-poli-

tikuri sivrcidan gariyvas uqvemdebarebda (indielebi, kre-

olebi, evropidan Camosuli Raribi emigrantebi). gare `ucx-83 James F. Petras. The New Development Politics: The Age of Empire Building and New

Social Movements // Cambridge university press. November 2003. pp. 28-36.

Tavi pirveli

59

oebs" Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovan urTierTqmedebiT centre-

bad espaneTi, safrangeTi da britaneTi iTvlebodnen, amaT-

gan ranJireba Semdegi saxiT xdeboda: espaneTi CamorCenili

da dasacini iyo, xolo britaneTi da safrangeTi cxovrebis

stilisa da Zlierebis mixedviT misabaZad aRiqmebodnen.

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi argentinul identobaze did

gavlenas Tavdapirvelad ver axdenda, isini argentinelebi-

sTvis sakuTari Tavis mimarT periferiul qveynad aRiqmebod-

nen, Tumca swored aSS Tavisi miRwevebiT da msoflio poli-

tikaSi moZlierebiT (demokratiis, ekonomikuri ayvavebis sim-

bolod aRiqmebodnen) gaxdnen argentinisTvis `axali qveynis"

identobis Camoyalibebis wamxaliseblebi, swored amitom

bevri ram gansakuTrebiT liberalizmis gavrceleba aSS-sgan

mibaZvis Rirsad iTvleboda. miuxedavad amisa, amerikulWi

kultura mainc negatiurad aRiqmeboda, ikveTeboda aSS-Tan

Semdegi saxis dapirispireba - isini ukeTesi arian materi-

aluri sikeTeebis warmoebaSi, Cven maTze maRlebi varT

sulieri kulturis TvalsazrisiT. am TvalsazrisiT `axali

qveynis" identobis CasaxvasTan erTad aSS ganixileboda,

rogorc konkurenti da ara rogorc mteri. samxreT amerikis

sxva qveynebTan mimarTebaSi ufro hegemonuri miswrafebebi

gamoikveTa, mezobeli qveynebi CamorCenil da ukulturo sa-

zogadoebebad aRiqmebodnen. Sida `ucxoebTan" mimarTebaSi

ikveTeboda elituri demokratiis tendencia, rac poli-

tikuri sistemis farTo monawileobisgan daxurulobas

gulisxmobda. gansakuTrebiT problemuri am mxriv social-

isturi da radikaluri politikuri ideologiuri speqtris

adaptacia iyo.

1930-iani wlebidan msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis fonze

argentinaSi saerTo erovnuli politikuri identobis Car-

Coebi isev icvleba da yalibdeba e.w. periferiuli, damokide-

argentina

60

buli qveynis identoba, rac pirveli tipis identobis sruli

antinomia iyo. argentinelebis xedviT, maTi qveyana aRar war-

moadgenda msoflios ganviTarebuli qveynebis e.w. `maRali

klubis" nawils. am identobis CarCoebi principulad gansx-

vavdeboda wina tipisgan gare da Sida `ucxoebis" mimarT urT-

ierTqmedebiTi koordinatebis konstruqciis TvalsazrisiT.

Sida `ucxoebis" mimarT identoba gaixsna da maT mimarT ink-

luzia politikur sistemaSi maT CarTulobaSic gamoixata,

maSin rodesac gare `ucxoebis" mimarT identoba agresiuli

da konfliqturi gaxda. meore msoflio omis Semdgom peri-

odSi Sida `ucxoebi" integrirdnen saxelmwifos korporat-

istuli meqanizmebis saSualebiT (profkavSirebi, socialuri

ganviTarebis fondebi, saxelmwifos kontrols qveS myofi sa-

zogadoebrivi organizaciebi) da aseT mdgomareobaSi iyvnen

1990 wlamde. gare ̀ ucxoebTan" mimarTebaSi periferiuli iden-

tobis CarCoebi fokusirebuli iyvnen damoukideblobis da

Sida stabilurobis SenarCunebaze. dasavleTi yovelive amis

mowinaaRmdeged aRiqmeboda,84 magaliTad britaneTi, romel-

sac malvinis/folklendis kunZulebi epyra; aSS, romlebic

msoflio ekonomikur sistemaSi dominirebdnen da cxovrebis

im xarisxs uCvenebdnen, rac argentinam didi xnis win dakar-

ga; espaneTi da Sesabamisad evropa, romlebisganac argentina

didi xania Tavs mitovebulad grZnobda. amasTan identobis

es CarCo aseve oponirebda komunizmTan, rogorc gare mter-

Tan, romelic erovnul identobas da xsnis argentinul gzas

emuqreboda (yovel SemTxvevaSi es ganwyobebi memarjveneeb-

is da samxedroebis dominirebis pirobebSi prevalirebdnen,

peronisti populistebi komunisturi qveynebis gamocdile-

bas ufro saWiro gakveTilad miiCnevdnen). identobis am Car-

CoSi ufro meti simpaTiebi, gare `ucxoebze" rodesac84 Arturo Escobar and Sonia E. Alvarez. The Making of New Social Movements in Latin

America: Identity, Strategy, and Democracy // Routledge. July 1992. pp. 121-127.

Tavi pirveli

61

vsaubrobT, faSizmis mxares ixreboda. es tendencia meore

msoflio omis da misi Semdgomi periodis nacionalizmsa da

peronizmis adreul stadiaze SeimCneoda, peronizmSi aseve

inkorporirebuli iyo marqsizmis garkveuli elementebi. me-

ore msoflio omis Semdeg dasavleTis gamarjvebam periferi-

ul identobas antiliberaluri elferic SesZina. argentinis

ekonomikuri da politikuri daqveiTebis fonze dasavleTi

imperialistur Zalad aRiqmeboda, romelic sabazro

ekonomikisa da saerTaSoriso finansuri organizaciebis sa-

SualebiT argentinis damoukideblobas ebrZoda. dasavleTis

es imiji memarjvene-nacionalistebis wreebSi batonobda,

romlebic argentinis ekonomikaSi britanul kompaniebTan

konkurenciis pirobebSi sazogadoebaSi antibritanul ganwy-

obebs aRvivebdnen. memarcxene wreebSi dasavleTs igive imi-

ji hqonda, Tumca borotebis saxed amerikis SeerTebuli

Statebi iTvlebodnen.

periferiuli identobis am CarCoSi gare `ucxos" konspira-

tiuli gansazRvreba aqvs, rac marto ideologiur sivrceSi

ar damkvidrebula da romelmac socialur mecnierebebSic

hpova asaxva. gamoCnda e.w. CEPAL (ECLA) DOCTRINE85, damokide-

bulebis Teoria, romlebic popularuli iyo argentinis poli-

tikur da ekonomikur wreebSi 1960-1970-ian wlebSi, da rom-

lis prizmaSic argentinelebi aRiqvamdnen msoflios da sak-

uTar Tavs msoflio wesrigSi. instituciuri TvalsazrisiT

periferiuli identobis CarCoebSi Camoyalibda Zlieri sax-

elmwifo, regulirebadi ekonomika, kontroli sazogadoebriv

sivrceze, Zalovani struqturebis gaZliereba gare da Sida

`usafrTxoebis" dasacavad.

avtoritarul-biurokratiuli sistemis damxobasTan er-

Tad argentinaSi kvlav iwyeba identobis CarCoebis cvlile-

85 laTinuri amerikis ekonomikuri sabWos doqtrina.

argentina

62

ba, Zlierdebian gare `ucxoebTan" asociatiuri urTierTmi-

marTebiTi bmebi. axali identobis Camoyalibebis saerTa-

Soriso konteqsti Semdegi iyo: komunizmi evropaSi kraxs gan-

icdida, sabazro ekonomika farTovdeboda, uaxloesi me-

zoblebi da konkurentebi - brazilia da Cile `axal indus-

triul qveynebad", `axal demokratiebad" yalibdebodnen.

