© 2019 jetir january 2019, volume 6, issue 1 fiber and ... · properties. epoxies are less...

© 2019 JETIR January 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)

JETIRDY06253 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 1563

Fiber And Matrix Modification for Property

Enhancement in Polymer Composite Kanishka Jha

Abstract

Keywords: Fiber modification, Matrix, Properties, Biopolymer.

1. Introduction

1.1 Matrix Modification

G. Bogoeva-Gaceva et al. (2013) studied the influence of MFC on the basic mechanical properties of

polylactic acid/kenaf fiber biocompoites and observed the improved flexural strength and modulus of the

composites [99]. Wei Kit Chee et al. (2013) has discussed the addition of Glycidyl Methacrylate in the

blends of polylactide and polycaprolactone (biodegradable polymer) for enhancing the mechanical

properties. They found increment in mechanical properties of blends of PLA/PCL significantly. Optimized

weight percentage of Glycidyl Methacrylate was found to enhance blend properties [101]. A. A. P. Fonseca

et al. (2014) examined the hybridization effect on HDPE with the reinforcement of pine and agave fibers.

They had also investigated effect of coupling agent on in the hybrid composites. The method of

manufacturing was extrusion and injection molding with varying the ratio of agave and pine in hybrid

composites. The tested results showed the effect of MAPE was higher in composite with the agave fibers

and led to improved tensile flexural and impact strength. It was found in the experimental result tensile,

flexural and impact strength were increased by 13%, 22% and 14% respectively when total fiber 30% and

fiber ratio 20/80 (agave/pine) when compared with composite made with pine alone [103].

Real world application of polymer composite with biodegradable polymer and natural fiber has been

1Associate Professor, School of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Punjab

challenged for many applications due to their compromising mechanical properties in comparison to

conventional materials. To over come these lacks in properties many researchers undertaken studies to

enhance the properties considerably. Present discussion highlights the advancements in these enhancement

techniques, whether through fiber or matrix modification. An overview of recent advances was also

mentioned in tabular form.

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1.2 Mechanical Characterization

A. V. Ratna and K. M. Rao (2011) worked on jowar reinforced polyester composite and tested its tensile

and flexural properties. The composite was prepared by RTM method taking the volume fraction about to

40%. They observed that the tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength and flexural modulus of

jowar polyester composite are 124 MPa, 2.75 GPa, 134 MPa and 7.87 GPa correspondingly and compared

with the sisal fiber reinforced and bamboo fiber reinforced composites [107]. M. Boopalan et al. (2012)

investigated the mechanical properties of raw jute fiber and sisal fiber reinforced epoxy composites and

compared with the treated jute and treated sisal fiber reinforced epoxy composites. The treatment of sisal

and jute fiber was done with 20% NaOH for 2 hours after that these fibers were used for composite

preparation by hand lay-up method followed by compression molding. They observed that treated jute and

treated sisal fiber reinforced epoxy composites had better mechanical properties with compared with

untreated reinforced composites [109]. A. Athijayamani et al. (2010) worked on the hybrid composite taking

roselle and sisal as reinforcement and polyester as matrix to manufacturing the composite sheet. The hybrid

composites were prepared with varying length (5 cm, 10 cm and 15 cm) and weight percentage (10 %, 20%

and 30%). They concluded with their experimental result that the tensile and flexural properties of the

hybrid were increased while impact properties of the hybrid were decreased with the increased of length of

fiber and their content [110]. R. Badrinath et. al. (2014) worked on sisal and banana fiber reinforced epoxy

composites and compared their properties. Comparison of tensile strength of sisal/epoxy composite has

better in unidirectional over the bi-directional but banana/epoxy composite has vice-versa. From the result

the sisal/epoxy has more tensile strength. Impact tests have better in banana/epoxy over the sisal/epoxy in

both orientations. Flexural strength of sisal/epoxy has greater than banana/epoxy in unidirectional and

banana/epoxy has bidirectional. Sisal/epoxy absorbed more water than banana/epoxy [112]. Takashi

