ا ه مسا :لوا لصف · 2020. 6. 9. · light رون پملا work* لغش ... there are few...

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WWW.THEENGLISHTODAY.IR ها فصل اول جزوه زبان انگلیسی: اسم پورفخارمدرس :حسین

اسم ها فصل اول: توان به دو دسته قابل شمارش و غیر قابل شمارش طبقه بندی کرد.در زبان انگلیسی اسم ها را می

اسامی قابل شمارش: توانند شمرده شوند و بیش از یک عدد از آن ها وجود دارد.هایی هستند که میاسم

(student) دانش آموز، (window) ، پنجره(book) کتاب

اسامی غیر قابل شمارش: توان آنها را شمرد، بسیاری از مواد و مصالح، فلزات، مواد غذایی، مایعات، هایی هستند که نمیاسم

گازها و ..

در جدول زیر تعدادی از مهمترین اسامی غیر قابل شمارش آورده شده است.

اسامی غیر قابل شمارش

سیاالت ذرات

ریز مواد های رشته

علمی کلی مفاهیم

مفاهیم انتزاعی

غذاها خام مواد ها زبان ها فعالیت های پدیده

طبیعیwater corn statistics hardware Advice* Chess English silver food snow

oil dust economics Luggage* health Homework French gold butter rain

milk flour genetics Furniture* danger Reading Spanish wool Fish ice

tea pepper psychology transportation art Soccer aluminum Fruit sunshine

blood rice Money* motivation Tennis silk bread electricity

coffee salt Equipment* Information* Music iron cheese heat

air sugar clothing damage coal meat gravity

wheat Baggage* News* glue moonlight

Some fishes don't have any eyes.

I ordered three foods included two hamburgers and a fried chips.

زمانی توانند بصورت قابل شمارش بکار روندمی food, fishبعضی اسامی غیرقابل شمارش نظیر :۱ نکته ✓

معنا و مفهوم انواع مختلف داشته باشند.

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شمارش: اسامی قابل

گیرد.میدر جمله قرار (a/an)به همراه حروف تعریف

کرد.استفاده every, each, many, few, this, these, that, thoseتوان از قبل از این اسامی می

استفاده شوند. one, twoتوانند به همراه یک عدد مانند می

شود.استفاده می number ofبرای بیان )تعدادی از( از

قاعده هستند: شمارش بیمی قابلابرخی از اس

ترجمه مفرد جمع مفردman men مرد

woman women زن child children بچه tooth teeth دندان foot feet پا crisis crises بحران

اسامی غیر قابل شمارش:

بکار روند. (a/an)با حروف تعریف توانندنمی

روند.به همراه فعل مفرد بکار می ✓

این اسامی به هیچ عنوان جمع استفاده کرد. this, that, little, muchتوان از قبل از این اسامی می . کنیم(استفاده نمی theseو thoseشوند.) به همین علت است که برای آنها از بسته نمی

شود.استفاده می amount ofبرای بیان )مقداری از( از

آیند.می فقط با فعل جمعبوده و اسم جمع people, public, police: اسامی همچون ۲نکته ✓

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ابل شمارش و دیگری غیر قابل شمارش است:بعضی از اسامی هم معنی هستند ولی یکی از آنها ق

ترجمه غیر قابل شمارش قابل شمارشtraffic jams traffic ترافیک a job, jobs work کار climates weather آب و هوا،اقلیم

به معنی آنها بستگیتوانند هم قابل شمارش باشند و هم غیر قابل شمارش و این برخی از اسم ها می دارد:

قابل شمارش غیر قابل شمارش اسمglass لیوان شیشه light المپ نور

Work* اثر هنری شغل Life* جان زندگی

thought فکر و ایده تفکر space فاصله فضا Time* دفعه/بار زمان paper ورق و برگه کاغذ

education درس/دوره تحصیالت

جمع بندی:

عباراتی که زیر آنها خط کشیده شده است، مشترک است.

اسامی غیر قابل شمارش اسامی قابل شمارشthis, that, these, those this, that

(a) few, many, more (a) little, much, less

a lot of a lot of

some, any, no some, any, no

the number of the amount of

Several -

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نکات کاربردی

(a few/few) (a little/little) , تفاوت There are few students in the class.

