قياس وتحكم نظري
TRANSCRIPT
٢٦٧
אאאאFE
،،אא،אW
אא א א א אאאאאא،אאאאאאא
אאאא אאאאאאאWא
אאK
אאאאאאא א ،א אא
אאאאאא،אאא א ،א אא א א אא א א א א א א א
אא،אאאא،אK
א א ? אאאאFE ?? ?אא אאא אא
אK
אאאאאאא،א ،א א אא
Kאאאאא
؛ א אא אאK
אאאא
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אא
א
- ١ -
אאW אאא١٠٠K٪
אאW
אאאאאאאאא،אא،אא،אאK
אW
אאאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאא
אאאאאאאאא،אא،א،אK
אאאW
אאW ♦ אאאK ♦ אK Kאא،א ♦
אאWD1, D2, D5
אאW אאWאאK
אאW٣
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אא
א
- ٢ -
١ J١אאאW J
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאK אאאאאאאא
،אאאאאאאאאאאאאא،
אאאאאא،אאא،KKאK
١ J٢אFInstrumentation SystemsE
אאאKאא،אאאאאא<
א،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאK
א،א[א??אאK
١ J٣אאא
אאאא،א،אאא،אאK
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אא
א
- ٣ -
١ J٣ J١אFSensorWE J
אאאאאאאא אאאאאK
١ J٣ J٢אFTransducerEW
אאא،–א–אאF–KEאא
Wאא،א،אאאאK
١ J٤אW ١ J٤ J١אאFAccuracyE
אאאאtrue valueאK
١ J٤ J٢אאFValues and UncertaintyE
♦ אאFTrue ValueE
אאאFאactualEKאאאאאtoleranceאK
אאאאא،אאאאאאאK
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE א
- ٥ -
אאW אאא١٠٠K٪
אאW אאאאאא
אK אW
אאאאאאאאאWאאאאא
אאאאU،אאאאאאאא
אאא،אאאאאאאאאאK
Wאאא
אאאאאאאW ♦ אאK ♦ אאK ♦ אK ♦ אאK
אאWD1, D2, D5
אאW אאWאאK
אאW٣K
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE א
- ٦ -
٢ J١אW אאKא،א
אFatmE،אאFmHgE،אאFmH2OEאFbarKEאW J
١FPaZE١L٢Z1.01972 x 10-5L٢ ١L٢Z0.73559 mHgZ0.980665FbarKE ١Z0.760 mHgZ10.3323 mH2OZ1.01325Z1.3323L٢
١Z105L٢Z1.01972L٢ אאא،אאאאאW J
אאZאאHאא אאאאאאאFאאאאEא
אאKאאא1.013 bar to 7000 barK
F٢ J١E אאFkPaEאא٩K
אW אאZ900 + 101.3 Z1001.3FkPaE
٢ J٢אא אאאאW J
٢ J٢ J١אא
אאKF٢ J١EאFEFAEאאFBEאאK
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE א
- ٧ -
אאFCEאאאK
אאאאאאאאאא
אאK
F٢ J١Eאא
٢ J٢ J٢FDiaphragmE אאF elastic-element pressure transducerKEF٢ J٢Eאא،אאאאK אאאאאאא
אאKאאאאFgauge pressureEFdifferential pressureKE
אאאאאאאאאK
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFEאאאאאא
- ١١ -
אאW אאא١٠٠K٪
אאW
אאאאאאאאK
אW
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאKאא
אאFאאEאאKאאאאא،،אאאאא،
אא،אאאאאאאאא
אאאא،אאאאאאאאאFאE
אFאEאאאאא،אא
אאאאאאK
אאאW אאאאאאאאW
♦ אאאK ♦ אאאK ♦ אאאK
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFEאאאאאא
- ١٢ -
אאWD1,D2, D5
אאW אאWאאK
אאW٣
٣ J١אאא
אאאאאK،אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאKאאאא،אאא
אא،אאאK אאא،W
♦ אאאWאאאא،אאאK ♦ אWאאא،אאא
K ♦ אאWאאאאK
♦ אWאאאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאא،אאאאאאK
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFEאאאאאא
- ١٣ -
٣ J٢אא אאאאW
١K אFThermometersEאא600° CK ٢K אFPyrometersEאא600° CK
٣ J٢ J١אאאאFThermoelectric ThermometerE
FאאאEFThermocoupleE אאאאאאאאאאאאא
אKא אאאאאK
אF٣ J١E،אאאKאאאאFt2 > t1E،א
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאא
אאאKאא،אאFE،אאאא،אאFאאKE
F٣ J١EאאאTypical Thermocouples