Sida konteqsti ki argentinaSi mobilizaciur-diriJistuli

saxelmwifos kolafsSi gamoixateboda. Sesabamisad axali ar-

gentinuli identoba msoflioSi momxdari cvlilebebis da

regionSi mimdinare procesebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda Camoy-

alibebuliyo da ramac `axali bazris", `aRmocenebadi bazris"

identobis CarCoebSi moiyara Tavi.86

axali identobis CarCoebis farglebSi qveyana aRar aRiq-

vams Tavs msxverplad, satelitad, saerTaSoriso politikuri

da ekonomikuri sistemis periferiad, piriqiT daiwyo ar-

gentinuli sazogadoebis integrireba msoflios politikur

da ekonomikur urTierTobebSi. Sida `ucxoebis" mimarT am

identobis CarCoebi inkluziuradaa ganwyobili. rac mas wina

identobis paradigmisgan ganasxvavebs isaa, rom inkluziuro-

ba liberalizmis safuZvelze gaigeba da ekonomikur, kultu-

rul, socialur da politikur Tavisuflebebs aRiarebs, ma-

Sin rodesac wina identobis paradigma saxelmwifos korpo-

ratistuli meqanizmebis saSualebiT kooptacias gulisxmob-

da.

instituciur WrilSi axali politikuri identobis ga-

momJRavneba radikalur ekonomikur liberalizaciasa da

politikuri sistemis demokratizaciaSi gamoixata. insti-

tuciuri cvlilebebis saSualebiT xdeba sazogadoebriv

sivrceSi saxelmwifos Carevis Zalis reducireba, rac per-

86 Luis Roniger and Mario Sznajder. Constructing Collective Identities and Shaping PublicSpheres: Latin American Paths // Cambridge. January 1998. pp. 231-234.

Tavi pirveli

63

iferiuli identobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli proteqciul-reg-

ulatoruli instituciebis srul antipods qmnis.87

is rac `aRmocenebadi bazris" identobis paradigmas `axali

qveynis" paradigmisgan ganasxvavebs isaa, rom Sida `ucxoebis"

CarTulobas urTierTwinaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi aqvs, dabali

fenebi CarTulni arian qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi, aqvT

politikuri uflebebi, magram radikaluri privatizaciis,

ekonomikis deregulaciis da SromiTi urTierTobebis lib-

eralizaciis saSualebiT isini marginalizirebuli arian

ekonomikuri cxovrebidan.88 am problemas CarTulobis wamax-

alisebeli socialuri politikis paketi daZlevda, Tumca am

mimarTulebiT saxelmwifos warumateblobas axali idento-

bis CarCoebis delegitimaciac SeuZlia.

socialur ganzomilebaSi am axal paradigmas sayovelTaoo-

bis da konsesualobis xasiaTic gaaCnia. igi cirkulirebs eli-

taSi, mTlianad msWvalavs sazogadoebis dabal fenebsac da

alRobs sazogadoebriv fragmentacias, romelic damaxasiaTe-

beli iyo `periferiuli" identobisTvis. axali identobis kon-

sensualobas isic usvams xazs, rom memarcxeneebic ki, rom-

lebic akritikeben neoliberalizms da velur kapitalizms,

Tavis ritorikas ar afuZneben identobis alternatiul Car-

Coebze, memarcxeneebi xazs usvamen, rom liberalizaciis mi-

marT ufro metad reformistebi arian, vidre neoliberalebi

da amas imiT amtkiceben, rom isini `emxrobian adamianuri sax-

is mqone kapitalizms".89

marTalia periferiuli identoba warsuls Cabarda, da

koleqtiur qvecnobierSi daileqa, axali paradigmis waru-

mateblobis SemTxvevaSi gamoricxuli araa misi zogierTi

elementi isev sicocxlisunariani aRmoCndes.87 Judith A. Teichman. The Politics of Freeing Markets in Latin America: Chile, Argentina,and Mexico // The University of North Carolina Press. December 2000. pp. 176-180.

88 Luis Roniger and Mario Sznajder. Constructing Collective Identities and Shaping PublicSpheres: Latin American Paths // Cambridge. January 1998. pp. 189-200.

89 Ibid. pp. 208.

argentina

Tavi meore.meqsika

populisturi reJimis Camoyalibeba da funqcionireba

meqsikaSi

meqsikis ganviTareba, XX saukunis 30 iani wlebidan moyole-

buli dRevandelobamde, ori ZiriTadi maxasiaTebliT laTi-

nuri amerikis sxva qveynebis ganviTarebidan mkveTrad gansx-

vavdeba, es Taviseburebebi SemdegSi mdgomareobs:

1. meqsikis ganviTareba am periodis ganmavlobaSi sakmaod

stabilur process warmoadgens da misTvis damaxasiaTe-

beli ar aris mkveTri socialur politikuri ryevebi.

rac samocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi formalurad

demokratiul politikuri sistemis pirobebSi xor-

cieldeboda. meqsikaSi erTi partia dominirebda da

flobda kontrols saxelmwifoze.90

2. saxelmwifo centristuli matricis demontaJi qveya-

naSi umtkivneulod, yovelgvari kataklizmebis gareSe

ganxorcielda. meqsikis politikuri sistema sakmaod

moqnili aRmoCnda imisTvis, rom demokratizaciis pro-

cesi Signidan daewyo da sistemas kraxi ar ganecada.91

imisaTvis rom ukeT gavigoT raSi mdgomareobs meqsikis

90 Howard Handelman. Mexican Politics: The Dynamics of Change // Wadsworth Publishing.November 1996). pp. 78-83.

91 Maria Lorena Cook, Kevin J. Middlebrook. The Politics of Economic Restructuring: State-Society Relations and Regime Change in Mexico. University of California, San Diego. October1994. pp. 27-35.

65

politikuri demokratizaciis formulis arsi, upriania zeda-

pirulad mainc warmovidginoT Tu ra tipis politikuri siste-

ma Camoyalibda am qveyanaSi XX saukunis dasawyisis revoluci-

is Sedegad, sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTo-

bebis ra meqanizmebi arsebobda, da ra cvlilebebs ganicdida

yovelive es droTa ganmavlobaSi gare Tu Sida faqtorebis

zemoqmedebiT.