There are a few students in the class.

There is little milk in the glass.

There is a little milk in the glass.

به معنای کم ولی قابل a few / a littleبه معنای کم و ناچیز است درحالی که few / little :۳ نکته ✓

اعتنا است.

no, any, someتفاوت Some( کنید برای ما اهمیت ندارد، دقترود که مقدار دقیق است و زمانی بکار می( تعدادی: به معنای

.رودبکار می مثبتکه این صفت در جمالت

Lack of sleep is a problem for some students.

Steven gave me some good advice.

:Any رود که مقدار دقیق برای ما اهمیت ندارد، این صفت در به معنای )هیچ( است و زمانی بکار می شود. استفاده می منفی و سوالیجمالت

Have we any water for drinking?

We have not any water for drinking.

I never had any bicycle.

بخواهیم به یک شخص یا شی خاصی اشاره کنیم و آن را به کلیه اشخاص و کلیه اشیاء هنگامی که که معنای )هر( می باشد. استفاده کنیم anyتوانیم از ارتباط دهیم نیز می

Any child who breaks the rules will be punished.

Always check the details carefully before you sign any written agreement.

: No خالف برany ،no بکار می رود. مثبتدر جمالت (هیچ)به معنای

We have no money for traveling.

Nobody knows about that exam.

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all, every, eachتفاوت ache وevery )روند، در صورتی که بکار می فعل مفردو اسم مفردهر دو با ،به معنای )هرall به معنای

رود.بکار می اسم و فعل جمعبا ( باشدهمه)

It is important for each student to have a laptop.

Every student needs to know about online learning.

We believe all students deserve to graduate from high school.

: a, an, theحروف تعریف

و یا (a/an)بصورت نامعین دتوانمی و گیردای است که قبل از اسم قرار میحرف تعریف کلمه باشد. (The)معین

(a/an) حرف تعریف نامعین

(a/an) قبل از فقط که اسم بعد از آن برای ما مشخص و معلوم نباشد. این حرف تعریف شود زمانی استفاده می رود. اسامی قابل شمارش مفرد بکار می

Can you ride a bike?

، حتما نیاز به حرف تعریف دارد.نامعینهر اسم یا گروه اسمی مفرد و یا : ۴نکته ✓

A doctor, a couple, a great deal, a lot of, a group of people, a million of dollars

)تناسب گروه اسمی و حروف تعریف(: ۵ نکته مهم ✓

بودن با حروف تعریف نامعینهای اسمی الزم است تا اسم اصلی از لحاظ شمارش و معرفه یا در گروه قبل از گروه اسمی تناسب داشته باشد.

An industrial product

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The هایربرد کاThe قابل شمارش و ، ،جمع تواند قبل از تمامی اسم ها اعم از مفردیک حرف تعریف معین است و می

گیرد.غیر قابل شمارش قرار

استفاده theهنگامی که اسمی برای ما مشخص نباشد اما برای دومین بار در جمله قرار گیرد از کنیم. می

A bird flew into the classroom. The bird sat on my desk.

کنیم. استفاده می theاز )برتر( عالیدر هنگام استفاده از صفات

The Mississippi is the longest river in the U.S.

کنیم. استفاده می theاز باید نیز و همچنین قبل از اعداد ترتیبی ها ها و قرنقبل از دهه

The 1800s, the twentieth century

theها و نام فامیل یک خانواده از ها، دریاها، آالت موسیقی، جنگقبل از اسم هایی مثل اسامی رود کنیم. استفاده می

The Civil war, the piano, The Mississippi, the Smiths

گیرد، به مجموعه ای از افراد با حرفه خاص اشاره قبل از یک صفت قرار theدر صورتی که حرف تعریف کند.کند و مانند یک اسم در جمله نقش ایفا میمی

The unemployed

theشوند، غالبا گروه اسمی اول به همراه در عباراتی که چندگروه اسمی بهم مرتبط می: ۶نکته ✓

آید ) درصورتی که در حال توضیح دادن درباره اسم اصلی باشد( که الزم است فعل جمله نیز از می

لحاظ تعداد، متناسب با اولین گروه اسمی باشد.