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFEאאאאאא
- ١٤ -
٣ J٢ J١ J١אאאאFThermocouple materialsE אאאאאW
♦ K ♦ K ♦ אK ♦ אאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאW
♦ J٣٠٠١٠٠F–KE ♦ ١٣٠٠F–KE ♦ ٦٠٠١٨٠٠F–אE ♦ ١٣٠٠٢٩٠٠F–E ♦ ١٠٠٠١٦٠٠F–EאאFReduced
atmosphereKE ♦ ١٦٠٠٢١٠٠F–אEאאFOxidized
atmosphereKE
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFEאאאאאא
- ١٥ -
F٣ J١EאאאאאK אאChemical composition א
Ni Mn FeCuCr AL
95 2.5 0.5 2 אAlumel
90 10
Chromel
45
55
Constantan
F٣ J١Eאאא
F٣ J٢EאאאאאאK
אא אאF°E
אH א J אT אא٢٠٠ J٣٠٠٢٥٠ J٣٥٠J אא٦٠٠ J٤٠٠٧٥٠ J٥٠٠Eאאאא٧٠٠ J٤٥٠٨٠٠ J٥٠٠Kאאא ١٠٠٠ J٦٥٠١٢٠٠ J٨٥٠
Sאא
F١٠٪E ١٤٠٠ ١٦٠٠
R אאF١٣٪E
١٤٠٠ ١٦٠٠
B אא
F٣٠٪E אא
F٦٪E ١٥٠٠ ١٧٠٠
F٣ J٢Eאאאא
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFEאאאאאא
- ١٦ -
٣ J٢ J١ J٢אאאא ♦ אK ♦ אK ♦ אאאK ♦ אK ♦ אK
אאאאאאאאK
٣ J٢ J١ J٣אאא ♦ Fusually 50 µV/°C (28 µV/°F) or lessKE ♦ אאאא،אא
אא،אK
٣ J٢ J٢אאאא Resistance thermometer or resistance-temperature device (RTD)
אאאאא٥٥٠א٨٥٠،אאFResistance pyrometersKEא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאKF٣ J٢EאאאאאK
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFEאאאאאא
- ١٧ -
F٣ J٢EאאResistance Temperature Detectors
אאאאאאאא
אאאאK
٣ J٢ J٢ J١אאW ♦ K ♦ אאאאK ♦ אאFHigher signal-to-noise ratioKE
٣ J٢ J٢ J٢אW
♦ K ♦ K ♦ אאK
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFEאאאאאא
- ١٨ -
٣ J٢ J٣אאאFאE Thermistor (Thermal Sensitive Resistor)
אאאאאא،،،،KאאF
NTCEאאאאאאKNTCאא
אאאאאKאאאאאKאFאאEF٣ J٣KE،
אKאאאאK
٣ J٢ J٣ J١אאאW
♦ אF≈± 0.02 ° CE،אאא،אאאאK
♦ ،אאאא،אאאאK
♦ אאאK ♦ אאאאK ♦ אK
٣ J٢ J٣ J٢אאW ♦ אאאKאאאאא
K ♦ אא– 100 – 150 ° CK ♦ אאאאאK
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFEאאאאאא
- ١٩ -
F٣ J٣EאאאאTypical Thermistors
٣ J٢ J٤אאאFThermal Radiation ThermometerE
אאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאF
Plank’s LawKE א٣א
אאW J
٣ J١21° CK ٣ J٢אFWEFKEK ٣ J٣א؟אא ٣ J٤אאאFWEFKEא
אאK ٣ J٥אאFWEFKEאאא
אFKEאאאאאK
٢٦٧ אאא
אאאאFEאאא
- ٢٠ -
אאW אאא١٠٠K٪
אאW
אאאאאאאK
אW אאאאאא
אאאאKאאאאאאWאא،
אאאאא،א،אאא،
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אא،אאאאKאאאאאאא
אKאאאאאKאאא
אאאאאאKאאאא،א
א،אK
٢٦٧ אאא
אאאאFEאאא
- ٢١ -
אאאW אאאאאאא
אW ♦ אK ♦ אK ♦ K ♦ אאאK ♦ אאK
אאWD1,D2, D5 אאW
אאWאאK אאW٣
٤ J١אאFInstrumentation of FlowE אאאאאW
٤ J١ J١אאFאEDifferential Pressure Flowmeter ،א،ForificeE،FnozzleE،
FventuriEאF٤ J١E،אאאאKאא
،אאKאQF٣LE،W
Q = α A √(2g(pa-pb)/γ αWא
A WאF٢E gWאFL٢E γWאאFL٣E Fpa-pbWEאאFL٢E
٢٦٧ אאא
אאאאFEאאא
- ٢٢ -
F٤ J١E
٤ J١ J٢אאVariable Area Flowmeter (Rotameter)E
אאאא،אאאKאא،אא
אאK אאאrotameterF٤ J٢EאאKאאFfloatEא
אKאאאאאאאאא،אK
אאאא،אאאKאאאאFEאאא،
٢٦٧ אאא
אאאאFEאאא
- ٢٤ -
אאאFאEאאאאKאאKאא
אאאK F٤ J٢Eאאאא
אאאאאFEאאאאאאCDK
∆p/(ρg) = u2
2/(2g) – u12/(2g) (1)
אאאFContinuity equationWE A1u1 = A2u2 (2)
W A1ZאK A2ZאאאאאאK
אF١EF٢EאאאW
אאא
∆p = Vf (ρf - ρ)g/Af
٢٦٧ אאא
אאאאFEאאא
- ٢٥ -
Vfאא،ρfאא،AfאאאKW
אCDאאF٤ J٣E،FReynolds Number -ReEאאאא
אאKW ♦ אאאאאאאא