1910-1917 wlebidan dawyebuli 1928-1929 wlebis CaTvliT

meqsika mwvave socialuri brZolis adgili gaxda, rac ubral-

od ZalauflebisaTvis am saxelmwifosaTvis manam Cveul brZo-

las ki ar warmoadgenda, aramed sazogadoebaSi momxdar siR-

rmiseul cvlilebebs asaxavda da axali tipis saxelmwifos

dafuZnebis mizniT warimarTeboda. erTi mxriv 1910 wels noem-

berSi dawyebuli revolucia mimarTuli iyo porfirio dia-

sis92 diqtaturis winaaRmdeg93 da 1857 wlis konstituciis

demokratiuli principebis aRdgenas isaxavda miznad, Tumca

revoluciis ZiriTad mxardamWer socialur Zalas soflis

glexoba warmoadgenda, romelsac sakuTari socialuri moTx-

ovnebi gaaCndaT. isini msxvili miwaTmflobelebis, latifun-

distebis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen da qonebis gadanawilebiT

`socialuri samarTlianobis~ damkvidrebas moiTxovdnen.94

1911 wels diasis gadagdebis da zomieri liberalis fransis-

ko indalesio maderos prezidentad arCevis Semdeg, revolu-

ciur banakSi ganxeTqileba daiwyo: memarcxeneebi liberalebs

92 porfirio diasi meqsikis prezidenti da diqtatori 1876-1911 ww.1880-1884 ww. qveyanas diasis marioneti prezidenti manuel gonsalesi marTav-

da. rogorc Cans gonsalesis Semdeg diasi aRar endoboda simbolur prezident-ebsac ki, da 1911 wlamde Tavad marTavda qveyanas. diasis epoqa porfiriatos sax-eliT Sevida meqsikis istoriaSi.

93 ajanyebis oficialur mizezad diasis mier 1910 wlis saprezidentoarCevnebis gayalbeba iqca.

94 latifundietebis mier diasis dros "dausaxlebeli adgilebis kolonizaci-is~ Sesaxeb kanonis gamoyenebiT xSiri iyo glexebisaTvis miwebis warTmevis faqte-bi, ZiriTadad es meqsikel indielebs exeboda.

meqsika

66

daupirispirdnen, riTac revoluciis meore etapi daiwyo. me-

marcxene mimarTulebam saboloo jamSi gamarjveba moipova,

revoluciis Sedegad Camoyalibda populisturi reJimi,

romelmac ekonomikis gasaxelmwifoebrioba SeZlo.

revoluciis dasasruls miRebul iqna 1917 wlis konstitu-

cia, romelic meqsikis revoluciis samarTlebriv ganzomile-

baSi gadatanis mcdelobas warmoadgenda, Tumca amavdrou-

lad 1857 wlis konstituciis mier aRiarebul bevr politikur

da samarTlebriv uflebebs utovebda moqalaqeebs, riTac

liberalur-demokratiuli Rirebulebebisa da principebis

matarebelic iyo. konstitucia ramodenime ZiriTad prin-

cipze iyo agebuli:

1. konstituciis 27-e muxlis Tanaxmad qveynis mTel mi-

waze da wyalze sakuTrebis ufleba saxelmwifos ekuTvn-

oda, romelsac SeeZlo es ukanaskneli gadaeca kerZo

sakuTrebaSi mxolod meqsikis moqalaqeze, an sxva qvey-

nis moqalaqeze, Tu isini sakuTrebis sakiTxebSi Tavs

aRiarebdnen meqsikis moqalaqeebad.95 es debuleba pa-

suxobda im istoriul gamocdilebas, roca aSS ereoda

meqsikis saSinao saqmeebSi sakuTari moqalaqeebis sic-

ocxlisa da sakuTrebis dasacavad. aseve izRudeboda

is sferoebi, romlebis privatizebac nebadarTuli xde-

boda, magaliTad ikrZaleboda navTobis sabadoebis ker-

Zo sakuTrebaSi gadacema.96

2. konstitucia iTvaliswinebda agraruli reformis ga-

tarebas `socialuri samarTlianobis~ principebis

mixedviT: saxelmwifo qonebis ufro samarTlianad ga-

nawilebis mizniT unda momxdariyo latifundiebis daS-95 Ruth Berins Collier. The Contradictory Alliance: State-Labor Relations and Regime Change

in Mexico // University of California, Berkeley International and Area Studies. September 1992.pp. 43-45.

96 Courtney Jung. The Moral Force of Indigenous Politics: Critical Liberalism and theZapatistas // Cambridge University Press. June 2009. pp. 34-41.

Tavi meore

67

la mcire nawilebad da soflis mciremiwian mosaxleoba-

ze gadanawileba. unda Seqmniliyo axali soflis Teme-

bi: `exidosebi~ - romlebsac unda daxmareboda saxelm-

wifo. ukanonod gamocxadda diasis dros ganxorciele-

buli indielTa miwebis konfiskaciebi.97

3. konstitucia daqiravebuli Sromis uflebebsac icav-

da: akanonebda profkavSirebs, aZlevda maT gaficvis

uflebas, awesebda 8 saaTian samuSao dRiur normas,

qalebs da bavSvebs gansakuTrebul pirobebs uqmnida.98

4. meqsikis konstitucias mkveTrad gamoxatuli anti-

klerikaluri xasiaTi gaaCnda: religiur organizacie-

bs ar hqondaT uZravi qonebis SeZenis da flobis,

skolebis marTvis ufleba. aikrZala bermonazonTa or-

denebi, religiuri msaxureba nebadarTulia mxolod

eklesiebSi, romlebic saxelmwifos sakuTrebad gamocx-

adda. sasuliero pirebs akrZaluli aqvT arCevnebSi

monawileoba da sajarod politikuri poziciis dafiq-

sireba.99

saxelmwifos mier sekularizaciis principebis gatareba ek-

lesiis winaaRmdegobas iwvevda. es ukanaskneli Zalian gavle-

nian organizacias warmoadgenda: mosaxleobis udidesi naw-

ili kaTolike iyo. eklesia flobda miwebis did farTobebs,

skolebs, saavadmyofoebs. 1920-iani wlebi religiur niadag-

ze aRmocenebuli sisxliani samoqalaqo dapirispirebiT aRin-

iSna. sekularizebul erovnul mTavrobas orTodoqsuli ka-

Tolikuri moZraoba e.w. Cristeros100 daupirispirda. am re-97 Ruth Berins Collier. The Contradictory Alliance: State-Labor Relations and Regime Change

in Mexico // University of California, Berkeley International and Area Studies. September 1992.pp. 46.

98 Kevin J. Middlebrook. Dilemmas of Political Change in Mexico // Institute of LatinAmerican Studies. May 2004. pp. 56-58.

99 jvris mtvirTvelebi.100 1926-1929 ww. ajanyebebi moxda zakatekasSi, miCuakanSi, kolimasa da guanax-

uatoSi.

meqsika

68

ligiuri moZraobis, romelmac qveynis ramdenime regioni

moicva.101 saxelmwifosa da kaTolikur eklesias Soris urT-

ierTobebis daTbobis mauwyebeli prezident manuel avila

kamaCos (1940-1946 w.w.) periodi gaxda, romelmac Tavisi prez-

identoba Semrigebluri lozungiT Soy Creyente102 warmarTa da

kaTolikur eklesiasTan saxelmwifos dapirispireba daasru-

la, Tumca amiT ar momxdara eklesiis politikur sistemaSi

inkorporireba.

