{ 26. zoot-suit riots of 1943 1) 1) fights between sailors and mexican americans in la. sailors said...
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{ 28. Korematsu vs. the United States 1) 1) Fred Korematsu refused to relocate and was arrested. Korematsu appealed, saying his civil rights were violated 2) 2) Supreme Court ruled that the relocation policy was not based on race and therefore justified. Years later in 1988, Congress passed a law rewarding any surviving member of the internment camps with a tax-free payment of $20, was also the same year Die Hard came out, and the Japanese CEO in the film was an internment camp survivorTRANSCRIPT
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26. Zoot-Suit Riots of 1943
1) Fights between sailors and Mexican Americans in LA. Sailors said the Mexicans were not dressed “American”
2) Police sided with the sailors, though they started the fights/riots Shows the racial prejudice that existed against Mexican Americans
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27. Japanese internment camps
1) Forced relocation under Executive order 9066 of all Japanese Americans living on the West Coast
2) Confined in remote areas far from the coast, in wooden shacks surrounded by barbed wire. Cramped living conditions that resembled concentration camps in Europe
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28. Korematsu vs. the United States
1) Fred Korematsu refused to relocate and was arrested. Korematsu appealed, saying his civil rights were violated
2) Supreme Court ruled that the relocation policy was not based on race and therefore justified. Years later in 1988, Congress passed a law rewarding any surviving member of the internment camps with a tax-free payment of $20,000. 1988 was also the same year Die Hard came out, and the Japanese CEO in the film was an internment camp survivor
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29. Battle of the Atlantic
1) Allied warships used sonar to locate and attack German submarines (U-boats). Began using long range sub-hunting aircraft
2) Once the German U-boats were made less effective, it proved a key turning point in the European naval theater.
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30. Battle of Stalingrad
1) Considered the turning point of the war in Europe. The cold Russian winter stopped German advancement into USSR. The Soviets counterattack and lose approximately 1 million but take 350,000 Nazis with them
2) The German offensive stalls, Russians begin to regain lost ground and push towards Germany.
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31. North Africa Campaign (Operation Torch)
1) Eisenhower vs. Rommel in the desert. Americans lose a key battle yet issue a counter-attack and take over the area.
2) North Africa was important because once we had it, we could invade Italy and backdoor invade Germany
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32. D-Day (Operation Overlord)
1) Largest amphibian invasion in world history on June 6, 1944. Allies invade Western Europe by landing on the beaches of Normandy, France.
2) Once Western France is taken, it marks the beginning of the end for Hitler. Though a huge victory, many Allied lives were lost in taking Omaha beach
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33. Battle of Midway
1) Huge naval victory for the Allies vs. Japan
2) Considered the turning point of the Pacific, as we asserted our dominance of the Pacific Ocean
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34. Battle of Okinawa
1) One of the bloodiest battles of the Pacific theater. It was the last major stronghold before the invasion of Japan.
2) The Japanese fight to the death, leading to heavy casualties on both sides. One of the reasons Truman drops the bombs is because he saw how fiercely the Japanese fought at Iwo Jima and Okinawa: they would fight equally as hard if the Allies invaded Japan.
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35. Island hopping
1) U.S. strategy in the Pacific pursued by Douglas MacArthur. Also called “leapfrogging,” U.S. would take islands one at a time in progression that they could use for bomber bases for planes to take off from to bomb Japan
2) Called leapfrogging because of the way we jumped from one lily pad to the next on our way to Japan.
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36. Kamikaze pilots
1) Pilots towards the end of the war that sacrificed themselves by crashing their planes into Allied ships.
2) Many kamikaze planes were loaded with bombs in order to inflict as much damage as possible.
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37. Manhattan Project
1) Top secret project to develop the atomic bomb
2) First bomb field tested in the New Mexico desert. Robert Oppenheimer, the chief architect behind the bomb, said “Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.”
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38. The Big Three of World War II
1) FDR, Churchill, and Stalin… They meet at several conferences during the war to decide the fate of Europe after the war
2) Churchill and FDR became fast friends, but they did not trust Stalin, who used the war as an excuse to take up territory.
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39. Atlantic Charter
Churchill and FDR agree:No territorial expansionSelf determination for coloniesWorld peaceAbandonment of the use of force
These principles led to the founding of the United Nations. Unlike its predecessor, the League of Nations, the UN actually had teeth and could exert pressure on countries to behave.
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40. Casablanca Conference
1) At Casablanca, Churchill and Roosevelt agree that: Europe (Hitler) needed to be dealt with first. Also, nothing but the unconditional surrender of the Axis Powers would be acceptable.
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41. Tehran Conference
1) Churchill and FDR promise Stalin that a cross-Channel invasion of Nazi-held Europe was coming, Stalin promised to enter the war against Japan when Germany lost.
2) Big Three also promise Chiang Kai-shek that all Chinese territories taken by Japan would be returned after the war.
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42. Yalta Conference
1) Established the UN and the UN Security Council with five permanent members
2) United States, France, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and China
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43. Potsdam Conference
1) Truman tells Stalin that we have a new weapon to use in the war in order to intimidate him (atomic bomb). The future of Germany and Poland are also discussed
2) The last major conference of the war: Truman, Stalin, and Clement Atlee
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44. The Holocaust1) Systematic genocide of the Jews in
Europe. German people looked for someone to blame for their problems.
2) 2/3 of Europe’s Jewish population would lose their lives in concentration camps. Other undesirables were homosexuals, Jehovah’s witnesses, Gypsies, and the homeless
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45. Nuremburg Trials
1) A military tribunal composed of members selected by the Allies that executed half of the 24 Nazi defendants
2) Established the precedent that individuals are responsible for their own actions. “we were only following orders” was no longer a viable excuse.
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46. General Dwight D. Eisenhower
1) Supreme Allied Commander in World War II. Very capable military commander and future president. Fought mainly in the European theater.
2) Architect of the D-Day invasion
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47. Douglas MacArthur
1) Commander of Allied forces in the Pacific Theater. Pursued the islandhopping strategy and would later command U.S. forces in the Korean War 1950-53
2) Called “American Caesar,” MacArthur had Supreme Command in the Pacific, answering to no one other than FDR.
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48. Admiral Chester Nimitz
1) Admiral of the Allied fleet in the Pacific, oversaw key victories like Coral Sea and Midway
2) A lesser known name, yet Nimitz scored several decisive Allied victories.
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49. Harry S. Truman
1) FDR’s successor, was left to him to decide whether or not to drop the atomic bomb. He would be reelected to a second term
2) Felt it would save American lives so he dropped it. Never regretted the decision, said Americans “should do their weeping at Pearl Harbor.”
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50. United Nations1) International
peacekeeping community established after World War 2
2) Uses primarily economic sanctions to keep countries in line. NATO has more military might in reality.