אאKאאאאK ♦ אאאאאאאFא
אEאא،אאאאאאK
F٤ J٣Eאאאאאא
٢٦٧ אאא
אאאאFEאאא
- ٢٧ -
F٤ J٥Eאא
٤ J١ J٤אאFElectromagnetic FlowmeterE
אאאאאKאאאFE،F٤ J٦KEא
אאאאאKאאאאאKא
אאא،אK
٢٦٧ אאא
אאאאFEאאא
- ٢٨ -
F٤ J٦Eאאאא
אאאK
flowmetersאאאאאKא،אאאאאF٤ J
٧KEאאאאFאאEK،א،אאא
אאאאK
F٤ J٧EאאאאאK
٤ J٢אFInstrumentation of Liquid LevelE ٤ J٢ J١אאאFFloat Liquid Level IndicatorE
٢٦٧ אאא
אאאאFEאאא
- ٢٩ -
אאאאאאKF٤ J٨EאאאאK
F٤ J٨Eאא
Liquid level sensors with a continuous output signal for process control signal data
٢٦٧ אאא
אאאאFEאאא
- ٣١ -
F٤ J٩Eאאאאאא
FUltrasonic TransducersE
٤ J٢ J٣א אאא–אFmicrowaveE
אF٤ J١٠KEF٤ J١١Eאאאאא،אאאאK
אאאאאאא،א،אאK
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFEאאא
- ٣٤ -
אאW אאא١٠٠K٪
אאW אאאאאאאאאא،
אא،KKKKKאK אאאאאאאK
אW אאאאאאאאK
אאא Kאא א א א א א א אא א K א
EאFאאאאאK
אאאW • אאW • אאאאK • אאאאאאK • אK • אאאK • אאאאאK
אאWD1, D2, D5
אאW
אאWאאK אאW٢
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFEאאא
- ٣٥ -
٥ J١אאא אאא،אאאא
אא،אאאאא،אאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאKאאאאאא
F،،،،KE
٥ J٢אא אא،،
אאאאאאאKאאאאאאאK
א،אאאאאאא،א،אאאK
٥ J٣אאאא Basic Concepts for Automatic Control Systems
٥ J٣ J١אא Block Diagram
אאאאא א א א א Kא
אאאאאאא،א F٥ J١ KEא א א א א א
אאאאאאאאאאF٥ J٢KE
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFEאאא
- ٣٦ -
Block
Input Output
F٥ J١Eאא
Control Element
x y=dx/dt
d/dt
F٥ J٢E Jאא Jאאאאא
אאאאאאSumming Point א H – אא אאאא
א א ،א אא אF٥ J٣KE
x
y
+
+x+y x-y x+y+xx x
x
y y
+
-
+
+
F٥ J٣Eא
אאא
אTake off PointאאKF٥ J٤KE
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFEאאא
- ٣٧ -
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Take off point
Takeoff
point
F٥ J٤E
٥ J٣ J٢אאאא Block Diagram of Feed Back Control Systems אאאאאאאא
אKאאאאF٥ J٥KE, אאאאאא،אאא
אאא، אאא א אF J E א
אאאאK אאאאאK
١ Jאא Set Point
א אא אאאאK
٢ Jא Control Point אאאא
٣ JאאOffset אא א א אא
א. ٤ Jאא Deviation
אאאאאאFKE ٥ JאאFאאEPlant
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFEאאא
- ٣٨ -
אKאאאאאאאK
٦ JאController אא،א
٧ Jאא Feedback Element אאאאאאאא
אאK ٨ JאאFאאE Reference Input
אאאאאK
٩ Jאא Controlled Outputאאאא אאאאK
١٠ Jאאאא Primary Feedback Signal אאאאאא،
אאK ١١ JאFאE Control Signal
،אאאאאאFאאEאאK
١٢ JאאManipulated Variable אאאאK
١٣ JאDistrurbance א א אא
אאFא،אאאאא،אאEאאא אא K
אאKאאאm אF٦ J٥E
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFEאאא
- ٣٩ -
Controlledvariable
Disturbance
R
B
G1 G2
H
Feed backelement
PlantControlelement CME=R-B+
-
ForwardPath
BackwardPath
F٥ J٥E
W plant: א א KControl elemewntא KDisturbanceאKcontrolled variableאאאKK feed back
elementאאKKforward pathאאKBack ward pathאאKK
١٤ JאאForward Path
אאFEEאאFCE ١٥ Jאא Backward Path
אאאאאאא ١٦ JאאFאEFeedback
א א Fא Eא א א אאאאאא
אאאאK ١٧ Jאאא Servo-mechanisim
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFEאאא
- ٤٠ -
אא א א א א א Servomechanisim אאאא
אאK
٥ J٤אאא Diagram Algebra and Transfer Functions א א א א Wא J