revoluciis Semdgomi meqsikis politikuri sistemis Camoy-

alibebaSi udidesi wvlili miuZRviT prezidentebs plutar-

qo elias kaless (1924-1928 w.w.) da lazaro kardenass (1934-

1940 w.w.). pirvelis mmarTvelobis periodSi moxda erovnuli

revoluciuri partiis (Partido Nacional Revolucionario - PNR) Camoy-

alibeba, romlis reformirebac moaxdina meorem da Camoay-

aliba meqsikuri revoluciis partia (Partido de la Revolucion Mex-

icana - PRM), da romelsac centristi kamaCos mmarTvelobis

dros daerqva instituciuri revoluciuri partia (Partido Rev-

olucionario Institucional - PRI)103. am partiis da misi pirveli

liderebis roli meqsikuri politikis CamoyalibebaSi udavod

didia.

rogorc partiis saxelidan Cans is Tavis Tavs ganixilavda,

warmoaCenda, rogorc kvlav mimdinare, Tumca ukve ara quCeb-

Si, aramed saxelmwifo institutebSi da maTi meSveobiT, rev-

oluciis gamoxatulebad. partia, Tavisi organizaciuli stru-

qturiT cdilobda sazogadoebis farTo fenebis inkorpor-

irebas politikur sivrceSi. Seqmnili iyo sami seqtori:

agraruli, muSaTa da saxalxo, rasac am socialur fenaTa in-

tegrireba, warmoCena unda ganexorcielebisa socialur101 morwmune var.102 Howard Handelman. Mexican Politics: The Dynamics of Change // Wadsworth Publishing.

November 1996). pp. 23-25.103 Kenneth F. Greene. Why Dominant Parties Lose: Mexico’s Democratization in Comparative

Perspective // Cambridge University Press. September 2007. pp. 34.

Tavi meore

69

sivrceSi.104 partia moicavda sxvadasxva ideologiuri speq-

tris jgufebs, ukiduresi memarjvene nacional-etatiste-

bidan dawyebuli, memarcxeneebiT damTavrebuli, egueboda

Tavis rigebSi disidentebis yofnas, da araTu egueboda miza-

nmimarTuladac ki rTavda maT Tavis rigebSi. PRI-m aseve SeZ-

lo Tavis instituciur garemoSi Seeqmna muSaTa da glexTa

profesiuli kavSirebi da amiT sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris

mobilizeba moexdina.105

revoluciis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli reJimi imTaviTve ink-

luziuri iyo ara mxolod farTo socialuri fenebis mimarT,

masSi moxda diasis diqtaturis droindeli, romlis dros ar-

sebuli saxelmwifo sistemis winaaRmdegac daiwyo revolu-

ciac, elitebis inkorporirebac. amis naTeli maCvenebeli isic

iyo, rom 1946 wlamde meqsikis prezidentebi diasis droin-

deli generlebi iyvnen. qveynis axal politikur elitas, misi

am Taviseburebis gamo, familia revolucionario106 ewoda. PRI-s ms-

gavsma populisturma politikam politikuri sistemis mima-

rT sazogadoebis farTo wreebis ndoba gazarda, ramac poli-

tikuri da ekonomikuri stabiluroba moutana meqsikas.

revoluciurma mTavrobebma prioritadad daisaxes qveynis

daCqarebuli industrializacia; gatarda sazogadoebis maqsi-

malurad farTo speqtris momcveli wvrili kerZo sakuTreb-

is wamaxalisebeli ekonomikuri reformebi; Seiqmna masobrivi

saganmanaTleblo sistema, risi Sedegic ukve 1960-ian wlebSi

dawyebiTi ganaTlebis 100%-iani xelmisawvdomoba iyo, xolo

saSualo ganaTleba sazogadoebis 66%-s hqonda miRebuli.

mzrunveli politikuri reJimis Camoyalibeba TavisTavad

104 Ruth Berins Collier. The Contradictory Alliance: State-Labor Relations and Regime Changein Mexico // University of California, Berkeley International and Area Studies. September 1992.pp. 55.

105 revoluciuri ojaxi.106 Daniel C. Levy and Kathleen Bruhn. Mexico: The Struggle for Democratic Development /

/ University of California Press. January 2006. pp. 65-67.

meqsika

70

rodi gulisxmobda demokratiuli TamaSis wesebis universa-

lurobas.107 am Sedegebis miRweva SesaZlebeli gaxda swored,

rom liberalur-demokratiuli Rirebulebebis dakninebiT da

politikaSi Zalauflebis erTi centris CamoyalibebiT,

romelsac instituciuri revoluciuri partia da misi

liderebi qmnidnen. agraruli ekonomikuri reformebi msxvil

mesakuTreTa uflebebis darRvevebis xarjze moxda, xolo in-

dustrializacia da meqsikis wvril mesakuTreTa subsid-

ialuri klasis Camoyalibeba ucxouri kapitalis Seviwroebi-

sa da qveynis bunebrivi resursebis nacionalizaciis saSu-

alebiT mobilizebuli finansuri resursebiT gaxda SesaZle-

beli. swored aseTi maxasiaTeblebis gamo im periodis meqsi-

kas sul ufro xSirad amsgavsebdnen sabWoTa kavSirs da gan-

sakuTrebiT kritikulad ganwyobili vaSingtoneli politi-

kosebi am qveyanas `sabWoTa meqsikas", xolo kalesis

mTavrobas `bolSevikur reJims" eZaxdnen. msgavsi Sedarebe-

bi, ra Tqma unda, gadaWarbebulia, vinaidan swored am period-

Si xdeba opoziciuri konservatiul-kaTolikuri politikuri

partiis erovnuli qmedebis partiis (Partido Accion Nacional - PAN)

Camoyalibeba, romelic SezRuduli konkurenciis pirobeb-

Si, magram mainc axerxebda sxvadasxva dros metnaklebad

winaaRmdegoba gaewia mmarTveli partiisTvis108 da 2000 wels

gaxda is Zala, romelmac daasrula PRI-s samocdaaTwliani

monopolia meqsikis politikur sivrceze.

avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg da mmarTvelo-

bis demokratiuli principebis damkvidrebis moTxovnebi rev-

oluciisSemdgom meqsikur sazogadoebaSi pirvelad XX sauku-

nis 70 wlebSi gaisma. am konteqstSi gamosayofia 1968 wlis mov-

107 David A. Shirk. Mexico’s New Politics: The PAN And Democratic Change // L. RiennerPublishers. January 2005. pp. 41-42.

108 Kevin J. Middlebrook. Dilemmas of Political Change in Mexico // Institute of LatinAmerican Studies. May 2004. pp. 24-26.