Health is perhaps more important than wealth.

The health of the president is failing.

The southern parts of Iran have the hottest climate in the country.

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Millions are hungry in the world.

Fifteen million people live in Tehran.

توانند جمع بسته درصورتی می million, thousand: همانند زبان فارسی اعدادی همچون ۷ نکته ✓

شوند که عدد مورد نظر دقیق نباشد و تقریبی باشد.

Most (of) people are dissatisfied with their jobs.

The most beautiful tiger in the world is in India.

استفاده کرد اما درصورتی که بیانگر صفت mostتوان قبل از اسم از ی می : برای بیان اکثریت چیز ۸ نکته ✓

قبل از آن ذکر شود. theعالی باشه حتما الزم است که

باید کلمات قبل و بعد از آنها دارای ساختار ، but, and, or: کلماتی همچون )کلمات همپایه( ۹ نکته ✓

یکسانی باشند.

I will buy sugar, tea and rice.

Mary is young, beautiful and talented.

های : اگر ارتباط چندگروه اسمی بصورتی باشد که معنا و مفهوم جز از کل بدهد، الزم است که گروه۱۰ هنکت ✓

اسمی بعدی جمع باشند.

A variety of industrial products.

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1) Jone, I've never met ………. as kind as you are. (EPT-Tir 98)

1) everybody 2) somebody 3) nobody 4) anybody

2) ………………….... European expert will be invited to speak to the committee.

(EPT-Khordad 98)

1) An 2) A 3) Any 4) Only

3) If global warming causes the ocean level to rise, ………. world will suffer.

(EPT- Ordibehesht 98)

1) some of 2) the part 3) the whole 4) most of 4) ………. who is acquainted with Mary knows that they can always rely on her.

(EPT- Ordibehesht 98)

1) Someone 2) Somebody 3) Everyone 4) Nobody 5) Girls tend to make ………. careless mistakes because they are more careful.

(EPT- Farvardin 98)

1) fewer 2) more 3) less 4) many 6) ……………….…. European expert was invited to speak to the committee.

(EPT- Farvardin 98)

1) A 2) An 3) Yet 4) Other 7) We haven't had ………. news from the mountain climbers. (EPT-Esfand 97)

1) some 2) no 3) none 4) any

8) ………. angles of any triangle always add up to 180 degrees. (MSRT-Esfand 97)

1) If three 2) The three 3) Three of 4) Three are

9) The company has a clear strategy to minimize the costs at ………. stages of the

operation. (EPT-Bahman 97)

1) every 2) each 3) much 4) all 10) On January 16, 1919, Nebraska became ………. state to approve the 18th

Amendment. (EPT-Bahman 97)

1) which was the thirty-six 2) the thirty-sixth 3) what the thirty-six 4) it was the thirty-six

11) How………. time do we have for solving this puzzle? (EPT-Azar 97)

1) much 2) many 3) long 4) quick

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12) We didn't earn ………. profit this year. (EPT-Azar 97)

1) many 2) so many 3) much 4) some

13) There wasn't ………. milk in the fridge so I went to buy some. (EPT-Azar 97)

1) some 2) any 3) the 4) a

14) After the great blizzard of 1888 in the northeastern United States, it took some

………….…. the snow away from their homes. (MSRT-Azar 97)

1) days to shovel people several 2) people several days to shovel

3) several days people to shovel 4) people to shovel several days

15) ………. principal types of acceleration: linear and angular. (MSRT-Azar 97)

1) There are two 2) Two of them 3) The two 4) Two 16) ………. telescopes of the 1600s magnified objects thirty-three times their

original size. (MSRT-Mehr 97)

1) That the 2) The 3) This is the 4) Being where the 17) The tonometer is instrument used to study the mathematical relations of

harmonic tones. (MSRT-Esfand 97)

18) The phases of the Moon have served as primary divisions of time for thousands of

years ago. (MSRT-Esfand 97)

19) Rock decay or weathering is the results of reactions between elements in the

atmosphere and the rock's constituents. (MSRT-Esfand 97)