א Jא JאאאאאאאאאF٥ J٥EאאאאK
٥ J٥אאאאא
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אאא אאאFאא Jא–אא–אאKKKKKKאE
٢ JאMeasuring System
אאאאאKFEW J • אאא • א
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFEאאא
- ٤١ -
א א א א א אאא אאא–אא–אא–א J
KKKKאK אאSensorאאאאא
אKאאאאאאW J • א • אא
אאאאאFEאאא אאא
אK
אTransmittersW א א Sensors א א Transducers
Transmitters K
٣ JאComparison Element אאאאאK
٤ JאController אControl lawאאאא
א א א א K אאאKאא
אComparatorK ٥ JאאFinal Control Devices and Actuators
אאאאאאKאK
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFEאאא
- ٤٢ -
٥ J٦ אאא
אאאאאאאאאאFאKEא
אW
F١EאאאW
אאאאאאF٥ J٦KEאTi(t)אאאא
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אאאFאאאאEאאאאאאאאKאאאאאא
אK אאאאאא
אKא،אאאאאאאאאאא
אKאאאאT(t)אאאאאאאFאKE
א
אאאאא،אאאאאFאEאאKאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאא
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFEאאא
- ٤٣ -
אאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאK
T
Heat Exchanger
T(t) C
Heated ProcessStream
Steam
Process Stream
Ti(t)
F٥ J٦Eא
W steam Kheat exchangerאK Process stream אK Heated process streamאאK
אאאאאא
F٥ J٧KEאאאא،אאאא
אאאאFE،KKKKKKKאKאאאאFאEK
אאאW J
• אWאאאK • אWאאאאK
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFEאאא
- ٤٤ -
• אWאאאאK
אאFEאאאאאאKאאא،אFKE
T
TT
Ti(t) C
TC
Transmitter
Steam
Sensor
Final Control Element
F٥ J٧Eאא
Wsensor אK TransmitterאK Final control elementאאKsteam
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFEאאא
- ٤٥ -
F٢WEאF٥ J٨E
אאאאאFhEאאKאא
אאאאאאK
F٥ J٨E
אW
אאאאאאW
١ J אאאWhFאE ٢ J אאW Fi FאאאאE ٣ J אאWFoFאאאE
Kאאאאאאאאא
Fi
Fo
h
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFEאאא
- ٤٦ -
W؟אא
F٣WEF٥ J٩E
אאאKאאFTstEאאFFstKEאאאאאאאFToEK
אאאאFFiEאאאKWsteam K Condensate אK
Fi
Fo
h
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFEאאא
- ٤٧ -
F٥ J٩E
אW
אאאאאאW
٤ J אאאW ToFאאאאE ٥ J אאW Fi FאאאאE ٦ J אאWFstFאאאE
אאאאאאאאאא
אאאאK
W؟אא
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFEאאא
- ٤٨ -
٥ J٧אFאEאא א א א אא א א
אאOpen Loopא Closed LoopKאאאאאאא
אא Kאא אאאא אאא א א א
אאאאKאאאאאא،אאאאא
אאא،אאאאאאאאאא K
א א א Kא אא אאאאאאKא
אאאאאאאאאאאא
אKאאאאFאEאאאK
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אאאא
- ٥٠ -
אאW אאא١٠٠K٪
Wאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאK
אW אאאאאאאאא
אאKאאKאאאK
אאאW אאW
♦ אאאK ♦ אאא ♦ K ♦ אא
אאWD1, D2, D5
אאW אאWאאK
אאW ٤ K
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אאאא
- ٥١ -
٦ J١אאאא • אאאאאאאאא
אאאאאK • אאאאאW • אאאאW
١ J אא) ( Proportional control action ٢ J אא) ( Integral control action ٣ J אא) ( Derivative control action ٤ J אאאא) ( PID Controller
אאאאאW
Cm(t) JCSPZ(t)ε W(t) εאאא
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אW Cm'(t)אאאאא y(t) אאא
אW
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אאאא
- ٥٢ -
١ J אאW
אאאW
(t)Kc εHyy(t)=
W yאאאאאא)0Z(t)( ε
Kc אא