Tavi meore

71

lenebi, rodesac saxelmwifos sazogadoebrivi protestis

winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyenebac mouxda demokratizaciis moTx-

ovniT gamosuli studentebis dasaSlelad, rac pirveli ms-

gavsi moTxovna iyo revoluciis Semdgom meqsikaSi. am movle-

nam, saxelmwifosadmi sazogadoebrivi ganwyobebis cvlileba

gamoiwvia, ramac cxadyo, rom meqsikaSi represiuli manqanis

amuSaveba araTu aZlierebda saxelmwifos, romelsac jer

kidev revoluciuri legitimuroba gaaCnda, aramed asusteb-

da mas.

miuxedavad am mZlavri socialuri moZraobisa, romelmac

metnaklebad Searyia meqsikis dominantur partiuli poli-

tikuri sistemis legitimuroba, saxelmwifos jer kidev See-

Zlo uzrunveleyo stabiluroba gadamanawilebel-diriJis-

tuli socialur-ekonomikuri politikis saSualebiT,109 ris

saSualebasac mas ekonomikur resursebze, da upirveles yov-

lisa navTobze kontroli aZlevda. socialuri programebis

saSualebiT xelisufleba Seecada moexdina sazogadoebaSi

sistemis legitimurobis gancdis SenarCuneba. magram ukve

1970-ian wlebSi ekonomikaSi warmoqmnilma problemebma

meqsikis xelisufleba dilemis winaSe daayena, an uari eTqva

gadamanawilebel ekonomikur modelze da Seemcirebina so-

cialuri servisebi, an gaeZlierebina etatizacia. prezident-

ma xoze lopes portiliom (1976-1982 w.w.) miuxedavad imisa rom

importCanacvlebis Zveli ekonomikuri politika efeqtiani

aRar iyo da samrewvelo saqonelze moxmarebis zrdam, maT

Soris msubuqi da kvebis mrewvelobis, qveyana importze

damokidebuli gaxada, rac cxadia saxelmwifo xarjebs zrdi-

da, arCevani meore variantis sasargeblod gaakeTa. Zlierde-

ba ekonomikaSi Careva, izrdeba navTobis mopovebidan miRe-

buli Semosavlebi da amis xarjze xdeba saxelmwifos social-109 Kenneth F. Greene. Why Dominant Parties Lose: Mexico’s Democratization in Comparative

Perspective // Cambridge University Press. September 2007. pp. 47-48.

meqsika

72

uri valdebulebebis zrda. yovelive amis paralelurad

izrdeba zewola memarcxene opoziciur politikur speqtrze,

romelic mzardi etatizaciis fonze warmoqmnil masStabur

korufcias da saxelmwifo aparatze aRmocenebul da ga-

Zlierebul klanur qselebs akritikebdnen. oponentebisad-

mi saxelmwifos represiuli midgomis msxverpli maT Soris

meqsikis komunisturi partia aRmoCnda, romelsac qveyanaSi

moRvaweobis xangrZlivi istoria da sazogadoebis modernul

nawilSi mxardaWera gaaCnda, da romlis saqmianobac garkveu-

li periodiT mTeli qveynis masStabiT aikrZala.

1982 wels msoflio bazarze dawyebuli navTobze fasebis

vardnas ar Seelo gavlena ar moexdina meqsikis ekonomikur

da politikur cxovrebaze. meqsikis xelisufleba iZulebu-

li gaxda saxelmwifo defolti gamoecxadebina saxelmwifo

valebis mimarT. instituciur revoluciuri partiis reJimis

sami sayrdeni miTi: marTvadi ekonomikis efeqtianobis, sa-

zogadoebaze kontrolisa da politikuri stabilurobis

uzrunvelyofis unaris Sesaxeb Seirya. saxelmwfos mouwia

Seemcirebina socialur mimarTulebebze gaweuli xarjebis

odenoba da nel-nela gamoeTavisuflebina ekonomikis sxva-

dasxva dargi Tavisi kontrolisagan. am cvlilebebis Sedegi

iyo TviTgadarCenas mindobili sakmaod farTo sazogadoe-

brivi segmentis Camoyalibeba, mzardi kriminalizacia, gan-

sakuTrebiT mexikos aglomeraciaSi, da Sesabamisad poli-

tikuri sistemis mimarT ndobis Semcireba, ramac TavisTavad

xeli gauxsna opoziciur partiebs farTo sazogadoebrivi mx-

ardaWeris mobilizebisTvis daewyoT brZola.110 liberal-

izaciis tendenciis gamarjvebam instituciur revoluciur

partiaSi Tavad es Zalac daazarala, socialur valdebule-

bebze nawilobriv uaris Tqmam gazarda Sida partiuli uTanx-110 Daniel C. Levy and Kathleen Bruhn. Mexico: The Struggle for Democratic Development /

/ University of California Press. January 2006. pp. 89-93.

Tavi meore

73

moeba da partiis erT-erTi lideris kuautemok kardenasis,

lazaro kardenasis Svilis, irgvliv dajgufebuli memarcxe-

neebis wyroma gamoiwvia. es jgufi PRI-s SigniT demokratiuli

mimarTulebis anu Corriente emokratica-s saxeliT iyo cno-

bili da ekonomikis liberalizacias akritikebda. mogvianebiT,

1988 wlis saprezidento arCevnebisTvis kuautemok kardena-

sma gadawyvita instituciur revoluciuri partiis, anu sak-

uTari partiis, kandidatis sawinaaRmdegod mieRo monawile-

oba. igi Tavis momxreebTan erTad gamoeyo partias da erovnu-

li demokratiuli fronti (Frente Democratico Nacional - FDN) Camo-

ayaliba. mogvianebiT am gaerTianebam demokratiuli rev-

oluciis partiis (Partido de la Revolucion Demokratika - PRD) saxe-

li miiRo.111

amgvarad ekonomikurma krizisma da mis kvaldakval sazoga-

doebaSi dawyebulma socialurma cvlilebebma erTi mxriv Sea-

sustes dominantur partiuli saxelwifos unari Zvel reJim-

Si ganegrZo sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ama Tu im sferos kon-

troli, da maT Soris monopolia SeenarCunebina politikur

sivrceSi da meore mxriv, biZgi misca politikur demokrati-

zacias, riTac gza gauxsna reJimis Zvel da axlad aRmoceneb-

ul oponentebs realuri alternativebi SeeTavazebinaT

meqsikis sazogadoebisaTvis.

1988 wlis saprezidento arCevnebs meqsikis politikis

eqspertebi gansakuTrebuli molodiniT da sifrTxiliTac

elodnen. xoze portilios memkvidre prezidentis migel de

la madridis (1982-1988 w.w.) periodSi, miuxedavad wina-

saarCevnod inicirebuli ekonomikuri solidarobis paqtisa

(1987 w.) instituciur revoluciuri partiis mimarT sazoga-

doebrivi mxardaWera Sesustda: ver moxerxda ekonomikis da-

stabilureba, 1987 wels inflaciam uprecendento zRvars,111 Matthew C. Gutmann. The Romance of Democracy: Compliant Defiance in Contemporary

Mexico // University of California Press. October 2002. pp. 73-77.

meqsika

74

159%-s miaRwia. saxelmwifos socialuri mastabilerebelis

rolis dakninebam avtomaturad partiis mimarT damokide-

bulebazec imoqmeda, rac partiasa da saxelmwifos Soris ze-

moT aRniSnuli erTobis kvalobaze bunebrivic iyo. finansur-

ekonomikuri krizisis da saxelmwifos mxridan socialuri ga-

rantiebis Semcirebam sazogadoebis did nawilSi Seqmna ganw-

yoba imisa, rom PRI-m revoluciur idealebs da mis monapovrebs

uRalata, daiviwya konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebuli social-

uri samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofis cneba da amiT cxadia

meti gasaqani misca politikuri speqtris memarcxene popu-

listur frTas. aseT viTarebaSi Tavisi memarjvene konserva-

tiuli ritorikiT cxadia ver gauwevda did konkurencias

mmarTvel partias, romelic sazogadoebas jer kidev hpird-

eboda Zveli, Cveuli stabilurobis dabrunebas, amitom bune-

brivia PRI-s realur konkurentad 1988 wlis arCevnebze kuau-

temok kardenasi da misi jgufi gamodiodnen.112 miuxedavad

ZalTa aseTi ganlagebisa, saprezidento arCevnebSi PRI-s kan-

didatma karlos salinas de gortarim (1988-1994 ww.) gaimarj-

va. miuxedavad amisa, eqspertebi PRI-s momavals optimistur-

ad ver uyurebdnen. upirveles yovlisa meqsikelebi eWvis

TvaliT uyurebdnen arCevnebis Sedegebis samarTlianobas.