20) The Leyden jar was one of the earliest form of condensers invented to store an

electrical charge. (MSRT-Bahman 97)

21) The diamond is the only gemstone composed with just one chemical element,

carbon. (MSRT-Bahman 97)

22) One out of every ten persons in the 1978 United States labor force was teenager,

compared by one out of fifteen in 1960. (MSRT-Bahman 97)

23) In its simplest form, a transformer is composed of two coils of wire place together

without no wires actually in contact. (MSRT-Azar 97)

24) Whichever they may differ widely in function, all cells have a surrounding

membrane and an internal water-rich substances called cytoplasm. (MSRT-Azar 97)

25) Booker T. Washington, an educational leader, worked throughout the lifetime to

improve economic conditions for Black people in the United States. (MSRT-Azar 97)

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26) Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized in the United States are for

foods and beverages. (MSRT-Azar 97)

27) For a long time, cotton ranked first among Alabama's corps, but today it accounts

for only a fraction of the agricultural production. (MSRT-Azar 97)

28) Whether as statesman, scientist, and philosopher, Benjamin Franklin was destined

to gain lasting honor throughout much of the world. (MSRT-Azar 97)

29) Plant nutrients locked up in standing vegetation, dead or alive, is recycled by fires.

(EPT-Aban 97) 30) Each of these categories have two subcategories of task and non-task related

variables. (EPT-Aban 97)

31) Everything we do take energy, which we get from many different sources.

(EPT-Aban 97)

32) Once again, more multiple movies based on the same story is generating

controversy. (EPT-Aban 97)

33) Star clusters are relatively young stars which have been formed within last few

billion years. (EPT-Aban 97)

34) Beneath the deep oceans that cover two-thirds of the Earth, intriguing secret of the

planet are concealed. (MSRT-Aban 97)

35) The Millicent Rogers Museum houses five thousands pieces of Hispanic and

American India jewelry, textiles, and other objects documenting the vibrancy of

these cultures. (MSRT-Mehr 97)

36) Cooperative learning is a successful teaching strategy in which small teams, each

with students of different levels ability, use a variety of learning activities to

improve their understanding of a subject. (EPT-Mehr 97)

37) Self-confidence is extremely important in almost every aspects of our lives, yet so

many people struggle to find it. People who lack self-confidence can find it difficult

to become successful. (EPT-Mehr 97)

38) If we continue down this road, there can be not surprise about what awaits us at

the end after all, it is a table that has been told time and again throughout history.

(EPT-Mehr 97)

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39) The 1965 war between India and Pakistan was second battle between the two

countries. (EPT-Mehr 97)

40) Minerals are the materials that makes up the rocks of Earth's crust. (EPT-Mehr 97)

41) Students with disabilities are often faced with numerous challenge as they progress

through their school years. (EPT-Mehr 97)

42) Animals wake or return from warmer climates, often with newborns. Melting snow

from previous season. Along with increased rainfall, can cause flooding along

waterways. (EPT-Mehr 97)

43) The Industrial Revolution was a time when a great numbers of new inventions were

introduced. (EPT-Shahrivar 97)

44) Cancer is a disease in which cells grow and divide uncontrollably, damaging the

parts of body around them. A cancer tumor begins as a single cell.(EPT-Shahrivar 97)

45) The program about the Egyptian ruins were narrated by an English scientist and a

French anthropologist. (EPT-Shahrivar 97)

46) Employments agencies bring together persons qualified for specific jobs and

employers who have those jobs available .(MSRT-Shahrivar 97)

47) The most useful way of looking at a map is not as a piece of papers, but as a record

of geographically organized information .(MSRT-Shahrivar 97)

48) Many of the science fiction publications by Ray Bradbury display a desire to rebel

against society's depend on machines. (MSRT-Shahrivar 97) 49) Reflection has much facets. For example, reflecting on work enhances its meaning.