• KcאWP.B100Kc =،P.BאP.Bא
،אאאאאאאKcאK
• אאאאKc • אאא?אאאא?offset
אאאאאאאאאאאK
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אאאאאFiZאאאאFo Z 150אאא= 6ft hsאא،Fi
170 אאאאאאאאאאאא
א9=א psig yy(t)=10 psigKאWא
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אאאא
- ٥٣ -
10 psig = 9 psig +Kcε∞
ε∞אא،אאאא
ε∞=0،cK
1ε =∞אאאא،Kc
KcאאKF٦ J١Eאאאאאaא
F٦ J١Eאאאא
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)אאאאאאא(אאKcאאאאא
y(t)
time (t)
y
kc a +Kca y y =
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אאאא
- ٥٤ -
F٦ J٢Eאאאאאא
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אאאא،K • אאW
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אאאאאאא •אאאאאאא
• Iτאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאaε(t) =aאאKc a،אאW
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٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אאאא
- ٥٥ -
אאאאאאאאIτאאאאאאאאא
אא IτאאאאKcאאF٦ J٣Eאא
אאא
F٦ J٣Eאאאאא
• F٦ J٤Eאאאאאאאאאא،אאאאאא
אאאאאאאK • אIτאאא
אאאאאאאאIτאאאאאאאאא
Kc a
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y(t)
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+3Kca y y =
0 τI 2τI τI
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אאאא
- ٥٦ -
F٦ J٤E אאאאא
٣ Jאאאא אאאאאW
dtdετK(t)dt ε
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I
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• אאאאאאאאאא
KcτID τ • D τא • אאאאאאא
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٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אאאא
- ٥٧ -
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time (t) ε
time (t) t1 t2 t1
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Tst
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٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אאאא
- ٥٨ -
• אt2א،אאאאאאTo Tospאא
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• אאאאאאאאאאאא
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אאאאאאאאoffsetא،אאאאאאא
אאאאאאKאאאאאאאאא
אאאאKcאD τאאאאא
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אאאאאאא(plug)אאstemאא
KאאאאאאW
אאאא?אא ?air-to-close fail openF٦ J٧aE
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٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אאאא
- ٥٩ -
אאאא?אא ?air-to- open closedfail F٦ J٧bE
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א • אאequal percentage valveWאא
אאא • אopening: quick
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F٦ J٧Eא
٦ J٢אאאProgrammable Logic Controllers PLCs
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אאאא
- ٦٠ -
٦ J٢ J١ ،אא
F،،،EאאאאאאW J
١ J אאאאK ٢ J אאאאאאאK ٣ J אאאאא،אא،אאK
٦ J٢ J٢אאאא
Advantages of Programmable Logic Controllers PLCs אאאאאא
١ J אW،אאאאאאאאאאKא
אאאאK ٢ J אWאאאאא
אKאPLCאאאאאאא،
אK ٣ J אWאPLCא
K ٤ J אאWאאPLC
אאאאK ٥ J אאאאאW
אPLCK
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אאאא
- ٦١ -