aseve sicxade aklda salinasis momaval ekonomikur politi-

kas, moeqceoda igi memarcxeneebis gavlenis qveS da SeaCerebda

ekonomikur liberalizacias, Tu moaxdenda ekonomikuri se-

qtoris srul gaTavisuflebas saxelmwifo kontrolisgan da

Seegueboda reJimis Tanmimdevrul delegitimacias. amgvar-

ad PRI-s winaSe erTgvari avbediTi samkuTxedi gamoikveTa:

mzardi ekonomikuri stagnacia, sazogadoebis farTo feneb-

is socialuri daucveloba da gardauvali politikuri

112 Ibid. pp. 80.

Tavi meore

75

kraxi.113

miuxedavad aseTi molodinebisa, salnasis administraciam

mocemul viTarebas met-naklebi warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi. man

SeZlo gverdi aeqcia qaoturi regulirebis gzisTvis da moax-

dina sistemis `gadawyoba" axali realiebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

riTac SemdgomSi kidev erTi vadiT gauxangrZliva PRI-s Za-

lauflebaSi yofna. prezident salinasis programam meqsika

ar miiyvana demokratiamde dominanti partiiT Tu mis gareSe,

situacia ufro iqeT viTardeboda, rom moxda partiis gamijv-

na sazogadoebis ekonomikuri cxovrebis sferoebidan. magal-

iTad mkveTrad SeizRuda PRI-sTan arsebuli profkavSirebis

Carevis SesaZlebloba ekonomikaSi, aseve moxda kerZo seqtor-

Si saxelmwifo regulaciis SezRudva. rTulia visaubroT

srulfasovan ekonomikur liberalizaciaze, albaT ufro up-

riani iqneba es procesi kontrolirebad liberalizaciad

SevafasoT.114

cvlilebebi aseve moxda politikur sistemaSic. poli-

tikurma reJimma moaxdina Tavisi funqciobis garkveuli as-

peqtebis revizia, upirveles yovlisa moxda prezidentis

rolis nawilobrivi gadaazreba, rac imaSi gamoixata, rom mx-

ardaWeris mobilizebis partiuli korporatistuli

meqanizmebi daTmobil iqna, riTac meti gasaqani mieca

demokratizacias da politikur liberalizacias, rogorc

Tavad PRI-Si, ise zogadad politikur speqtrSi. muSaTa da

glexTa mxardaWeris mobilizebis partiuli korporatistu-

li meqanizmebis daTmobiT sxva partiebi mmarTvel partia-

sTan Tanabar konkurentul pirobebSi Cadgnen. aseTi cvlile-

bebis ganxorcieleba logikuria reJimis dasrulebiT unda

113 Kevin J. Middlebrook. Dilemmas of Political Change in Mexico // Institute of LatinAmerican Studies. May 2004. pp. 110.

114 David Held. A Globalizing World?: Culture, Economics, Politics (Understanding SocialChange) // Routledge. October 2000. pp. 65-67.

meqsika

76

dagvirgvinebuliyo, magram meqsikaSi am etapze ase ar moxda.

albaT es situacia aseve xazs usvams meqsikis politikuri

sistemis da meqsikis sazogadoebis politikuri kulturis

kidev erT unikalurobas, romelic imaSi gamoixateba, rom sxva

laTinur amerikuli qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac msgavsi

daTmobebi mmarTveli reJimis sisusted da marcxad aRiqme-

ba, meqsikaSi politikuri kapitalis dagrovebis da sazoga-

doebrivi ndobis aRdgenis safuZveli aRmoCnda,115 ramac PRI-

s 1994 wels saSualeba misca Tavisi kandidati momdevno eqvsi

wliT isev gaeyvana arCevnebis gziT.

salinasis administraciis periodSi dawyebuli kontro-

lirebadi ekonomikuri liberalizaciis procesi, manam

gamokveTili socialur sferoSi saxelmwifo regulaciis min-

imizaciis tendenciis gaTvaliswinebiT, meqsikas sakmaod mZ-

ime socialur fasad daujda. socialuri diferenciaciis pro-

cesma Seuqcevadi xasiaTi miiRo da sazogadoebis vertikalur

struqturaSi momxdari cvlilebebis garda geografiuli

gamoxatulebac hpova. Tavisufali bazris principebze age-

bulma ekonomikurma urTierTobebma qveynis zogierTi Stati

rTul viTarebaSi Caayena, manam arsebulma saxelmwifo dir-

iJistuli ekonomikuri infrastruqturis rigma segmentebma,

gansakuTrebiT agrarulma, Tavisi adgili ver hpoves axal vi-

TarebaSi, risi Sedegic siRatake da ukiduresi socialuri

daucveloba gaxda.116 msgavsi problemebis magaliTi meqsikis

samxreTSi mdebare Capasis Statia, romelic ZiriTadad maias

tomebis indielebiTaa dasaxlebuli da sadac salinasis mom-

devno prezidentis ernesto zedilios (1994-2000 w.w.) saprez-

idento vadis dasawyisi mZlavr antisamTavrobo gamosvlebs

115 Vicky Randall. Political Change and Underdevelopment: A Critical Introduction to ThirdWorld Politics // Duke University Press. December 1998. pp. 37-45.

116 Courtney Jung. The Moral Force of Indigenous Politics: Critical Liberalism and theZapatistas // Cambridge University Press. June 2009. pp. 112-115.

Tavi meore

77

daemTxva. karlos salinasis prezidentobis bolos Crdilo

amerikul savaWro SeTanxmebaSi (North American Free Trade Agree-

ment - NAFTA) meqsikis gawevrianeba, rac TavisTavad vaWrobis

da kapitalis Tavisufal brunvas gulisxmobda, cxads xdida

Capaseli indielebisTvis, rom isini agrarul seqtorSi Tavi-

anTi TviTkmari meurneobebiT konkurencias ver gauwevdnen

investiciebiT gamarTul modernizebul msxvil meurneobebs.

yovelive amas ki win uZRoda cvlilebebi meqsikis konstitu-

ciaSi, romelic indielTa miwebis privatizacias da gayidvas

krZalavda, magram 1993 wels salinasis administraciam am mux-

lebis gauqmeba iTxova, rac cxadia RI-T dakompleqtebulma

kongresma daakmayofila kidec. yovelive es daucvelobis

grZnobas uzrdida Capasis mcxovreblebs da gamomdinare

iqedan, rom instituciuri gzebiT sawadels ver miaRwies, 1994

wlis dasawyiss SeiaraRebuli amboxi daiwyes.117 miuxedavad

imisa, rom meqsikis federaluri mTavroba dRemde irwmuneba

CapasSi mSvidobis damyarebis Sesaxeb (sadac armiis 60 000-iani

kontingentia ganTavsebuli), Statis teritoriaze yovelw-

liurad asobiT mkvlelobis da gatacebis faqti fiqsirdeba.