(EPT-Ordibehesht 97)

50) To reflect, we must act upon and process the informations, synthesizing and

evaluating the data. (EPT-Ordibehesht 97)

51) We also view this happenings simply as the experiences they are, not as

opportunities for learning. (EPT-Ordibehesht 97)

52) Some teachers use music to signal the change in thinking. Others ask for silent

thinking before students write about a lesson, a assignment, or other classroom tasks. (EPT-Farvardin 97)

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53) A modern Olympic Games or Olympics are leading international sporting events

featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes

from around the world participate in a variety of competitions.(EPT-Farvardin 97)

54) The salesperson showed me an unfamiliar products, but I bought it because of the

reputation of the manufacturer. (EPT-Farvardin 97)

55) A variety of problems appeared after the product had been on the market for about

six month. (EPT-Farvardin 97)

56) Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide

them with food and fuel. In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to this

stresses. (EPT-Farvardin 97)

57) Whether you have small apartment in your house to rent, or decide to invest in an

apartment, rental property can provide extra income for you. (EPT-Esfand 96)

58) Studies show that the most dangerous time to drive is at night. Fatal crash are four

times as likely to occur after hours compared during the day. (EPT-Esfand 96)

59) There was a good market for brightly colored clothing last year, but this year

nobody seem interested in buying it. (EPT-Esfand 96)

60) From this relationship between psychology and driver we can also obtain

informations is useful for road design purposes. (EPT-Bahman 96)

61) Like all sciences, psychology relies on a variety of method in order to investigate

the personality of individuals. (EPT-Bahman 96)

62) A variety of unexpected problem appeared after the product had been on the

market for several years. (EPT-Day 96)

63) The humans has harnessed the Earth and used it to meet its requirements and

purposes. (EPT-Azar 96)

64) Some of these increases are a direct results of our use of natural resources, coal,

fossil fuel, natural gas, deforestation, and our reliance on large numbers of domestic

animals. (EPT-Azar 96)

65) Whether you have a small apartment in your house to rent, or decide to invest in

apartment or office building, rental property can provide extra income for you

and your family. (EPT-Azar 96)

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66) The contract contain a provision to deal with the payments if Hamed loses his job.

(EPT-Aban 96)

67) Unfortunately, the conclusion of the meeting were that they needed to downsize

their workforce. (EPT-Aban 96)

68) I recently discovered online actions, really got excited about the bidding and

bought a hat which only cost two dollar for me. (EPT-Mehr 96).

69) It is important to note that even though some forms of a plastic will break down

quickly, they do not disappear. (EPT-Shahrivar 96)

70) All of the student agreed that it was their favorite lesson so far that year. (EPT-

Shahrivar 96)

71) Nowhere have I seen such carefully gathered information on such a wide ranges of

issues. (EPT-Shahrivar 96)

72) If you are sure that you are in the right, you would not mind an independent

examination of the case. (EPT-Mordad 96)

73) The rules require that she brings one baggage on the plane. (EPT-Tir 96)

74) We knew that a four weeks holiday would bring us closer together. (EPT-Tir 96)

75) Wheat, which it still form the staple diet of much of the world's population, grows

in the southern part of Iran. (EPT-Khordad 96)

76) Six hundred thousands people were left homeless after the earthquake.

(EPT-Khordad 96)

77) Many of the work on these farms was done by slave labor. (EPT-Khordad 96)

78) We had to wait a long time in the airport because plane arrived late.

(EPT-Ordibehesht 96)

79) We are done a lot of effort to ensure that our processes and reasoning are very

clear. (EPT-Ordibehesht 96)

80) Since I arrived in this city, I have had much different cultural experiences. (EPT-

Ordibehesht 96)

81) Large amounts of energy have needed to support modern technological

advancements and economic growth. (EPT-Ordibehesht 96)

82) The gopher digs with the big strong claws of its two front foot and with its

overhanging front teeth. (EPT-Farvardin 96)

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83) Noise pollution can be controlled in a number of way. (EPT-Farvardin 96)

84) Serving several term in Congress, Sara Black became an important United States

politician. (EPT-Farvardin 96) 85) After completing a business plan that help him to determine that there was

demand for his product, John is ready to start promoting his business. (EPT-

Farvardin 96)

ا ه مسا :لوا لصف · 2020. 6. 9. · light رون پملا work* لغش ... there are few...

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