٦ J٢ J٣אאא Disadvantages of Programmable Logic Controllers PLCs
אאאאא ١ J Wאאא
אאאאא ٢ J אא،אPLCאאאא
אאPLCK ٣ J אאWאאPLC
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F٦ J٩EK ١ J אאWCentral Processing Unit
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אאKCPUאאאאאאKאאCPU
אאKאאאאאאאK
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TopאPLCאאאאאאאאאPM
PLCF٦ J١٠KE
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אאאא
- ٦٢ -
٣ J אאאWI/O Modules אאאCPU אאKאאאא
אאאאאK٤٨١٢١٦TerminalKאאאא،אאCPU
אKאאאI/O CPUאאאK
٤ J אPrinter אK
٥ J א אאאPLC אאאא
CPUKאאאאאHard disksאK אאF٦ J١١E
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- ٦٥ -
אאW אאא١٠٠K٪
אאW
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאK
אW אא אאאא
אאאKאאאא،אאאאאאא،א،
אאאאK אאאאאKא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אK
אאאW אאW
♦ אאK ♦ אאאאאK ♦ אאא ♦ אאK ♦ אK
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אא
- ٦٦ -
אאWD1, D2, D5
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אאKאאאא،אאאאאאאאאKאא
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- ٦٧ -
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אאאאאאאא،אאאאאא
K אאKאאא
אאאאאK אאאBar Stockא
אאKאאאא٣אF٨٠Eא
אאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאKאאאאאאאK
אאK אאאאאא
אאאאאאאKאאא½٤F١٥ J١٠٠Eאא،א
א،אא،א،אאANSI300Kאאאא،א
¾½אאKאF٧ J١EF٧ J٥EאאאK
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אא
- ٧١ -
٧ J١ J٢Ball Valves
אאאאאאא٢٤F٦٠٠Eאא
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אאאאKאאאא٨F٢٠٠EANSI600אא
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- ٧٢ -
٧ J١ J٤אאButterfly Valves אא
١K אא Swing Through ٢K אLined ٣K אאאHigh Performance
אאאאאאאאאאא١٪אאKא
אאאא٢א٩٦F٥٠ J٢٤٠٠Eאאאא،אאאאאאאANSI2500،אאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאPTFEא
אKאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
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אאאאאKאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאא
א٢٧٢F٥٠١٨٠٠EאאאאANSI600אאא
KF٧ J٧EאאאאK
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אא
- ٧٣ -
F٧ J٧Eאא
٧ J٢אאValves Selection אאאאאא
א–אא–אאא،אא،א،אKאאא
אאאאאאאאאKאאא،אאא
אאKאאאאK
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אא
- ٧٤ -
אאGeneral Selection Criterion אאאא،،אא
אאאאאאKאאא ١ J א ٢ J –א Jא ٣ J א ٤ J א ٥ J א ٦ J אא ٧ J א ٨ J אאאא ٩ J א
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אאאKאאאאאK
אאOperating Temperature
אאאאאאאKאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאא
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אא
- ٧٥ -
אאאאאאאאאאאאKאא،אא،אאאא
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אאאאMaterial Selection אאאאאאאK
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אאאאKאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאK אאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאא
אאK
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אא