Capasis ajanyebis garda, salinasis Semdegma prezidentma

ernesto zediliom (1994-2000 w.w.) Tavisi vada sxva tipis prob-

lemebiTac daiwyo. ekonomikuri liberalizaciis dasawyisi,

maSin rodesac ekonomikaze kontrolis da socialuri regu-

lirebis saxelmwifo manqana rogorc aseTi daSlili ar iyo,

safuZveli gaxda saxelmwifo aparatsa da PRI-s partiul stru-

qturebSi korufciuli qselebis gaZlierebisTvis. marTalia

saxelmwifosa da kerZo seqtors Soris gamijvna jer kidev

1985 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebiT migel de la madri-

dis mmarTvelobis dros moxda (1982-1988 w.w.), magram ekonomi-

kaSi Carevis Zveli meqanizmebi jer kidev ZalaSi rCeboda, gar-117 Matthew C. Gutmann. The Romance of Democracy: Compliant Defiance in Contemporary

Mexico // University of California Press. October 2002. pp. 65-67.

meqsika

78

da amisa sakmaod didi iyo saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli

sawarmoo saSualebebis potenciali, romlis kapitalizacia

ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis da privatizaciis gziT sak-

maod did mogebas moutanda saxelmwifos an masTan Sezrdil

patron-klientur qselebs. salinasis drois PRI-s Sida ZalTa

dajgufebebis urTierTSejaxebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi

swored konfliqturi ekonomikuri interesebi da aqedan ga-

momdinare simdidris gadanawilebis survili iyo, rac sazoga-

doebaSi partiis imijs mkveTrad negatiurs xdida.118 amgvari

klanuri urTierTdapirispirebebis logikur gamoxatulebad

miiCnia meqsikurma sazogadoebam 1994 wlis saprezidento

arCevnebSi PRI-s Tavdapirveli kandidatis luis donaldo

kolosios mkvleloba saarCevno kampaniis dros tixuanaSi.

kolosios mowodeba xelisuflebisadmi yuradReba mieqcia

samarTlianobisadmi xalxis wyurvilisaTvis, Tanapartieleb-

is mier gagebul iqna, rogorc gafrTxileba da muqara. moklu-

li kandidatis swrafi Canacvlebac misi winasaarCevno Stabis

meTauriT ernesto zedilioTi, aseve aRqmul iqna sazogadoe-

bis nawilis mier, rogorc SeTqmulebis nawili. aseT viTare-

baSi zedilios prezidentoba, miT umetes 1994 wlis dekember-

Si pesos devalvaciis fonze, risi gadalaxvac amerikis

SeerTebuli Statebis ormocdaaT miliard dolariani kredi-

tis saSualebiT gaxda SesaZlebeli, logikurs xdida RI-s

samocdaaTwliani mmarTvelobis dasasruls. mTelma rigma

warumateblobebma ekonomikaSi, kerZod salinasisgan memkvi-

dreobiT miRebuli problemebis gadauWrelobam (maT Soris

Tavad dekembris krizisi, romelic salinasis administraci-

is araswori da danaSaulebrivi fiskaluri politikis Sedegi

iyo), politikuri mkvlelobebis gauxsnelobam da sazogadod

cnobili korumpirebuli Cinovnikebis dausjelobam aramar-

Tavi meore

118 Kenneth F. Greene. Why Dominant Parties Lose: Mexico’s Democratization in ComparativePerspective // Cambridge University Press. September 2007. pp. 79-86.

79

to zedilios, aramed PRI-s Seuryies avtoriteti. sazogadoe-

baSi momxdarma cvlilebebma, kerZod saxelmwifos Carevis-

gan damoukidebeli cxovrebis reJimma, SesaZlebeli gaxada

Zalauflebis mSvidobiani gadacema sxva politikuri Zali-

saTvis, romelsac 2000 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi PRI-s

istoriis ganmavlobaSi misi tradiciuli oponenti partiis

PAN-is kandidati visente foqsi (2000-2006 ww.) warmoadgenda.

2000 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi PAN-is gamarjveba 1980-

ian wlebSi dawyebuli politikuri sistemis transformaciis

logikuri dasasruli iyo119. ra Tqma unda xelisuflebaSi erTi

partiis meoreTi Canacvleba Zveli reJimis da masTan asocir-

ebuli problemebis srul gaqrobas ar niSnavs da demokrati-

uli transformaciis procesi, romelSic samoqalaqo sazoga-

doebis roli manamdelTan SedarebiT didia, dRemde gr-

Zeldeba. amis dadastureba 2006 wlis saprezidento arCevneb-

is Semdeg momxdari gamosvlebi iyo mexikoSi, atenkoSi, ensi-

nassa da sxva qalaqebSi (gansakuTrebuli aqtiurobiT oaxakas

Stati gamoirCeoda), romlebzec socialuri samarTlianobis,

farTo TviTmmarTvelobis da korufciasTan brZolis moTx-

ovnebi iqna wamoyenebuli.120

meqsika

119 Courtney Jung. The Moral Force of Indigenous Politics: Critical Liberalism and theZapatistas // Cambridge University Press. June 2009. pp. 203-212.

120 populisturi reJimebi xelisuflebis sxvadasxva StoSi farTo warmomad-genlobas aZlevdnen am fenebis warmomadgenlebs, aseve mniSvnelovnad aum-jobesebdnen maT socialur da materialur mdgomareobasac.

80

daskvna

populizmi laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi, rogorc ganviTarebissaxelmwifo centristuli matricis forma, iyo sazogadoebisfarTo fenebis socialur sivrceSi kontrolirebadi inkorpor-irebis gza. regionis qveynebisadmi damaxasiaTebeli es tendenciagarkveuli socialuri mizezebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.

laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi populisturi reJimebis damkvi-drebamde, da nawilobriv dResac, didi masStabebi hqonda sazoga-doebis farTo fenebis socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikurikavSirebidan da sferoebidan gariyvas, rac, Tavis mxriv naklebadwarmoCenils xdida samoqalaqo sivrceSi maT interesebs da didgavlenas axdenda sazogadoebrivi sikeTeebis ganawilebis arse-bul modelebze Tu principebze. laTinuri amerikis qveynebsdResac mowinave poziciebi ukaviaT mosaxleobis socialurekonomikuri diferenciaciis masStabebis mixedviT. magaliTi-saTvis 1995 wlis monacemebiT, meqsikis mosaxleobis 20%-ze modio-da mTliani Semosavlebis 58,2%. msgavsi situacia, socialuradaramomgebian mdgomareobaSi myof jgufebSi bunebrivad iwvevdaantagonizms priviligirebul mdgomareobaSi myof jgufebisad-mi, aseve saxelmwifos mimarTac, romlis resursebis gamoyenebi-samdi miRwevadoba am ukanasknel socialur jgufebSi gacilebiTmaRali iyo. aq aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom XX saukunis laTi-nuri amerika aseve gamoirCeoda da dResac gamoirCeva dasavlurisamyaros qveynebisagan im didi sxvaobiT, rac arsebobs saxelm-wifo institutebis formalur organizaciul funqcionalurprincipebsa da amave institutebis realuri funqcionirebis ar-sebul praqtikebs Soris. es tendencia gansakuTrebiT gamokveTiliiyo laTinuri amerikis qveynebis regionebSi, sadac realur Za-lauflebas flobdnen adgilobrivi msxvili memamuleebi da isini