Nishino et al. (2003) investigated the mechanical properties kenaf fiber reinforced poly-L-lactic acid

biodegradable composites. Young’s modulus (6.3 GPa) and the tensile strength (62 MPa) of the

kenaf/PLLA composite were obtained. They also stated that kenaf fiber can also be an option for reinforcing

biodegradable polymer composite [115]. Majumdar et al. (2002) studied that epoxy resins are widely used

in the manufacturing of composites because they are light weight and have good mechanical and corrosion

properties. Epoxies are less affected by water and heat than other polymer matrices [116].

1.3 Thermal Characterization

K. Ramanaiah with his fellow researchers (2013) investigated the properties of mechanical and thermo-

physical in nature for polyester composites filled with sansevieria fiber. They observed that by reinforcing

matrix with maximum fiber weight fraction, the mechanical properties increased by approximately 300-

400% in comparison to pure resin. The thermal-conductivity of the specimens was calculated by heat flow

technique and it has been seen that the thermal-conductivity was degrading with the increase in volume




content of fiber. They also found that the thermal conductivity showed positive slope curve with the

temperature. Specific heat capacity of the developed composite was also determined and the curve also

follows the positive slope with the temperature [118]. In another study of the thermal and mechanical

properties of waste grass broom fiber reinforced polyester composites conducted by Ramanaiah et al

(2012), the fiber volume fraction was varied between 0.163 to 0.358 to develop composites. By such

variation they observed that the thermal conductivity of the composite degraded slowly with increase in

volume percentage. The effect of temperature on the thermal conductivity was also recorded and it was

found that it was increases with temperature increases. Specific heat capacity and thermal diffusivity was

also measured and observed that thermal conductivity increases and no change respectively [119]. Similar

study of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity was carried out by Kalaprasad et al. (2000) over

different combination of sisal and glass fiber reinforced Low-density polyethylene composites. It was

noticed that sisal fiber reinforced polyethylene and low density polyethylene composites showed similar

trends in thermal conductivity with temperature variations. It was also recorded that the rate by which

thermal conductivity was increases for glass/polyethylene composite combination was higher than

sisal/polyethylene combination. The thermal conductivity of glass fiber reinforced composite observed

higher due to the existence of Fe2+ metal ions presence in E-glass fiber [121]. Kumar and Pandye (2005)

studied on thermally recoverable cross-linked polyethylene compositions. Thermally recoverable

compositions were prepared by cross-linking of four grades of polyethylene in air using -rays from a Co-

60 source [126]. Smith et al. (2012) in his study reveals that the thermal degradation resistance of jute fabric

can be significantly improved with the flexible epoxy coating and the lower degradation temperature at

high curing agent contents could be due to the presence of flammable residue from the curing agent [127].

1.4 Miscellaneous

David B. Dittenber et al. (2012) has made a comprehensive study is made between the synthetic and natural

fiber reinforced composite material, mentioning the potential of replacing synthetic fibers with natural

counterpart [132]. Pramendra Kumar Bajpai et al (2012) has carried out the development and

characterization of polylactic acid based Green Composite in which he highlighted their novel applications

[133]. In a study by Kalia et. al (2009), it is reveal that individually acetic acid and acetic anhydride not

sufficiently react with Natural Fibers, on the other hand in order to accelerates their effect on fibers, they

initially soaked in acetic acid and after 2-3 hour they are treated with acetic anhydride at higher temperature.

This treatment imparts rough surface with less void content. [137].

2. Conclusion

The application and use of bio-response materials are still in the budding stage and elaborative research is

in demand to meet the demand of the future. Natural fiber reinforced in bio-polymers provides a fruitful

area for research for a wide variety of problems. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the possibilities of




using biodegradable materials in green composites in different proportions to enhance their thermal and

mechanical properties and thereby reducing the economic aspects of fabrication.

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