- ٧٦ -
אאCarbon Steel Bodies and Bonnets אאאאאאאא
ANSI SA 216 WCB WCCאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאK
אאAlloy Steel Bodies and Bonnets אאאאא
אאKאאאאאTemperingGraphitizationאאא
אאאאאASME SA 217 grads WC9, WC6K
אאStainless Steel Bodies and Bonnets
אאאאאCF8MS31600א٥}١٩٪،٥}١٠٪،٥}٢
א،אאאאאאאK
אאMaterial Selection Process
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אאאאאאK
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אא
- ٧٧ -
F٧ J٨Eאאאאאא
٧ J٣אFlow Characteristics
אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאא
אא،אאאאאאאאK
אאאPlugאCageאBallKאאאאאאK
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אאאאאאK
א،אאאא
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אא
- ٧٨ -
אKאאאאאאK
אאEqual PercentageאאאאאKאא
אאאKאFאאאEאאאאאא
אאאאאאKאאאא
אאK
F٧ J٩Eאא
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אא
- ٧٩ -
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אKswingאאאKא
אאאאאK
אא Pressure Drop אאאא
אאאאאאאאאאK،אאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאK אאא
אאאאאאא
אEnd Connection אאאאא
אאא؟אאאאאאKאאא،א
אאאאאאאאאאאK
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אא
- ٨٠ -
אאShutoff Capability אאאא
ANSI/FCI 70-2-1976 (R1982)Kאאאאאאאא،אא،א
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ANSI אאאאאKאאאאאאא trim אאאאא
אאK
אFlow Capacity אאאאאא
אאאאאKאKאאאאא
٧ J٤אValve Sizing
אאאאKאאאאאאאKא،א،אאאא
אאKאאאאKאאא
אאאאKאאאאKא
אK
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אא
- ٨١ -
אאאאאאKאאאא
אאאW
γ−
= 21v
PPCQ
WQWא CvWLאא P1WאUpstream Pressure
P2WאDownstream Pressure γWאא
אאאאאISA KCvאאאאANSI/ISA
S75.02 1981אאאאאאאאK،אא
،אאא،אFEאא،אאאאאKא
אאאK ٧ J٤ J١אאאאSizing Procedure
אאאאאאKאאאאאאאאא
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γ−
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אאאCv
٧}٠٩}٠
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אא
- ٨٢ -
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאW J
WN א FRFPWא
אאChocked Flow
F٧ J١٠EאאאאKאאאKא
אאKאאאאאאאא
אאאאKאאK
F٧ J١٠Eאאאאאא
γ−
= 21RPv
PP FNF/QC
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אא
- ٨٣ -
Viscous Flowאא
אאאאאאאKאאאאאKא
אאאאאאאאKאFRאאאK
אאאאPipe Consideration
אאאאאאאאאאKאא
אאאאאKאאTאאKאFPK
٧ J٤–٢אאSteam and Gases Valve Sizing אאאאא
אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאKאאאאאK
YWאK X = ∆P/P1
T1WאאK Z WאK
ZTX YP FNF/QC
11RPv γ
=
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אא
- ٨٤ -
א٧א
٧ J١؟אאאאא
٧ J٢אאא Sliding Stem Valves؟
٧ J٣אא Ball Valves ؟
٧ J٤אאא Eccentric PlugValves ؟
٧ J٥אאאאLined Butterfly Valve ؟
٧ J٦אאאאאValve Selection؟
٧ J٧؟אאאאאא
٧ J٨؟אאאאאאא
٧ J٩אאאאא
אא؟
٧ J١٠א–אאא–אא
٧ J١١אאא؟א
٢٦٧ אא אאאאFE אא
- ٨٥ -
אאא١
١ J١אK
١ J٢אאאא،א،אאא،אא،א،K
١ J٣FEאאאאK
FEאאא،אK
אאא٢
٢ J١6000 BarK
٢ J٢אאאK
אאא٣ ٣ J١294.16 KK
٣ J٢FEא600° CK
FEאא600° CK
٣ J٣אאאK
٣ J٤FKE
٣ J٥FKE
٢٦٧ אא
אאאאFE
אא 1. Internet Sites.