81

am Zalauflebas sakuTari interesebis Sesabamisad iyenebdnen. Za-lauflebis gamoyenebis formaluri, reglamentirebuli princi-pebi, romelTa aRsrulebazec pasuxismgebloba pirovnulad xSir-ad isev maT ekisrebodaT ugulebelyofili rCeboda.

farTo socialuri jgufebis CaurTveloba socialur sivrce-Si da maTi interesebis ugulebelyofa, am ukanasknelT antisiste-mur elementad aqcevda, rac Tavis mxriv aramdgrads xdida poli-tikur sistemas. Sinagani arastabiluroba sistemas mowyvladsxdida sxvadasxva sagareo Tu saSinao faqtorebis gavlenisadmida populistur ritorikas da mmarTvelobis formebs farToduxsnida gzas.

populisturma reJimebma moaxerxes farTo socialuri fenebisorganizeba sxvadasxva asociaciebis formaSi da am saxiT inkor-porireba socialur sivrceSi. es situacia mniSvnelovnad cvli-da maT adgils da rols sazogadoebriv politikur sivrceSi,aseve, Sesabamisad resursebis gadanawilebis sistemaSic,121 TumcamaT ar hqondaT politikur procesebze gavlenis araviTari un-ari da saxelmwifos mxridan sruli kontrolis qveS eqceodnen.meore mxriv, maTi daxmarebiT da politikaSi `CarTviT~ SesaZle-beli xdeboda saxelmwifos ganTavisufleba msxvili miwaTmflo-belebis gavlenisagan, rac tradiciulad damaxasiaTebeli iyo amregionisaTvis. msgavs situaciaSi, saxelmwifo, rogorc institu-ti axerxebda gabatonebuli mdgomareoba moepovebina sazogadoe-baze. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, saxelmwifo centristuli matr-icis Camoyalibebis piroba sazogadoebis segmentebs Soris mkveTridapirispireba iyo, saxelmwifos gaZlierebac am dapirispirebisregulirebas isaxavda miznad.

saxelmwifos gabatoneba sazogadoebaze, bunebrivad iwvevdasaxelmwifos zrdas da socialuri sivrcis Seviwroebas, gaqrobas.populisturi reJimebis qveynebSi, yvela ekonomikuri, socialurida politikuri regulirebis meqanizmi, koncentrirebuli iyosaxelmwifos xelSi. saxelmwifos funqciebis zrda, iwvevda sax-elmwifo biurokratiis zrdas, rac mouqnels xdida am ukanasknels.sazogadoebrivi kontrolis ararseboba ki xels uwyobda ko-

daskvna

121 populisturi reJimebi xelisuflebis sxvadasxva StoSi farTo warmomad-genlobas aZlevdnen am fenebis warmomadgenlebs, aseve mniSvnelovnad aum-jobesebdnen maT socialur da materialur mdgomareobasac

82

rufciis zrdas saxelmwifo moxeleebs Soris. orive erTad uZlursxdida saxelmwifos gadaeWra qveynis winaSe mdgari socialuri,ekonomikuri Tu politikuri problemebi, ris gamoc xelisufle-ba kargavda legitimurobas mosaxleobaSi. saxelmwifos mxridanekonomikuri procesebis regulireba, rac socialuri Tanasworo-bis miRwevas isaxavda miznad, araefeqturs xdida ekonomikurisubieqtebis funqcionirebas. erTaderTi resursi, riTac msgavspopulistur reJimebs SeeZloT legitimurobis SenarCuneba mo-saxleobis farTo fenebSi, es iyo qveynis saeqsporto potenciali:argentinis SemTxvevaSi xorbali da xorci, meqsikis SemTxvevaSinavTobi. Tumca msoflio bazrebze am produqciaze fasebis vard-nis pirobebSi reJimebi legitimurobis kriziss ganicdidnen da/an imsxvreodnen, rogorc magaliTad moxda argentinaSi 1956 wels,an ekonomikis liberalur reformirebas, xandaxan politikurdemokratizaciasTan wyvilSi, iwyebdnen, rogorc es moxda magal-iTad igive argentinaSi da meqsikaSi 80-ian 90-ian wlebSi.

liberaluri-demokratiisaken mimavali gza, romelsac metnak-lebi TanmimdevrobiT misdevdnen krizisSi myofi saxelmwifos xe-lmZRvanelebi, aRmoCnda seriozuli socialuri da politikuriproblemebiT aRsavse gza, romlis bolomde warmatebuli gavlacyovelTvis SesaZlebeli ar SeiZleba iyos. am problemebis mizeziisaa, rom liberaluri reformebi, rac kapitalis da saqonlisbrunvis Riaobasac gulisxmobs, garda dadebiTi rigi Sedegebisa,mZimed urtyams ekonomikis rig, arakonkurentunarian, ararenta-belur dargebs, romlebic Tavis mxriv sazogadoebis farTo mase-bis saarsebo saSualebas warmoadgens. msgavsi dargebi, populis-turi reJimebis dros saxelmwifo dotaciebiT, proteqcionistu-li politikiT da sxva saSualebebiT narCundeboda, mas Semdeg racsaxelmwifo uars ambobs socialur sikeTeTa gadamanawilebel,socialuri samarTlianobis damkvidrebis ideaze, sazogadoebises fenebi rCebian saarsebo saSualebebis gareSe da/an ajanyebasiwyeben xelisuflebis politikis winaaRmdeg, rogorc es moxdaCiapasis StatSi 1995 wels, an arCevnebiT xelisuflebaSi moyavTpopulisturi politikis gatarebis momxre, rogorc es moxda ar-gentinaSi, sadac 2003 da 2007 wlebSi nestor da kristina kirS-nerebma gaimarjves.

daskvna

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Summary

Latin America: From Populist Regimes TowardsLiberal Democracies

By Zurab Tatishvili

This paper considers trends of interrelationship between the state andsociety in the two Latin American countries: Argentina and Mexico. Thechanging mode of these relations in regard to democratization and global-ization are the key issues of the analysis.

State played immense role in structuring economic, social and politicalrelations in these nations for several decades. This role especially increasedthrough import-reducing industrialization and speedy industrialization inthe Latin America. This kind of commanding role of the state is explainedthrough the “state-centered matrix" approach. Beginning from the 1970sthe state role began to decrease in the Latin American nations and from1980s processes known as democratization started in Argentina and Mexi-co. The state-centered matrix gradually decayed allowing new social forcesto enter the economic and political proscenium.

New elites or modernized leading social forces fostered the nations tofollow radical economic and political reforms causing changes in identities,in understanding of statehood and democracy. They also deepened socialcleavages. In this regard situations in Argentina and Mexico are ratherdifferent from each other, but specific features of the process and its resultscan be better understood in comparative perspective which is the main goalof this paper.

bTkk-s saerTaSorisopolitikis kvlevebis seria

buferuli saxelmwifoebiTornike TurmaniZe, 2006.

rusuli sagareo politikuriazrovneba postsabWoTa periodSierekle uruSaZe, 2006.

gadawyvetilebis miReba sust saxelmwifoSirevaz baxtaZe, 2007.

ZalTa wonasworoba Tu safrTxis wonasworoba?aliansebi samxreT kavkasiaSi.giorgi gvalia, 2008.

putinis sagareo politika.ioseb toroSeliZe, 2008

postsabWoTa sazogadoeba da xelisufleba ruseTSi.malxaz saldaZe, 2008