2. Medlock, R. S. and Furness, R. A. “Mass flow measurement – a state of
the art review”, Measurement and Control, 23, 100-13, 1990.
3. Morris, A. S. : “Principles of measurement and instrumentation”, Prentice Hall, 1993.
4. Perry, R. H., Green, D. W., Maloney, J., O. : “Perry’s chemical
engineers’ handbook”, McGraw-Hill Boo; Company, 1992.
5. Quinn, T. J. “Temperature”, 2nd ed. Academic press, New York, 1990.
6. Spitzer, D. W. “Flow measurement”, Instrumentation Society of America, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1991.
7. Tilford, C. R. “Pressure and vacuum measurement”, In Physical methods
of chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 6, pp. 106-73, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1992.
8. “Process/Industrial Instruments and Controls Handbook” Douglas M.
Considine, 4 th Edition, Mc-Graw Hill Inc.
9. “Process Control Systems-Applications, Design and Tuning”, 3 rd Edition, Mc-Graw Hill International, F.G. Shinsky, 1988.
10. “Principles and practice of Automatic Process Control”, Carlos, A.
Smith, and Armando, B. Corripo, 1985, Jhon Wiley and Sons.
11. “Programmable Logic Controllers”, Priciples and Applications , Second Editions, John W. Webb, 1992.
٢٦٧ א
אאאאFE
א ١ J١אאאW J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٢ J ١ J٢אFInstrumentation SystemsE K K K K K K K K J٢ J ١ J٣אאא K K K K K K K K K K K K J٢ J ١ J٤אW K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٣ J
אא١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٤ J ٢ J١אW K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٦ J ٢ J٢אא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٦ J
א٢א K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J١٠ J ٣ J١אאא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J١٢ J ٣ J٢אא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J١٣ J ٣ J٤אאאא K K K K K K K K K K J١٦ J ٣ J٥אאאFאE K K K K K K K K K K K K K J١٨ J ٣ J٦אאאFThermal Radiation ThermometerE K K J١٩ J
א٣א K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J١٩ J ٤ J١אאFInstrumentation of FlowE K K K K K J٢١ J ٤ J٢אFInstrumentation of Liquid LevelE K K J٢٨ J
אא٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٣٣ J ٥ J١אאאא K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٣٥ J ٥ J٢אאאא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٣٥ J ٥ J٣אאא Diagram Algebra and Transfer Functions J٤٠ J ٥ J٤אאאאא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٤٠ J
אא٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٤٩ J ٦ J١אאאא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K٤٧ ٦ J٢אאא K K K K K K K K K >אאK٥٤
٢٦٧ א
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א٦א K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٦٤ J ٧ J١ Jא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٦٦ J ٧ J٢אאValves Selection K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٧٣ J ٧ J٣אFlow Characteristics K K K K K K K K K K K K J٧٧ J ٧ J٤אValve Sizing K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٨٠ J
אא٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٨٤ J אאא١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K٧٥ אאא٢ K K K K K K K K K K K >אאK٧٥ אאא٣ K K K K K K K K K K K >אאK٧٥ אאא٤ K K K K K K K K K K K >אאK٧٥
אא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٥٣ J